Hello Daniel,
This solution is not specific to SonarLint, it works with all Visual Studio Extensions. Visual Studio can be started in hives, which have their own setting, so you can set up a hive to have SonarLint and another to not have it. To start VS in a given hive, you should call devenv.exe /rootsuffix MyHiveWithSonarLint
This idea is widely used in VS, for example the "Start Experimental Instance of Visual Studio 2015" shortcut does this with the "Exp" hive.
Also, depending on your exact need, if you want to analyze the solution only as part of a CI job, you should set up a SonarQube server, configure it, and then use the
SonarQube Scanner for MSBuild. Check out the "Usage" section of the page for TFS integration.
Hope this helps,
Tamas