A Favor Deutsch

[Idara Viengxay]

Presentsa critical review of arguments in favor of and against the view that prediction is necessary for understanding language. First, potential arguments in favor of the view that prediction provides a unified theoretical principle of the human mind and that it pervades cortical function are reviewed. It is discussed whether evidence of human abilities to detect statistical regularities is necessarily evidence for predictive processing, and suggestions that prediction is necessary for language learning are evaluated. Next, arguments in support of the contrasting viewpoint are reviewed: that prediction lends a ``helping hand'', but is not strictly needed for language processing. It is pointed out that not all language users appear to predict language and that suboptimal input makes prediction often very challenging. Prediction, moreover, is argued to be strongly context-dependent and impeded by resource limitations. Furthermore, it is argued that it may be problematic that most experimental evidence for predictive language processing comes from prediction-encouraging experimental set-ups. It is concluded that languages can be learned and understood in the absence of prediction. Claims that all language processing is predictive in nature are considered to be premature.

Es heist bitte auf spanisch aber nicht normales bitte, sondern, wenn du jemanden anflehst dann sagt man bittteeee zb. Wenn jemand danke sagt und du willst bitte sagen, dann passt por favor nicht dazu. Da sagst du dann de nada. Beides bedeutet bitte, aber man verwendet die unterschiedlich. Ich hoffe, du weist, was ich meine.

Die meisten Fragewrter haben im Spanischen doch einen Akzent, oder? Ist es eher unblich, dass Fragewrter (das erste Wort einer Frage) im Spanischen keinen Akzent haben? Gibt es hier eine Regel oder muss man das einfach auswendig lernen?

Hast du schon mal den ffentlichen Bus von PMI (Palma de Mallorca Airport) genommen? Gibt es da Waben? Im Internet finde ich nur die Info das es fnf Euro kostet als Einzelfahrt. Nur bis wohin? Kann ich dann einfach einen Fnfer Schein hinlegen? un ticket por favor!

Bei por und para heit es ja immer: para + Verb und por + Substantiv. Aber ich wrde gerne wissen wie diese Regeln lauten wenn weder ein Substantiv noch ein Verb vorhanden sind. Ein Beispiel wre por/para hoy. Aber dafr gibt es sicher noch zahlreiche andere Flle bezogen auf alle verschiedenen Wortarten (Pronomen, Adjektive etc.) also knnte mir diese jemand bitte aufzhlen? Aber bitte nicht nur auf meine Beispiele beschrnkt, sondern fr alle im spanischen existierende Wortarten.

"Joker's Favor" is episode twenty-two of the first season of Batman: The Animated Series. It first aired on September 11, 1992 on Fox Kids. The episode is significant as it features the first ever appearance of The Joker's sidekick and love interest Harley Quinn, who would go on to be incorporated into the Batman comic book series and eventually become a popular character in her own right.

Charlie Collins, an unremarkable Gotham citizen, inadvertently curses out the Joker when the latter's getaway car cuts him off on the highway after a particularly bad day. The Joker runs him off the road and corners him. Desperate to save his life, Charlie mentions he has a wife and son and promises to do anything the Joker asks of him. The Joker accepts and takes Charlie's license; to Charlie's surprise, Joker says he has no idea what the favor will be and leaves with a promise to keep in touch.

Two years later, the Joker learns that Commissioner Gordon is to be given an award and decides to call in the favor. To Charlie's horror, the Joker has effortlessly kept tabs on him, even though Charlie has changed his name and moved to a different city. When the maniacal clown calls him and drops a thinly veiled threat on his family. Charlie finds he has no choice but to travel to Gotham.

Upon arriving, a bemused Charlie learns he is to hold a door open for the Joker's right-hand woman Harley Quinn while she wheels a cake into Gordon's testimonial dinner at the elite Peregrinators Club. Regardless, the Joker promises to send Charlie home immediately after.

Not knowing the Joker's aim, but desperate to avoid it, Charlie fashions a crude Bat-signal, which is seen by dinner attendee (and early absentee) Bruce Wayne. Just then, Charlie is called to perform his favor. Charlie dutifully opens the door for Harley, only to find his hand glued to the handle. Harley slips Charlie a gas mask and dons one herself before gimmicked candelabras in the room spraying a gas that paralyzes everybody else. As the guests watch, immobile and helpless, the Joker enters grandly and "congratulates" Gordon by pinning a bomb to his lapel. The Joker and Harley then leave, explaining to a horrified Charlie that they never promised to send him home alive.

Seconds before the bomb goes off, Batman arrives on the scene. Acting on Charlie's warning, Batman grabs the bomb and launches it outside with his grapple gun. Hearing an explosion from outside rather than inside, the Joker realizes something is amiss; moments later, he sees the bomb has blown up their getaway van.

