Handbook Of Solid State Batteries

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Rosalee Cobham

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Jul 25, 2024, 5:05:46 AM7/25/24

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The landscape for electric vehicles moves quickly, and staying ahead of the curve is essential for car dealerships. One technological advancement poised to reshape the industry is the development of solid state batteries. Touted as the next big thing, it could alleviate the most prevalent concerns that potential EV purchasers face.

Explore in detail what solid state batteries are, their potential benefits over existing EV battery technology, the challenges hindering their production, and when we can expect these revolutionary batteries to hit the market.

handbook of solid state batteries

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Solid state batteries represent a paradigm shift in energy storage technology. Unlike traditional lithium-ion batteries, which use liquid electrolytes, solid state batteries employ solid electrolytes.

While the timeline for the widespread adoption of solid state batteries remains uncertain, there are promising developments. Major automotive and battery manufacturers are heavily investing in research and development to overcome existing challenges. Breakthroughs in solid state technology are expected to accelerate the timeline for market availability.

Industry experts predict that solid state batteries could start making their way into the automotive market by the mid to late 2020s. However, initial adoption may be limited to high-end electric vehicles before becoming more mainstream.

Solid state batteries are on the horizon as a game-changer for electric vehicles, promising enhanced performance, safety, and longevity. Car dealership management should closely monitor developments in this space to position their businesses as leaders in the electric vehicle revolution.

While challenges exist, the potential benefits and the growing commitment from industry players suggest that solid state batteries will play a pivotal role in shaping the future of automotive technology.

Solid state batteries promise to reach specific energy >500 Wh/kg when a metallic Li anode is employed. They also provide an opportunity for increase in battery safety by replacing liquid electrolytes containing flammable and toxic solvents with solid state ionic conductors. Despite high expectations, there are still substantial challenges to overcome in the areas of materials development and processing/manufacturing. The key requirement for a solid state cell is the ability to maintain robust lithium/electrolyte and cathode/electrolyte interfaces over many cycles. In its basic form, this condition implies that there should be no loss of contact between electrodes and the electrolyte, and that the electrolyte should retain its integrity with cycling. Satisfying this condition is not trivial, considering dimensional changes in cell components due to mass transport and electrolyte reactions with lithium. This talk summarizes achievements in the area of solid state batteries and the remaining challenges, with partial emphasis on mechanics of materials constituting a solid state cell.

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The Handbook of Solid State Electrochemistry is a one-stop resource treating the two main areas of solid state electrochemistry: electrochemical properties of solids such as oxides, halides, and cation conductors; and electrochemical kinetics and mechanisms of reactions occurring on solid electrolytes, including gas-phase electrocatalysis. The fundamentals are presented, including structural and defect chemistry, diffusion and transport in solids, conductivity and electrochemical reaction, and adsorption and reactions on solid surfaces. The Handbook also covers experimental methods and computer-aided interpretation of experimental results used in the field.
The Handbook of Solid State Electrochemistry addresses applications of solid state electrochemistry in a number of fields, including:

solid oxide fuel cells
batteries
sensors and actuators
semi-permeable membranes
corrosion processes
electrocatalysis
electrochromic devices
For materials scientists, engineers, and researchers from academia and industry, the Handbook provides guidance through the rapidly growing field of solid state electrochemistry.

Solid state relays (SSRs) turn on or off the power being supplied to other devices, in a similar fashion as a physical switch. However, instead of being switched by human interaction like a physical switch, SSRs are switched electronically.With SSRs, you can control high-current devices such as lights or appliances with low-current signals, like a standard DC signal from a digital output. Many SSRs will switch on with a voltage of 3V or higher. This makes them perfect for use with the Outputs on Phidget InterfaceKits, or any other device with a digital output, such as the OUT1100 - Digital Output Phidget. Using the ports of a VINT Hub in digital output mode may not work, since they may not provide enough power to activate the SSR. If your digital output is not powerful enough, you may want to connect an external MOSFET to switch a more suitable supply to control the SSR.

The control inputs are connected internally to an LED, which shines across an air gap to light sensors. The light sensor is connected to the transistors which open or close, supplying the relay's load with power. When a transistor is closed, current can flow freely through the relay, causing the load and power supply to be connected. When a transistor is open, almost all current is blocked, causing the load to become disconnected from the power supply. The pairing of an LED with light sensors is called an optocoupler, and is a common technique to link two parts of a circuit without a direct electrical connection.

The ability of an SSR to switch a load is very similar to a mechanical relay or simple switch. By turning the digital output controlling the relay on and off, you control whether or not the load is connected to its power supply.

The challenge is to pick an appropriate type of SSR for your application. There is no single SSR perfect for all applications. To choose an SSR for your particular application, please follow the Choosing an SSR section.

Since relays switch high currents and voltages, standard electricity safety precautions apply. Make sure you never touch the terminals while the relay is powered. If your SSR came with a plastic cover, use it. Even when the SSR is switched off, a very small amount of current will flow.

When placing a relay in a circuit, it is always a good idea to put it between the power supply and the load, especially when using higher voltages. If the relay is instead placed between the load and ground, the circuit will still work the same, but when the relay is open, the load will still be directly connected to the power supply. This could cause safety concerns because someone might touch the terminals on the load, thinking it's safe because the device appears to be off. If the electricity finds a path to ground through their body, they will be electrocuted. If the relay is placed between the power supply and the ground, electrocution would only be a risk if the live terminal on the relay is touched. Again, the relay terminals should always be properly covered to avoid the risk of electrocution.

When an SSR fails, it most often fails permanently closed. This is because when the transistor inside fails due to excessive current or heat, it will usually short out, allowing current to pass through unimpeded. This means that as long as the power supply remains on, the load will be powered, possibly creating a fire or safety hazard.

Next, determine the maximum number of volts you will be switching. If you are switching DC, particularly with batteries, assume your voltage is at least 25% more than what your battery is rated for. Even larger fluctuations occur on AC, but AC SSRs are designed to handle these surges. Typical AC voltage from a wall socket in North America is 110VAC, whereas in Europe it is usually 220VAC. If you are switching AC voltage from a wall socket, check which standard your country uses, and use that number as your voltage.

The current drawn by your load when turned on affects how large of an SSR you need, and how hot it will be when it is in use. If you know how much current, on average, your load draws, this is what we call Average Load Current. If you don't know the average current, but you know the wattage (power rating) of your load, you can calculate Average Load Current by:

Next, you need to know the current drawn by your load when it is first turned on. Many loads demand a huge inrush of current when the load is first turned on. This places a significant amount of stress on the electronics inside the SSR. If you've ever noticed the lights dimming in the house for a second when the furnace starts up, this is caused by the fan motor starting up. In the same way that it takes a lot of force to move a heavy object from rest, it initially takes a lot of current to power up a fan or incandescent bulb. It's very difficult to measure the Surge Current itself, so we use a multiplier based on your device type. Surge Current is also referred to as inrush current.