SEVENTH MAHAYUGA PART 2 4626 KR IRS

[Rajaram Krishnamurthy]

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The genealogies of Śrī Rāma, beginning from Vaivasvata Manu, are preserved across several major texts, including the Brahmanda Purāṇa (Madhya Bhaga, Ch. 63), Vāyu Purāṇa (Ch. 88), Viṣṇu Purāṇa (4.2–3), Bhagavata Purāṇa (9.6–12), Brahma Purāṇa (7.13), Harivamsa (1.14– 16), Agni Purāṇa (272–273), Padma Purāṇa (1.8), Garuda Purana (1.138), and the Rāmāyaṇa (1.70). These IIThāsa–Purāṇa tradiTIons underwent repeated compilation and redaction, particularly between 1500–300 BCE, which likely introduced genealogical reinterpretations and compression.

      Classical Greco-Roman writers such as Pliny the Elder (6.21.4–5) and Solinus (52.5), drawing on Megasthenes’ Indica, report that Indians counted 6451 years and about 153–154 kings from Dionysus (Bacchus) to Alexander (identified as Sandrocottus). This testimony suggests that Megasthenese was unaware of the later application of the 4,320,000-year Yuga cycle in Indian chronology, and instead reflects a more historical king-list tradition. It further implies that the large cyclical Yuga framework may have been retroactively imposed on historical chronology, possibly during the Gupta period. Prior to the Gupta period, Indian historians generally maintained the genealogical history starting from 7322 BCE.

        Accordingly, the identification of Sandrocottus with a Chandragupta of the Parashiva Naga lineage (rather than the Maurya ruler) has been proposed, leading to a revised chronological framework aſter correcting the 661-year error: Chandragupta (975–925 BCE), Alexander (992–983 BCE), and the Seleucid era (972 BCE). It appears that using the Seleucid epoch (972 BCE), Greek calculations yield a date of 7423 BCE for Dionysus (7423–972 = 6451), which broadly aligns with the traditional Indian reckoning of the beginning of the seventh Mahāyuga around 7322 BCE.

SYSTEM OF CHATURYUGA WORKED OUT IN DEVA YUGA PATTERN AS A VERSION EXPLAINED:

The traditional Yuga system initially operated on shorter cycles—five-year yugas and twenty- year Caturyugas—which continued for 27 cycles aſter 7322 BCE. A major astronomical reform is attributed to Mayāsura, who is said to have observed a rare planetary alignment on Caitra Śukla Pratipadā (22 February 6778 BCE) and composed the Surya Siddhanta. With the introduction of the 12-year Jovian cycle, the astronomical schools of Brahma and Paitāmaha Siddhāntas expanded the Yuga to 1200 years (100 Jovian cycles) beginning 6777 BCE, facilitating more precise calendrical computations. In this scheme, the 28th Kṛta Yuga spans only for 5 years 6782–6777 BCE, while the 28th Tretā Yuga extends for 1200 years from 6777– 5577 BCE, within whose final century (5677–5577 BCE) the events of the Rāmāyaṇa are placed.

           Purāṇic genealogies enumerate approximately 62 kings from the commencement of the seventh Mahayugas (7322 BCE) to SRI Rāma (5635–5603 BCE). {KR WHILE MINIMUM 62 KINGS ARE ENUMERATED EQUALLING BY AVERAGE AGE OF 50 YEARS OR 500 YEARS SAY AVARAGE OF 400+300+200+100=1000 AT A MID POINT, NUMBER OF YEARS PASSED WOULD BE ANYTHIG FROM, 3100 YEARS TO 31000 YEARS AND IF SO HOW ONE IN TRETA YUGA OR KRITHA YUGA OR DWAPARA YUGA WHO CAN LIVE 120 YEARS, WILL GO ON OAND ON? GOOGLE SAYS ALL TRUTH AND GUTTER AND ADPTING GOOGLE ONE CANNOT RELY ON IT ABSLUTELY BECAUSE GOOGLE DOES NOT LIE BUT WRITERS WHO DOES NOT THINK ONLY LIES}  As a result, early Ikṣvāku 6 rulers such as Trishanku, Hariścandra, Kalmāṣapāda, Vikukṣi, Purañjaya, Anaraṇya, Māndhātā, Sagara, and Bhagīratha—who likely belonged to much earlier epochs—were conflated with later Ikshvaku kings bearing similar names.

