Egbert's grandmother??
Chris & Tom Tinney, Sr.
music? "eAfA" as a tone, or variations thereof,
used as poetic memorization of ancient pedigrees?
"Increasingly, a Celtic earlier phase of several
English monasteries is not in dispute." . . .
"Were the Surrey-ingasplaces all seventh century
monasteries? If so, might they be connected
with Birinus, the fresh emissary from the Pope who
became first bishop of Wessex (circa 635) . . ."
. . .
"Thus it is interesting that -ingas place-names
[RE: Ingild, "d. 718"]
http://www.tiac.net/users/pmcbride/rfc/l2.htm#R2-51]
are found in Northumbria (Bede’s own land),
East Anglia, Middle Anglia, Essex and eastern
Wessex - sub-kingdoms all newly fixed up
with Celtic-trained (bar Birinus) bishops"
http://www.indigogroup.co.uk/edge/religpns.htm
Respectfully yours,
Tom Tinney, Sr.
http://www.dcn.davis.ca.us/~vctinney/
Who's Who in America, Millennium Edition [54th]
Who's Who In The West, 1998/1999
--------------------------------------------
Stewart Baldwin wrote:
> I just made a discovery in the last two days that has caused me to
> rethink much of what I have said in the past about the ancestry of
> Egbert of Wessex. One of the possible scenarios previously suggested
> by gryph...@aol.com was that Egbert may have been a patrilineal
> member of the Kentish dynasty, and that the orthodox pedigree of
> Egbert had been fabricated in the reign of Alfred. I argued against
> that scenario on the grounds that Alfred (who was then looking toward
> all of England, and not just Wessex) would have been unlikely to
> abandon a very impressive real Kentish pedigree in favor of a less
> impressive fake West Saxon one.
>
> So, what has changed? Recall that Egbert's orthodox pedigree goes
> Egbert-Ealhmund-Eafa/Eaba-Eopppa-Ingild, the last named being a
> brother of king Ine of Wessex. Well, I was looking for any evidence I
> could find for Eafa (or the earlier spelling Eaba), and while I did
> not find this particular Eafa/Eaba in any place other than various
> versions of Egbert's pedigree, I did find some other people of that
> name (obviously not identical, for chronological reasons). They were:
>
> 1. Eaba, daughter of a certain Eanfrith, and wife of Æthelwalh of
> Sussex (ca. 680), from Woolf's "The Old Germanic Principles of
> Name-Giving" (Baltimore, 1939), citing Bede's History iv, 13 (which I
> could not check because the library was in the process of reshelving
> all the books in that section today).
>
> 2. Æebba or Eabba, an abbess who obtained two grants from Wihtred,
> king of Kent, in the 690's [Birch's "Cartularium Saxonicum", vol. 1,
> pp. 121, 141 (charter numbers 86 and 96)]
>
> 3. Eafe, an abbess who obtained a grant from Burgred, king of Mercia,
> in 872 (note the later spelling) [Birch's "Cartularium Saxonicum",
> vol. 2, p. 151 (charter number 535)]
>
> Note that all three individuals of this name who I have found, other
> than Egbert's grandparent, were female! I did not find any male
> bearer of the name other than Egbert's "grandfather". While it would
> be good at this point to get the advice of someone who is an expert at
> Anglo-Saxon names, in order to doublecheck the suggestions being made
> here, we have the following obvious conclusion (apologies for
> shouting):
>
> IT IS QUITE POSSIBLE THAT EGBERT'S GRANDPARENT EABA/EAFA WAS HIS
> GRANDMOTHER RATHER THAN HIS GRANDFATHER, BUT THAT THE PEDIGREE IS
> OTHERWISE CORRECT!
>
> Assuming that this hypothesis is correct, let us see where it leads.
> First, it would mean that Egbert's claim to the throne came through
> his grandmother. Early in Egbert's reign, what would have mattered
> most to him would have been his West Saxon ancestry. While he was
> still consolidating his position in Wessex, it would have made sense
> for him to underplay his patrilineal (presumably Kentish) ancestry and
> publicise the ancestry that gave him his current position. In fact, I
> can even envision a pedigree of the sort Ingild had Eoppa, who had
> Eaba, who had Ealhmund, who had Egbert (but in Latin or Anglo-Saxon),
> in a way which gives the line of descent without explicitly mentioning
> the fact that one of the links was female. If this were the case, the
> process by which Eaba became male could even have been a mistake
> rather than a deliberate lie.
>
> The appearance of such a pedigree in Egbert's time (when it would be
> most needed) would then also explain why the hypothetical Kentish
> pedigree might not be brought forward in Alfred's time. Even if it
> was remembered (and there is no guarantee that it would be), it might
> have been regarded as politically unwise to mess with a pedigree that
> had been established for more than fifty years, even if it was known
> to have a minor inaccuracy, so the assumption that the orthodox
> pedigree was already well established by Egbert's time changes my
> original objection mentioned above.