The defendant moved before sentencing for leave to withdraw his plea of non vult to an accusation containing 28 counts and charging violations of N.J.S. 2A:111-11. The motion was denied by County Judge Ewart who rejected the defendant's application that he disqualify himself and sentenced him to serve specified terms in the State Prison and to pay stated fines. The defendant appealed to the Appellate Division and we certified his appeal while it was pending there.

Heller and Company, a corporation engaged in the financing and factoring business, entered into financing arrangements with Toledo Brothers, Inc. and Farmers Exchange, Inc., corporations engaged in the egg business and with which the defendant was actively associated. In the course of the financing, Heller and Company was allegedly defrauded of very large sums of money through the use of forged schedules, invoices, and trade acceptances. The Monmouth County Grand Jury returned forgery indictments against the defendant but these indictments were nolle prossed because of improper venue. On October 23, 1958 the defendant was indicted by the Ocean County Grand Jury on six counts charging forgery in violation of N.J.S. 2A:109-1. Thereafter the defendant was indicted in the State of New York on 28 counts of grand larceny and forgery. Pleas of not *194 guilty were entered by the defendant to the Ocean County and New York indictments.

In June 1959 the defendant moved for an order specifying a trial date (R.R. 3:11-3(b)) and for other relief. On the return date of the motion there was evidently discussion between counsel for the defendant and the Assistant Prosecutor with respect to the entry of a plea and thereafter there was correspondence between them. On October 28, 1959 the Assistant Prosecutor advised counsel for the defendant that it was generally the policy of his office in a case involving a first offender who enters a plea "not to make any recommendation concerning jail." On November 24, 1959 counsel for the defendant indicated that his client wanted to enter a plea to charges of violating N.J.S. 2A:111-11 which provides generally that any officer or employee of a corporation who circulates or concurs in the circulation of any written statement which he knows to be false, with intent to deceive or defraud, is guilty of a misdemeanor; in contrast, violation of N.J.S. 2A:109-1 constitutes a high misdemeanor.

It was evidently the belief of the defendant's counsel that a plea of non vult to an accusation charging comparable violations of N.J.S. 2A:111-11 would preclude further prosecution of the New York indictment under the terms of the New York Penal Code. At the request of the Assistant Prosecutor, the defendant's counsel prepared (but cf. R.R. 3:4-2) the 28-count accusation in the instant matter which was a counterpart of the 28-count New York indictment. On December 1, 1959 he forwarded the accusation and expressed the view that if the court declined to follow the Assistant Prosecutor's recommendation "the defendant should have the opportunity to retract his plea and go to trial on the merits." In response to this the Assistant Prosecutor, in a letter dated December 3, 1959, stated that his office would make no recommendation on the question of jail, that is, it would "neither recommend that the defendant be sent to jail nor that the court show him leniency and *195 not jail him" and that "we certainly do not agree to any retraction of plea by you should the court impose a jail sentence." Thereafter, on December 7, 1959 the defendant and his counsel appeared in open court before Judge Ewart; at that time the defendant waived the reading of the 28-count accusation, executed a waiver of indictment and trial by jury which was witnessed by his counsel, executed Criminal Procedure Form 13A (see R.R. Appendix of Forms) which was also witnessed by his counsel, and entered a plea of non vult. The defendant and his counsel appeared before the Probation Department on December 7 and again on December 17 in connection with the presentence investigation. See R.R. 3:7-10(b). Sentencing was originally scheduled for December 22, 1959 but was adjourned to January 8, 1960; in the meantime, on January 5, 1960, the defendant served notice that he would move before Judge Ewart for an order permitting him to retract his plea of non vult and to enter a plea of not guilty. See R.R. 3:7-10(a).

On January 8, 1960 counsel for the defendant appeared with his client before Judge Ewart and argued in support of the motion for leave to withdraw the plea of non vult. He stated that his client had advised him prior to December 7, 1959 that he was innocent and that he was still asserting his innocence; that because of other engagements he had little opportunity to confer with his client before their appearance in court on December 7, 1959; and that there would be no prejudice to the State if the plea were permitted to be withdrawn and the matter proceeded to trial. In opposing the motion the Assistant Prosecutor referred to the negotiations which he had with counsel for the defendant over a long period of time and stressed that during his court appearance on December 7, 1959 the defendant had acknowledged that he understood the nature of the charges against him, that he had voluntarily signed the waiver of indictment and trial by jury, and that he was aware of the fact that "in the eyes of the law" his plea of non vult "is equivalent to a plea of guilty." Cf. Kravis v. Hock, *196 136 N.J.L. 161, 165 (E. & A. 1947); State v. Pometti, 12 N.J. 446, 453 (1953). No affidavits or documents, other than a legal brief, were then submitted in support of the motion but the defendant was called to testify and stated in response to direct questions from his own counsel that he was innocent and that he believed that there should be a trial in which he thought he could "prove" his innocence.

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