You can use gdal_translate directly if your input is in any format supported by GDAL. Driver is documented in
http://www.gdal.org/frmt_rasterlite.html and most simple command to test it is something like
gdal_translate -of rasterlite test.tif test.sqlite
For real use overviews are needed. Gdaladdo is a tool for that or then you can use rasterlite_pyramid utility.
Spatialite-gui shows me the tile as an image with the Blob explorer tool. Tool appears by doing right click on top of a blob in the query result area. Quantum GIS shows rasterlite tables created by GDAL usually nice, but QGis may come with too old sqlite3.dll file and then you will see only a black box.
For me gdal_translate has worked rather well. There were some troubles in creating Rasterlite databases with several raster tables but I think Even Rouault fixed them in GDAL trunk version. Gdal-dev mailing list has also been very responsive for my rasterlite questions.
-Jukka Rahkonen-