A Manual Of Acupuncture Dvd Torrent
Tanja Freeze
A Manual of Acupuncture is the primary acupuncture point resource used in colleges and universities throughout the world. Originally a textbook, it is now also available as an Online Edition and mobile phone app (digital membership allows access to both*). A Manual of Acupuncture is designed to help students and practitioners with every aspect of their study and practice.
Overview
Since its publication in 1998, A Manual of Acupuncture has rapidly become the standard acupuncture point book for students and practitioners throughout the English-speaking world.
With detailed exposition of the names, locations, indications and actions of every point, it is characterised by hundreds of beautiful and anatomically exacting illustrations (one for every point), lengthy commentaries on the points, numerous point combinations drawn from classical texts and comprehensive indexes.
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Interventions: 20 sessions of manual acupuncture at true acupuncture points plus usual care, 20 sessions of non-penetrating sham acupuncture at heterosegmental non-acupuncture points plus usual care, or usual care alone over 8 weeks.
Conclusions: Twenty sessions of manual acupuncture was superior to sham acupuncture and usual care for the prophylaxis of episodic migraine without aura. These results support the use of manual acupuncture in patients who are reluctant to use prophylactic drugs or when prophylactic drugs are ineffective, and it should be considered in future guidelines.
Backgroundand Objective. Poststroke dysphagia is one of the most common stroke complications with high morbidity and long course, while acupuncture treatment is easily accepted by patients due to its reliability, feasibility, simple operation, low price, and quick effect. Our objective was to evaluate the efficacy of manual acupuncture in poststroke dysphagia patients. Methods. Databases including Medline, Web of Science, PubMed, Cochrane Library databases, EMBASE, CNKI (China National Knowledge Infrastructure), WanFang (WanFang Database), and VIP (Chongqing VIP) were searched from inception until Aug 19, 2022. Data were analyzed using Revman 5.3, Stata 14.0, and TSA 0.9.5.10 Beta software. Evidence quality evaluation was performed by using GRADE profiler 3.6. Results. A total of 33 randomized control trials (RCTs) enrolled 2680 patients. Meta-analysis results revealed that compared to rehabilitation, acupuncture decreased water swallow test (WST) and standard swallowing assessment (SSA) scores. Meanwhile, in contrast to rehabilitation alone, integration of acupuncture with rehabilitation effectively decreased WST and SSA scores; improved swallowing scores of videofluoroscopic swallowing study (VFSS), swallowing scores of Fujishima Ichiro, Barthel index (BI), and swallowing quality of life questionnaire (SWAL-QOL); reduced the aspiration rates as well as aspiration pneumonia; and shortened the duration of empty swallowing and the duration of 5 mL water swallowing. Pooled analysis did not reveal any significant differences in dysphagia outcome severity scores (DOSS) (p=0.15 > 0.05p) between the acupuncture group combined with rehabilitation group and the rehabilitation group alone. After the risk-of-bias assessment, these studies were not of low quality, except in terms of allocation concealment and blindness. Evidence quality evaluation showed that allocation concealment and blindness led to a downgrade and primary outcomes' evaluation of acupuncture combined with rehabilitation were ranked as moderate-quality evidence while acupuncture alone was ranked as low-quality. Conclusion. This meta-analysis provided positive pieces of evidences that acupuncture and acupuncture combined with rehabilitation were better than using rehabilitation alone in the treatment of poststroke dysphagia.
The therapeutic effect of manual acupuncture (MA) is closely related to the stimulation amount. In the clinical studies, the stimulation amount is often difficult to be determined. The reason is that there are many parameters affecting the stimulation amount, including manipulation selection, treatment time, needling velocity, and force, and no complete and reasonable scheme is available for the measurement of stimulation parameters. This paper reviewed the theoretical and laboratory measurement studies on MA stimulation, summarized 4 types of available parameters according to the theory of physics, and compared the advantages and disadvantages of the existing methods of parameter measurement. Such efforts are hoped for providing reference for the establishment of the stimulation parameter system of MA and possible technical solutions for future measurement experiments.