>
> Of course, the above is still speculative, and will depend very
> heavily on what experts in Anglo-Saxons names might say about the
> possibility that a male could bear the name Eaba/Eafa.
>
> By the way, I would certainly be interested in knowing if this point
> has been raised before (with bibliographical citations if it has).
>
> Stewart Baldwin
Colin Bevan
ingas was a clan designation."
http://emuseum.mankato.msus.edu/prehistory/vikings/asinv.html#placename
Cheers
Rosie
Stewart Baldwin
Gryphon801
father both bore Kentish names but also why some claim was made to be connected
to Ine's dynasty. I too would like to hear from others on the point, which I
have never seen considered in print.
R. Battle
> 1. Eaba, daughter of a certain Eanfrith, and wife of Æthelwalh of
> Sussex (ca. 680), from Woolf's "The Old Germanic Principles of
> Name-Giving" (Baltimore, 1939), citing Bede's History iv, 13 (which I
> could not check because the library was in the process of reshelving
> all the books in that section today).
The text of an English translation of this passage (where she is called
"Ebba") can be found at the following address:
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/bede-book4.html
The evidence certainly seems good that there were indeed women bearing a
variant of the name in question in the right time period. However, I am
not sure that there were no men who also bore such a name. Two points
(of a linguistic nature): First, while the letters "ea" in OE generally
denote either a bisyllabic pronunciation (or at least a diphthong), it is
not inconceivable that the graph "ae" (sorry, can't figure out how do do
that one with ASCII) could stand in for it, in terms of phonological as
well as paleographic similarity. Second, it must be recognized that the
letter "f", when between vowels, actually represents a "v" sound (the
sounds [f] and [v] being in complementary distribution). It does not seem
inconceivable that "w" might thus sometimes take its place.
That being said, there are at least two examples I've come across of men
bearing names which (if adjusted as indicated) match the name in
question. Both examples are later than many of the ones given by Stewart,
though, which may detract from their relevance. In any case, the name
"AEbbe" ("AEbba" according to Alfred Smyth's analysis [p. 113 of /King
Alfred the Great/, Oxford University Press, 1995]) belonged to a Frisian
sailor who was slain in a Danish attack in 896. This is found in the ASC,
and can be viewed at the following site:
http://jebbo.home.texas.net/asc/a/a.html#ad896
Of course, the name "Eawa" appears in the line of succession of the
Mercian kings in the ASC:
http://jebbo.home.texas.net/asc/a/a.html#ad716
and
http://jebbo.home.texas.net/asc/a/a.html#ad755
Interesting theory. I too would be interested in hearing the opinion of
an expert.
-Robert Battle
Renia
volume of Bede, and in it, he is also called Baeda. (My l.ittle
R.Battle says in his post:
it must be recognized that the letter "f", when between vowels, actually
represents a "v" sound (the sounds [f] and [v] being in complementary
distribution). It does not seem inconceivable that "w" might thus
sometimes take its place.
So perhaps
Baeda = Bede
Aefa/Aeba/Eafe = Eve
Just a thought.
Renia
Stewart Baldwin wrote:
> I just made a discovery in the last two days that has caused me to
> rethink much of what I have said in the past about the ancestry of
> Egbert of Wessex. One of the possible scenarios previously suggested
> by gryph...@aol.com was that Egbert may have been a patrilineal
> member of the Kentish dynasty, and that the orthodox pedigree of
> Egbert had been fabricated in the reign of Alfred. I argued against
> that scenario on the grounds that Alfred (who was then looking toward
> all of England, and not just Wessex) would have been unlikely to
> abandon a very impressive real Kentish pedigree in favor of a less
> impressive fake West Saxon one.
>
> So, what has changed? Recall that Egbert's orthodox pedigree goes
> Egbert-Ealhmund-Eafa/Eaba-Eopppa-Ingild, the last named being a
> brother of king Ine of Wessex. Well, I was looking for any evidence I
> could find for Eafa (or the earlier spelling Eaba), and while I did
> not find this particular Eafa/Eaba in any place other than various
> versions of Egbert's pedigree, I did find some other people of that
> name (obviously not identical, for chronological reasons). They were:
>
> 1. Eaba, daughter of a certain Eanfrith, and wife of Æthelwalh of
> Sussex (ca. 680), from Woolf's "The Old Germanic Principles of
> Name-Giving" (Baltimore, 1939), citing Bede's History iv, 13 (which I
> could not check because the library was in the process of reshelving
> all the books in that section today).