                                          Date

1 Śaśāda                                         7322-7300 BCE

2 Kakustha                                    7300-7270 BCE

3 Anenāḥ                                       7270-7250 BCE

4 Prithu                                     7250-7230 BCE

5 Vishtarāśva                              7230-7200 BCE

6 Ardra                                            7200-7180 BCE

7 Yuvanāśva II                                      7180-7150 BCE

8 Śrāvasta (the founder of the city of

Śrāvastī)                                                 7150-7120 BCE

9 Brihadaśva                                               7120-7100 BCE

10 Kuvalāśva II                                            7100-7070 BCE

11 Driḍhāśva                                              7070-7030 BCE

12 Haryāśva I                                             7030-7000 BCE

13 Nikumbha                                              7000-6980 BCE

14 Saṁhatāśva                                            6980-6950 BCE

15 Kriṣāśva                                                 6950-6920 BCE

16 Prasenajit (Son of Kriṣāśva)                      6920-6900 BCE

17 Yuvanāśva III                                         6900-6880 BCE

18 Māndhātā II                                            6880-6850 BCE

19 Purukutsa (Son of Māndhātā II)                    6850-6820 BCE

20 Trasadasyu or Duhsaha                              6820-6800 BCE

21 Saṁbhūta                                               6800-6780 BCE

22 Anaraṇya II                                               6780-6760 BCE

23 Prishadaśva                                             6760-6740 BCE

24 Haryāśva II                                             6740-6720 BCE

25 Sumana or Sudhanva                               6720-6690 BCE

26 Tridhanvā                                             6690-6660 BCE

27 Tryāruṇa                                               6660-6630 BCE

28 Satyavrata II                                                       6630-6600 BCE

29 Harischandra II                                                    6600-6570 BCE

30 Rohitāśva                                                              6570-6540 BCE

31 Harita                                                               6540-6510 BCE

32 Chanchu                                                               6510-6480 BCE

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33 Vijaya                                                               6480-6450 BCE

34 Ruruka                                                         6450-6420 BCE

35 Vrika                                                                 6420-6390 BCE

36 Bāhu                                                              6390-6370 BCE

37 Sagara II                                                         6370-6340 BCE

38 Asamañjasa                                                          6340-6320 BCE

39 Aṅśumān                                                       6320-6300 BCE

40 Dilīpa I                                                               6300-6280 BCE

41 Bhāgīratha II                                                  6280-6250 BCE

42 Śruta or Prasushruta or Prasushruka             6250-6220 BCE

43 Nābhāga                                                       6220-6200 BCE

44 Ambarīṣa                                                     6200-6170 BCE

45 Sindhudvīpa                                                   6170-6130 BCE

46 Ayutāyu or Bhangashvina or Bhagasvara        6130-6100 BCE

47 Rituparṇa                                                  6100-6080 BCE

48 Sarvakarma Ārtaparṇi                                6080-6050 BCE

49 Sudasa                                                      6050-6020 BCE

50 Saudasa Mitrasaha                                         6020-6000 BCE

51 Ashmaka                                                       6000-5970 BCE

52 Mūlaka                                                            5970-5950 BCE

53 Śataratha or Narikavacha                            5950-5920 BCE

54 Aidavida or Nighna                                     5920-5890 BCE

55 Anamitra                                                    5890-5860 BCE

56 Viśvasaha or Duliduda                                 5860-5830 BCE

57 Dilīpa II Khatvanga                                       5830-5800 BCE

58 Dīrghabāhu                                              5800-5780 BCE

59 Raghu                                                     5780-5730 BCE

60 Aja                                                            5730-5710 BCE

61 Daśaratha                                                5710-5649 BCE

62 Bharata (during the vanavasa of 14 years)          5649-5635 BCE 62

63  Rāma                                                        5635-5603 BCE

ONLY 1719 YEARS CONSIDERED EVEN THEN ONE CANNOT LIVE THAT FAR TO LOVE FROM KASHYAPA DATE TO GRAND SON OF Arjuna in maha Bharatha!!

