Absolute Zero Dubai

[Lupita Calvi]

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Background: Zero contrast percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) reduces contrast induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI), and it improves the outcome of chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients undergoing PCI.

Methods: Data from all consecutive CKD patients who were included for absolute zero contrast PCI during the period of June 2020 to March 2021 were included in this analysis. Clinical characteristics, angiographic, IVUS and procedural data, and follow-up data were analyzed.

Conclusion: IVUS guided 'absolute' zero-contrast PCI is feasible and safe CKD patients. Even in complex lesion morphologies, the procedure can be completed without any contrast and complications.

In one of those lives I worked in a coal mine as a mechanic. My place of work was over a mile underground in the deepest coal mine in the UK. The reason I reminisce about this on my art site, is light, or the lack of it. Few people have experienced true darkness.

Few places on the surface of our world is ever truly free of all light. Whether kids hiding in a closet under the stairs or a blackout at a cinema, light always finds its way through the cracks and crannies. A few minutes for the eyes to adjust and light is evident, its never really total darkness.

In a coal mine however, when all the power is switched off, a miner can find the true meaning of darkness simply by turning off the torch on his helmet. Engulfed by black. An absolute zero of light. I had done this on many occasions and will always remember the feeling of dissolving into the blackness around me. It was like the black was tangible, viscous, liquid. Like drowning. Yet after a moment or two, not terrifying. Perfectly alone with nothing more than the thoughts my head. Cathartic.

Then to push the button on the cap lamp and the instant explosion of light immediately resurrecting life to the environment. Few people could find colour deep in the bowels of a coal mine, but at that moment every possible colour is there. Dust drifting across the beam spiralling in the air, each speck acting as a prism and bending the light into a cacophony of hues. The coal wall a brittle patchwork of carbon edges and fissures reflecting metallic blues, greens and reds.

Working in the darkness of a coalmine instilled in me, and I guess in all miners, a deep appreciation of light. Where there is light, there is colour in all its abundance and variety. If you take a moment to look closely, all the spectrum of colour is in all the objects we see.

Absolute pressure refers to the total pressure exerted by a fluid, including both the atmospheric pressure and the pressure generated by the fluid itself. It is the measurement of pressure relative to a perfect vacuum.

In practical terms, absolute pressure is the pressure measured concerning absolute zero pressure, which corresponds to a complete absence of any gas or fluid. It is usually expressed in units such as pascals (Pa), pounds per square inch (psi), or bar.

To understand the concept better, consider a laboratory vacuum chamber. When measuring the pressure inside a vacuum chamber, it gives you absolute pressure. This means it measures the pressure inside the chamber in addition to the atmospheric pressure acting on the outside of the chamber. If the gauge reads 50 kPa, it means the pressure inside the chamber is 50 kPa above atmospheric pressure.

Absolute pressure is particularly important in scientific and engineering applications where accurate pressure measurements are required, such as in industrial processes, weather forecasting, and fluid dynamics. It provides a standardized reference point for measuring and comparing pressures.

The SI (International System of Units) unit of absolute pressure is Pascal (Pa). The Pascal is defined as the pressure exerted by a force of one newton per square meter. It is named after the French mathematician and physicist Blaise Pascal.

In scientific and engineering contexts, Pascal is commonly used to express absolute pressure. However, other units such as bar, kilopascal (kPa), and megapascal (MPa) are also frequently used, especially in industrial applications and engineering disciplines.

It's worth noting that the specific method chosen for measuring absolute pressure depends on factors such as the range of pressures being measured, the level of accuracy required, and the environmental conditions in which the measurement is taking place.

This formula is used when you have the gauge pressure (pressure measured relative to atmospheric pressure) and want to determine the absolute pressure. You simply add the gauge pressure to the atmospheric pressure.

This formula applies when you are dealing with pressure at a specific depth below the surface of a fluid (e.g., water) and want to find the absolute pressure. The pressure at a depth is determined by the density of the fluid, the acceleration due to gravity, and the depth itself. Adding the atmospheric pressure to the pressure at a depth gives you absolute pressure.

When measuring pressure at different elevations (altitudes) above sea level, you need to account for the change in atmospheric pressure with elevation. The formula includes the pressure measurement, the pressure change due to the elevation, and the atmospheric pressure.

It's important to note that the units used in these formulas should be consistent (e.g., pascals, psi, bar) to obtain accurate results. Additionally, keep in mind that atmospheric pressure may vary depending on location and weather conditions, so accurate atmospheric pressure values are essential for precise calculations.

Example: You are scuba diving at a depth of 15 meters in the ocean. The gauge pressure reading on your dive computer shows 3.5 bar, and the atmospheric pressure at the surface is 1 bar. You want to calculate the absolute pressure at your current depth.

Example: You are measuring the pressure inside a closed container using a pressure gauge. The gauge reading shows 120 psi. The elevation of your location is 500 meters above sea level, and the atmospheric pressure at your location is 14.5 psi. You want to determine the absolute pressure inside the container.

These are just a few examples illustrating the broad applications of absolute pressure across various industries and disciplines. Its precise measurement is essential for maintaining safety, optimizing processes, and advancing scientific understanding in many fields.

Absolute pressure and altitude have a direct relationship. As altitude increases, the absolute pressure decreases, and vice versa. This relationship is a result of the change in atmospheric pressure with changes in altitude.

Atmospheric pressure is the pressure exerted by the Earth's atmosphere at any given point. It is caused by the weight of the air above that point. As you go higher in altitude, there is less atmosphere above you, and therefore, less air pushing down on you. This leads to a decrease in atmospheric pressure.

This relationship is essential in various practical applications, such as in aviation, weather forecasting, and altitude measurements. For example, altimeters in aircraft measure absolute pressure to determine the aircraft's altitude above sea level. Meteorologists use the change in atmospheric pressure with altitude to predict weather patterns and changes in weather conditions. Understanding the relationship between absolute pressure and altitude is crucial in these fields to ensure safety, accuracy, and informed decision-making.

The reference point for measuring absolute pressure is typically a perfect vacuum. In other words, absolute pressure is measured relative to the complete absence of any gas or fluid pressure, where the pressure is zero. This idealized condition corresponds to the lowest possible pressure level, and it serves as the reference point for measuring all other pressures.

In practice, achieving a perfect vacuum is challenging, but for most applications, a sufficiently low-pressure level can be considered a practical approximation of a vacuum. The pressure at this reference point is considered to be absolute zero pressure.

When measuring absolute pressure, it is essential to account for atmospheric pressure if the measurement is being taken in an environment with air or other gases present. Absolute pressure includes both the pressure generated by the measured fluid and the atmospheric pressure acting on it.

It's important to note that while both types provide absolute pressure readings, they have different reference points and scales. The choice between total pressure and sealed gauge pressure depends on the specific application and the desired information needed from the pressure measurement.

These are just a few examples of the wide range of applications where absolute pressure is used. Its measurement is essential for maintaining safety, optimizing processes, and advancing scientific understanding in many fields.

Offshore drilling rigs extract oil and gas from beneath the ocean floor. The process involves drilling wells deep into the seabed to reach oil and gas reservoirs. During drilling, absolute pressure measurements are crucial for various aspects of the operation:

Throughout the drilling process, continuous and accurate absolute pressure measurements help prevent well control incidents and ensure the safety of personnel and equipment. By monitoring and controlling the pressure at various stages, drilling operators can optimize the drilling process, improve efficiency, and mitigate potential risks.

These practical examples illustrate the diverse range of applications where absolute pressure is used, from everyday scenarios like checking tire pressure to specialized fields like scuba diving, weather forecasting, and medical monitoring.

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