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Rachele Weishaar
SINALIGHT is one of the largest lighting companies operating in Egypt, especially in lighting stadiums, stadiums, indoor halls, swimming pools, facilities, roads and factories. The company have showroom in the most important location in the electricity market in Cairo.
The company is one of the most reliable suppliers to government and military agencies. The company is also one of the reliable suppliers to various other parties such as: hotels, tourist villages and petroleum companies.
The company operates in several fields, which are as follows:
Sina Nova is the slimmer sister of Sina. It has a slightly vertical tendency, a higher x-height which makes it more open in small text sizes. Its economical proportions allow an even more universal application.Sina comes in 12 styles and in OpenType format. All styles contain standard and discretional ligatures, small caps, proportional lining figures, tabular lining figures, proportional old style figures, lining old style figures, matching currency symbols, fraction- and scientific numerals. Sina supports Western European, Central and Eastern European languages.
Sina.com.cn is a popular Chinese website featuring news, sports, entertainment, and many other topics. As a regular visitor of Sina.com.cn, you probably spend long hours browsing through the diverse content available on the platform. That's why you need a Sina.com.cn dark mode, a great alternative that provides a soothing black background and light text instead of the default bright white screen.
Night Eye reduces glare and bright blue light filters, protecting your eyes from eye strain. By offering extra comfort to your eyes, it also minimizes the risks of discomforts such as blurry vision, teary eyes, visual disturbances, headaches, and migraines.
Additionally, Night Eye reduces blue light emitted from your screen, making it easier for your eyes to focus, minimizing eye strain after looking at the screen for extended periods, and helping improve your body's natural sleep patterns. Install Night Eye today and try out the captivating dark theme on Sina.com.cn and all your favorite websites.
The Sina pendant lamp is a balloon-shaped light made of light wood. Its lampshade leaves a big impression. A chrome-plated metal base is located in the centre and this holds the light bulb. A clear plastic cable serves as the suspension system. The balloon lampshade is made of numerous pieces of wood, which have been curved to produce an elongated shape. The result is reminiscent of an upturned balloon. When the light is switched on you can enjoy an impressive spectacle - the light shines through the gaps between the wood and into the room. The use of natural materials means that the Sina pendant light exudes warmth and cosiness. As such, the light is ideal for use in living spaces.
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Breakfast is served on the splendid terrace by the pool overlooking the sea. Or room service is also available to enjoy it on the panoramic balcony of one of the rooms with balconies. The selection is always fresh and of the highest quality, and is the perfect way for guests to start the day while delighting in Capri's splendid landscape.
Citation: Roche J, Guérin C, Dupuits C, Elmodafar C, Goupil P, Mouzeyar S (2023) In silico analysis of the Seven IN Absentia (SINA) genes in bread wheat sheds light on their structure in plants. PLoS ONE 18(12): e0295021.
Overall, it appeared that the polyploidization phenomenon increased the absolute number of SINA genes. Indeed, if we take the example of the species Camelina sativa (Brassicaceae) which is an hexaploid species, the number of SINA identified is 80 genes, i.e. about 27 genes per diploid genome. This number is comparable to what was found in other diploid Brassicaceae such as Arabidopsis thaliana (20 genes) or Arabidopsis halleri (26 genes). In contrast, it was clear that the SINA gene family has been amplified very significantly in Poaceae in general and even more in the hexaploid bread wheat Triticum aestivum. Indeed, the Chinese Spring variety of this species contained 141 genes while T. urartu, one of the diploid ancestors of cultivated wheat, contained 41 genes. The high number in T. aestivum cannot be explained solely by the phenomenon of triplication of the genome (41 x 3 = 123 which is much lower than 141). It seems that the number of SINA genes is slightly amplified in diploid ancestors of wheat (A. tauschii: 39 genes, T. urartu: 41 genes) and that this expansion phenomenon is accentuated in hexaploid cultivated wheat. It is also important to note that this number varies very significantly between hexaploid wheat varieties. For instance, two varieties, Landmark and Stanley, contained each 238 SINA genes, which represented an increase of almost 69% compared to the Chinese Spring variety.