The relative chronology of the early kings of Ayodhyā—outlined at the beginning of this chapter from Triśaṅku through Māndhātā to Bhajeratha—provides a critical framework for distinguishing between the early and later lineages of Ayodhyā’s rulers, as elaborated below:

1 Trishanku I                                                     (13350 BCE)

Satyavrata Trishanku II                                     (6630-6000 BCE)

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Triśaṅku I, son of Tryāruṇa and grandson of Traivṛṣṇa, is the earliest known king of Ayodhyā. He is described as a contemporary of Viśvāmitra I, the father of Śakuntalā and grandfather of Bharata.

Satyavrata or Satyaratha, son of Tryāruṇa and grandson of Tridhanvan, is described as a later descendant of Ikṣvāku.

2 Harishchandra I (11250 BCE)

Harischandra II (6600-6570 BCE)

Hariścandra I, a descendant of Triśaṅku, is described in the Aitareya Brāhmaṇa as having vowed to sacrifice his son Rohita to Varuṇa. Rohita, however, fled to the forest to avoid the sacrifice. In his place, Śunaḥśepa, the son of Ajīgarta, was offered as a substitute but was ultimately spared through divine intervention.

Thereafter, Ṛṣi Viśvāmitra is said to have adopted Śunaḥśepa. Hariścandra II, renowned as Satya Hariścandra, is celebrated for his unwavering commitment to truth and duty. His wife was Tārāmatī, and his son was Rohitāśva. In fulfillment of a vow, he relinquished his kingdom to Ṛṣi Viśvāmitra. Thereafter, he endured severe trials— selling his wife and serving at a cremation ground—yet remained steadfast in his principles. Ultimately, he was restored to his throne as king of Ayodhyā.

3 Vikukshi (11230 BCE)

Shashada (7322-7300 BCE)

Vikukṣi was the eldest son of Ikṣvāku and the grandson of Vaivasvata anu.

Śaśāda was a later descendant of Ikṣvāku. The well-known episode involving the consumption of a rabbit (śaśa), from which he derives his name, is associated with him, not Vikukṣi.

4 Puranjaya (11210 BCE)

Kakustha (7300-7270 BCE)

Purañjaya is described as having assisted Indra in the war beteen the Devas and Asuras. In recognition of this, he earned the epithet Indravāha.

Kakutstha was a celebrated later descendant of Ikṣvāku. His lineage came to be known as the Kākutsthas, a designation that extends to his illustrious descendants, including Śrī Rāma.

5 Kalmashapada (11220 BCE)

Saudasa Mitrasaha (6020-6000 BCE)

Kalmāṣapāda is described as having developed deep enmity toward Vasiṣṭha and his lineage, culminating in the slaying of Śakti, the son of Vasiṣṭha. Saudāsa (Mitrasaha)’s queen, Madayantī, is said to have onceived a son, Aśmaka, through niyoga with Vasiṣṭha. Aśmaka later established a kingdom at Paudanyapura (identified with present- day Bodhan in elangana) on the banks of the Godāvarī, which came to be known as the Aśmaka Janapada.

6 Kuvalashva I (11190 BCE)

 Kuvalashva II (7100-7070 BCE)

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Kuvalāśva I is said to have slain Dhundhu—traditionally described as a son of Madhu and Kaiṭabha—in battle. Kuvalashva II was a later descendant of

Ikshvaku.