>
Renia
Renia wrote:
> I am no expert at all. I hardly know much about this. But I have a small
> volume of Bede, and in it, he is also called Baeda. (My l.ittle
My little volume doesn't contain the reference you mention.
Chris & Tom Tinney, Sr.
the relationship between monasteries and clans
in conjunction with my earlier post concerning
Egbert's "exile on the European continent by
the West Saxon king Beorhtric and his ally,
the powerful Mercian king Offa (d. 796)"
[Egbert (ECGBERHT or ECGBRYHT)]
" His ecclesiastical policy was very favourable
to the Church, and at the Council of Kingston,
in 838, he gave the archbishop assurances of
friendship and certain privileges which
considerably strengthened the primatial see."
Was the underlying warfare actually religious
in nature? Can a pattern be established to
validate this and how does this relate to the
content of the surviving pedigrees?
In your post, you left out the ending:
"-ingas are indications of Germanic settlement".
Are you suggesting Germanic settlements for
"Northumbria (Bede's own land), East Anglia,
Middle Anglia, Essex and eastern Wessex -
sub-kingdoms all newly fixed up with Celtic-
trained (bar Birinus) bishops", in this time
period?
"Place-name studies can provide additional
information regarding the interactions of the
people in Britain during the Germanic invasions,
but must be used carefully. In general, place-
name information is used to supplement other
data and can not be used alone to prove early
origins." [From your own reference link.]
Respectfully yours,
Tom Tinney, Sr.
http://www.dcn.davis.ca.us/~vctinney/
Who's Who in America, Millennium Edition [54th]
Who's Who In The West, 1998/1999
Who's Who In Genealogy and Heraldry, [both editions]
--------------------------------------------
Colin Bevan wrote:
Stewart Baldwin
<bat...@u.washington.edu> wrote:
>The evidence certainly seems good that there were indeed women bearing a
>variant of the name in question in the right time period. However, I am
>not sure that there were no men who also bore such a name. Two points
>(of a linguistic nature): First, while the letters "ea" in OE generally
>denote either a bisyllabic pronunciation (or at least a diphthong), it is
>not inconceivable that the graph "ae" (sorry, can't figure out how do do
>that one with ASCII) could stand in for it, in terms of phonological as
If you have a Windows machine, then to get Æ (uppercase AE dipthong),
just press the "ALT" key, and then type "0198" ON THE NUMERIC KEYPAD
(not the numbers on the regular keyboard), keeping the "ALT" key
pressed the entire time, and then release the "ALT" key after you have
typed the four numbers. Other Anglo-Saxon letters that you can type
this way are:
ALT+0230 æ - lowercase ae dipthong
ALT+0208 Ð - uppercase eth
ALT+0240 ð - lowercase eth
ALT+0222 Þ - uppercase thorn
ALT+0254 þ - lowercase thorn
However, I don't know whether or not these will display correctly on
non-Windows machines, even if sent to the newsgroup by a Windows
machine.
>well as paleographic similarity. Second, it must be recognized that the
>letter "f", when between vowels, actually represents a "v" sound (the
>sounds [f] and [v] being in complementary distribution). It does not seem
>inconceivable that "w" might thus sometimes take its place.
>
>That being said, there are at least two examples I've come across of men
>bearing names which (if adjusted as indicated) match the name in
>question. Both examples are later than many of the ones given by Stewart,
>though, which may detract from their relevance. In any case, the name
>"AEbbe" ("AEbba" according to Alfred Smyth's analysis [p. 113 of /King
>Alfred the Great/, Oxford University Press, 1995]) belonged to a Frisian
>sailor who was slain in a Danish attack in 896. This is found in the ASC,
>and can be viewed at the following site:
As a non-Englishman, you could argue that he wasn't relevant.
However, my original search did not take your comments into account,
and looked only for names beginning in "Ea". Having now done a search
through Birch's Cartularium Saxonicum [hereafter "CS", cited by
charter number] and Woolf's "The Old Germanic Principles of
Name-Giving" [hereafter "Woolf", cited by page number], checking all
spellings which start with A, Æ, Ea, or E, followed by a b or f (and
allowing any vowel at the end), here are the individuals I found, in
rough chronological order, and the results agree with what you said,
showing that the name was probably not exclusively male. Given the
male-dominated society that Anglo-Saxon England was, I have assumed
that individuals who signed charters, or were holders of
male-dominated offices, were male unless there is evidence to the
contrary.