To better understand how SINA genes are structured in wheat, we conducted a phylogenetic analysis of SINA genes in a large panel of plant family. For this purpose, we collected SINA sequences from 25 species (23 plants species, Homo sapiens, and Mus musculus), for a total of 845 protein sequences. In terms of botanical classification, one Bryophyta, six Eudicots, 13 Liliopsida, and one Lycopodiopsida were used. Fig 5 shows a rooted tree that includes several identifiable clades. In particular, one clade (colored in red) contained 178 sequences with at least one sequence belonging to one of the analyzed species, including the moss P. patens and the Lycoppodiopsida S. moellondorfii In addition, this clade showed phylogenetic proximity to sequences of animal origin (mouse and human) which were used as outgroups to root the tree. This suggested that this clade corresponded to highly conserved sequences between these species, and probably is the clade of ancestral sequences. In practice, sequences within this clade are closer to each other even if they come from phylogenetically distant species, compared to other sequences from the same species. Among the 178 sequences in this clade, we found the six well-characterized SINA genes in A. thaliana (AT2G41980.1_sina1, AT3G13672.2_sina6, AT3G58040.1_sina2, AT3G61790. 1_sina3, AT4G27880.1_sina4, AT5G53360.1_sina5), and 16 sequences from T. aestivum belonging to six homeologous groups (TraesCS1A03G0357800. 2, TraesCS1B03G0436100.1, TraesCS1D03G0330200.1, TraesCS2A03G0264300.1, TraesCS2B03G0366300.1, TraesCS2D03G0275300.1, TraesCS3A03G0368400.1, TraesCS3B03G0444100.1, TraesCS3D03G0355300.1, TraesCS4A03G0345500.1, TraesCS4D03G0399000.1, TraesCS6A03G0199200.1, TraesCS6B03G0280900.1, TraesCS7A03G0819600.1, TraesCS7B03G0678900.1, TraesCS7D03G0804700.1). These results suggested that bread wheat (CS variety) probably contains six ancestral SINA genes (belonging to six homeologous groups, 16 in total) and that probably these 16 genes would have been massively duplicated and then gradually diverged. We also identified putative ancestral SINA genes in the 22 other used plant species (S4 File for the complete table). We identified two other very large clades: the first included 59 sequences originating only from Eudicots and the second clade comprised 576 sequences originating only from Poaceae.
We then wanted to know if there was a structure within the clade of ancestor sequences. To do so, the subtree corresponding to this clade was isolated and expanded. As shown in Fig 6, there is a clear grouping of genes according to their botanical origin. We have identified five major clades. Clade#1 contained 34 genes including four genes from Selaginella moellendorffii (Lycopodiopsida)), two genes from Physcomitrium patens (Bryophyta, Funariaceae) and the remaining 28 genes from Eudicots such as A. thaliana (AT2G41980.1_sina1, AT3G13672.2_sina6, and AT3G58040.1_sina2). Clade#4 contained 29 genes exclusively from Eudicots, including A. thaliana (AT3G61790.1_sina3, AT4G27880.1_sina4, and AT5G53360.1_sina5). Clades#2, #3 and #5 contained 28, 15 and 53 genes, respectively. Clades#2 and #3 contained exclusively genes from Poaceae, while Clade#5 contained 52 genes from Poaceae and one gene from Solanum lycopersicum (Solanaceae, Eudicots). All these observations indicated that although these proteins showed a high level of identity, they must have diverged early enough in evolution to yield a clear distinction between Eudicots and Liliopsida. Nevertheless, if we cluster all the ancestral proteins using a global identity threshold of 65%, all the proteins are grouped in the same cluster except for the following sequences: NP_033198.1_SIAH1A_Mmusculus, XP_006530847.3_SIAH1A_X1_Mmusculus, Solyc12g100010.1, Vitvi15g01574, Bra003315, AET7Gv20281800 and Bra001519. Using a threshold of 80% identity, the sequences of Clades#4 and #5 are found in the same cluster. In particular, we found three SINA genes from A. thaliana (AT3G61790.1_sina3, AT4G27880.1_sina4 and AT5G53360.1_sina5) and nine sequences from T. aestivum (TraesCS1A03G0357800.2, TraesCS1B03G0436100.1, TraesCS1D03G0330200.1, TraesCS3A03G0368400.1, TraesCS3B03G0444100.1, TraesCS3D03G0355300.1, TraesCS7A03G0819600.1, TraesCS7B03G0678900.1 and TraesCS7D03G0804700.1). These nine sequences correspond to three homeologous groups on chromosomes 1, 3 and 7. These results suggested that these sequences in wheat are probably orthologs of the SINA3, SINA4 and SINA5 genes in A. thaliana.
Well characterized SINA proteins from A. thaliana (AT2G41980.1_sina1, AT3G58040.1_sina2, AT3G61790.1_sina3, AT4G27880.1_sina4, AT5G53360.1_sina5, AT3G13672.2_sina6) and from apple [18] were used as queries in BlastP searches. Positive hits in wheat proteome were then examined for the presence of characteristic SINA domains using Interproscan and the motifs IPR018121, IPR004162 and IPR044286. Finally, this set was manually checked and those sequences containing inconsistent structures were excluded.
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