Compared with MA, the electroacupuncture is easier to control due to its four specific stimulation parameters, including waveform, frequency, time, and current intensity [18], and its stimulation amount can be adjusted accurately [19]. Based on these characteristics, electroacupuncture is being adopted in more and more clinical treatments [20, 21] and scientific research studies [22, 23] of acupuncture. Therefore, summarizing and measuring stimulation parameters of MA is an active area of research, as it is critical for the determination of stimulation amount of MA and its clinical application and promotion.
According to the operation method of MA, it can be attributed to a kind of physical stimulation driven by finger movements [24, 25]. Some parameters for human motion measurement such as kinematic parameters [26] (including amplitude, velocity, acceleration, angle, angular velocity, angular acceleration, and frequency) and kinetic parameters (force) [27] can provide reference for the establishment of the parameter system of MA. This paper will review the current progress of quantitative research on MA manipulations, analyze and classify the available parameters, and look forward to the future trends of corresponding measurement technologies.
Moreover, virtual technology is also used for the quantitative analysis of the needle motion. Due to the complete digital characteristic of this technology, the parameter measurement is relatively simple. For example, the tactile acupuncture manipulation simulation system developed by Leung et al. [55, 56] based on computer virtual imaging technology was used for students to practice MA manipulations (Figure 1(e)). A three-dimensional virtual environment can be established by this system with realistic haptic feedback and real-time parameter display. Similar studies were also reported by Liu et al. [57, 58] and Heng et al. [59]. However, because fingers operate on the virtual needle, the sensation is quite different from the actual operation.
The kinetic parameters of MA are usually the forces along different axes and the corresponding power. Because the existence of force is inseparable from the interaction of objects, the measurement of kinetic parameters was mainly based on various types of mechanical sensors. The micromechanical sensor-attached measuring needle of acupuncture developed by Li et al. [60] can record the frequency, velocity, and components along vertical and coronal axis during the lifting-thrusting and twirling methods (Figure 2(a)). Micromechanical sensing technology was selected by many other studies too [16, 33, 48, 61] (Figure 2(b)). According to the movement characteristics of basic manipulation, the different micromechanical sensors mainly detect the component along three axes during lifting-thrusting, as well as the torsion and tangential force of twirling. Son et al. [37] further calculated the friction coefficient of tissue to the needle body with a modified Karnopp friction model based on the measured value during the lifting-thrusting method (Figure 2(c)). The dynamic detection system developed by Ding [62] was used for measuring the interaction force between the acupuncturist and patient on needle during each kind of manipulations. Researchers also found that the waveforms and values of force and torsion could further identify the different manipulations reversely [63, 64]. Due to the attachment of micromechanical sensors, the needle body must be modified; therefore, most of the kinetic measurement studies have impacts on the finger sensation during needling inordinately, and the experimental technologies needs further improvement. Simultaneously, there has been no report on the analysis of the power generated by different force and relevant comparative study.
In terms of the measurement of kinetics parameter, because the mechanical measurement needs to be based on sensor, the modification of the needle body becomes inevitable. Compared with the size of the needle, the microsensing devices used in the existing researches are still too large, and the modified needles are significantly different from the actual clinical operation needles. Therefore, the needle body needs to be attached with smaller and thinner sensors. Nanomechanical sensors can be one option of the solutions and have been used for imaging force fields [77], sensing forces with tiny particles [78, 79], etc. They can be attached to the surface of the needle body to obtain kinetic parameters without significantly changing the shape, sensation, and quality of the needle body. Another alternative approach is surface electromyography (SEMG) of the forearm. SEMG refers to the collective surface electric signal from muscles, which is generated during muscle contraction and commanded by the nervous system [80]. The quantitative relationships between SEMG and muscular force have been proved early [81], and the amplitude of the SEMG should increase proportionately with the square root of the tension [82]. Therefore, the data of SEMG can also be regarded as a kinetic parameter and represent muscular force of fingers during needling. The advantage of the forearm SEMG is that the measuring electrode is located on the forearm and does not interfere with finger movements. There have been many reports on the measurement of the extensor and flexor muscles of the fingers using SEMG [83, 84], and mature measurement solution for finger motion has also been provided [85].
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