7 Mandhata I (11150 BCE)

Mandhata II (6880-6850 BCE)

Māndhātā I was a renowned king of the Vedic period. His son Muchukunda

is traditionally regarded as a contemporary of Devakīputra Kṛṣṇa. Mandhata II was a later descendant of Ikshvaku.

8 Sagara I (10980 BCE)

Sagara II (6370-6740 BCE)

Sagara I, the posthumous son of King Asita, is portrayed as a pivotal figure in the Ikṣvāku lineage. Prior to his reign, the descendants of Ikṣvāku—from Ikṣvāku himself to Asita—are associated with rule over Madhyadeśa. Sagara is credited with re-establishing royal authority in Ayodhyā.

Sagara II, the son of Bāhu, is described as a later descendant of Ikṣvāku.

9 Bhagiratha I (10940 BCE)

Bhagiratha II (6280-6250 BCE)

Bhagīratha I was a celebrated king of Ayodhyā, renowned for clearing the channel from Gangotri to Devaprayāga to bring the waters of the Gaṅgā to the plains. Aṣṭāvakra, the grandson of Uddālaka Āruṇi, is traditionally regarded as his mentor.

Bhagīratha II, the son of Aṁśumān, is described as a later descendant of Ikṣvāku.

10 Hiranyanabha Kaushalya (11000 BCE)

Hiranyanabha and Kaushalya (5040-4970 BCE)

Hiraṇyanābha Kauśalya of the Vedic period is described as a disciple of

Jaimini II (Sukarman) and a contemporary of Ṛṣi Pippalāda.

Hiraṇyanābha is described as the father of Kauśalya; both are regarded as

descendants of Śrī Rāma and are placed in the post-Rāmāyaṇa period.

It is evident from the foregoing discussion that the Purāṇic redactors conflated the histories of several Ayodhyā kings bearing similar names. A careful reconstruction of relative chronology helps to resolve these inconsistencies and restore the sequence of events more coherently.

Another issue is the variation in nomenclature, whereby the same king is referred to by different names across textual traditions. A representative example is King Ṛtuparṇa (c. 6100– 6080 BCE), who is described as a contemporary of King Nala and Queen Damayantī. The

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Baudhāyana Śrautasūtra (18.13) and Āpastamba Śrautasūtra (21.20.3) identify him as the son of Bhangaśvina, while the Mahābhārata (3.8.2) refers to him as the son of Bhagasvara. In contrast, the Purāṇas name Ayutāyu as his father. Such divergent traditions highlight the extent of genealogical variation and the need for critical reconciliation.

Migrations from the Afghanistan Region to Anatolia and the Black Sea: The Scythians, Yavanas, and Shuras of India (7400–6200 BCE)

According to traditional Greek sources, Dionysus II (7423 BCE), also known as Liber Pater or Bacchus, conquered the peoples of the Afghanistan region 6,451 years prior to the time of Alexander the Great (992-983 BCE) and established the city of Nysa, located near present-day Jalalabad, Afghanistan. Mount Meru (Tirich Mir) was situated to the north of Jalalabad, where Dionysus I was born and raised during the era of the Olympians. Dionysus II left India and placed his friend Spatembas in charge, who passed the rule on to his son, until eventually kings were appointed based on merit for 300 years.

         Over a span of 300 years (7400–7100 BCE), various groups—including those from the Sumeru region, the Yavanas residing in the city of Nysa, the Shakas (or Scythians), and the Shuras— migrated out of India.

       The inhabitants of the Sumeru region settled in the Black Sea area and became known as the Cimmerians.

       The Yavanas from the city of Nysa migrated to western Anatolia and were recognized as the Hittites.

      The Shuras from India evolved into the Hurrians (Mitannis) of Anatolia.

           The Scythians journeyed to the east of the Black Sea and later expanded into Gaul. A group of Scythians also migrated to Iberia and Ireland before eventually reaching Scotland.

          From Ireland and Scotland, they proceeded further to Scandinavia. The Cimmerians and Scythians introduced the worship of the goddess Astarte (or Ishtar) to Europe.

         The migrations that occurred between approximately 7400 and 6200 BCE were instrumental in the establishment of numerous nations across Eurasia.

During this period (7400–7100 BCE), the Kayanian dynasty of Persia declined, and the Scythians occupied a vast region, dominating areas of Persia, the Caucasus, the Black Sea, and the central steppe.

King Raghu’s Digvijaya (~5750 BCE)

Around 6000 BCE, the Indian summer monsoon—vital for sustaining rainfall across the Indus basin and parts of eastern Afghanistan—began to fluctuate and gradually weaken, leading to increasing aridity. In response, the Arattas, Bāhlīkas, and Kambojas, inhabiting regions west of the Indus and along the Oxus (Vaksu) River, appear to have moved eastward, crossing the Indus in an attempt to expand their domains into the region of the five rivers of Punjab.

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King Raghu (5780–5730 BCE), a powerful ruler of Ayodhyā, is traditionally credited with leading a campaign to check these movements. He subdued the Arattas, Bāhlīkas, and Kambojas and effectively contained them west of the Indus River.

         In the Raghuvamsha, Kalidasa gives particular emphasis to Raghu’s northwestern campaign. dvancing beyond the Indus, Raghu confronts the frontier tribes—Śakas, Yavanas, Kambojas, and Pahlavas—near the region of the Oxus (Vaksu) river. These groups, renowned for their cavalry warfare, are subdued through decisive engagements. Kalidasa vividly describes how Raghu’s forces broke their resistance, humbled their pride, and compelled them to offer tribute. The campaign symbolizes not merely territorial expansion but the extension of Aryavarta’s political and cultural influence into the trans-Hindukush regions. After securing the northwest, Raghu reinstates local rulers as subordinate allies, reinforcing imperial authority while maintaining regional stability.

             Dating of the Ramayana Era (5677-5577 BCE)

Maharṣi Vālmīki, a contemporary of Śrī Rāma, was the author of the Rāmāyaṇa. The Skanda Purana and the Adhyatma Ramayana relate that Vālmīki was born to Brāhmaṇa parents but was raised among Kirātas; in his early life he is described as a robber who later transformed into a great ṛṣi through spiritual awakening. Tamil traditions place Vālmīkinar in the Second Sangam period (6822–3122 BCE), when Kāvātapuram served as the capital of the Pāṇḍya dynasty—a city also mentioned in the Rāmāyaṇa itself.

Traditional chronology situates Śrī Rāma in the 28th Tretā Yuga of the 7th Mahāyuga of the Vedic Yuga calendar. The Mahabharata explicitly indicates that the events of the Rāmāyaṇa occurred toward the end of the Tretā Yuga. As stated in the Ādiparva (वापरयसंधौ राम तां वर), Rāma flourished at the juncture of Tretā and Dvāpara Yugas. Astronomical considerations based on the Surya Siddhanta—particularly the epoch of a seven-planet conjunction in Aries dated to 22 February 6778 BCE—suggest the beginning of the Tretā Yuga around 6777 BCE. At this stage, Indian astronomers incorporated the 12-year Jovian cycle into calendrical reckoning and expanded the Yuga duration to 1200 years for improved intercalation accuracy. While earlier systems equated the Yuga cycle and the calendar cycle with a 5-year cycle, this reform distinguished the two, resulting in a 5-year Kṛta Yuga (6778– 6777 BCE) followed by a 1200-year Tretā Yuga (6777–5577 BCE). Thus, the calendar cycle remained as a 5-year cycle, but the Yuga cycle expanded to 1200 years.

        Accordingly, the historical events of Rāmāyaṇa may be placed in the final century of the Tretā Yuga, in 5677–5577 BCE. This placement aligns with traditional statements that Rāma lived near the end of Tretā Yuga.

K RAJARAM PART 2  4626