Ebbi (male), signed charter of Frithuwald, subregulus of Surrey, 675
[CS 34]
Æbba/Eabba (female), an abbess who received donations from kings
Oswine, Hlothar, and Wihtred of Kent during the period 675 to 697 [CS
35, 40, 41, 42, 44, 86, 96, 99]
Eaba (female), daughter of a certain Eanfrith, and wife of Æthelwalh
of Sussex, ca. 680 [Woolf, citing Bede's History, iv, 13]
Æbbe (female), d. 683, niece of Edwin of Deira [Woolf, citing Bede's
Life of St. Cuthbert, chapter 10, and Florence of Worcester, s.a. 593]
Ebba (male), mentioned in charter of Ine of Wessex, 688x690 [CS 74]
Abba (male), witness (716) to confirmation of earlier charter of
Wihtred, king of Kent [CS 91]
Abba (male), reeve, will ca. 833 [CS 412]
Abba (male), presbyter (a different man from Abba the reeve, since he
witnessed that Abba's will), signs charters in period 811-844 [CS 332,
380, 381, 412, 426, 445]
Eafe (female), abbess, in a charter of Burgred of Mercia, 872 [CS 535]
Æffa (male), minister, signed a charter of Alfred of Wessex, 882 [CS
550]
Æbbe (male, but Frisian, not English) [Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, 896]
Æffe (gender?), in will of thegn Wulfgar, (date?) [CS 678]
Affa (female), wife of Alfhelm, (date?) [CS 1062]
Æffa (gender?), slave freed by Birhtric, 970 [CS 1248]
Æffa (male), father of Ælfgar, ca. 990 [Woolf, citing Kemble, Codex
Diplomaticus Ævi Saxonici]
Abba (male?), (date?) [CS 1282]
It's too bad that the examples are from either earlier or later, and
there are none from the period of interest (late eighth century),
since the early period seems different from the later period, as shown
in the summary below.
Early period (716 and before):
Males: 3 (all with A or E spelling)
Females: 3 (all with Æ or Ea spelling)
Later period (811 and after):
Males: 5 (2 with A or E spelling, 3 with Æ or Ea spelling)
Females: 2 (1 with A or E spelling, 1 with Æ or Ea spelling)
Uncertain: 3 (1 with A or E spelling, 2 with Æ or Ea spelling)
Thus, in the early period, there is a clear dichotomy, with the
examples beginning with a single vowel being all male, and the
examples beginning with either a double vowel or a dipthong being all
female. In the later period, this pattern disappears.
So, it looks like the gender of Egbert's grandparent Eaba/Eafa remains
somewhat ambiguous. However, it should be pointed out that the
overwhelming majority of names in the surviving records are those of
males, so that we expect females to be vastly underrepresented in
these totals. For example, if it were the case that half of
individuals named Eaba/Eafa were male, and the other half were female,
then probability states that a large majority of individuals of that
name appearing in the surviving records ought to be male (but with a
very high rate of error, given the small size of the sample in
relation to the whole). Since we do not see this, the chances of a
randomly chosen individual named Eaba/Eafa being female are actually
quite good (probably better than 50-50), even if far from certain.
Stewart Baldwin
Todd A. Farmerie
>
> On Fri, 28 Jul 2000 00:12:05 -0700, "R. Battle"
> <bat...@u.washington.edu> wrote:
>
> >not inconceivable that the graph "ae" (sorry, can't figure out how do do
> >that one with ASCII) could stand in for it, in terms of phonological as
>
> If you have a Windows machine, then to get Æ (uppercase AE dipthong),
> just press the "ALT" key, and then type "0198" ON THE NUMERIC KEYPAD
> (not the numbers on the regular keyboard), keeping the "ALT" key
> pressed the entire time, and then release the "ALT" key after you have
> typed the four numbers. Other Anglo-Saxon letters that you can type
> this way are:
>
> ALT+0230 æ - lowercase ae dipthong
> ALT+0240 ğ - lowercase eth
> ALT+0222 Ş - uppercase thorn
> ALT+0254 ş - lowercase thorn
>
> However, I don't know whether or not these will display correctly on
> non-Windows machines, even if sent to the newsgroup by a Windows
> machine.
Being part of the shared ASCII character set, they should be
(relatively) universal and platform independent. Several years ago I
picked up on a disk of free software a program called Foreigner, which
opens up a little grid with all of the unusual ASCII characters on it so
I can select the one I want without having to remember the numbers.
There must be versions of this still floating around.
taf
Renia
Bede, IV, 13:
"The queen, whose name was Ebba, (sic) had been christened in her own island,
the province of the Wiccii. She was the daughter of Eanfrid, the brother of
Eanher, who were both Christians..... King Ethelwalch (sic)......" (A.D. 681)
Bede, St Cuthbert, X:
"Ebbe, a pious woman and handmaid of Christ, was the head of a monastery at a
place called the city of Coludi, remarkable both for piety and noble birth, for
she was half-sister of King Oswy....."
ALSO:
Bede, III, xxiv
Three years after the death of King Penda, Immin, and Eafa, and Eadbert,
generals of the Mercians, rebelled against King Oswy,.... (A.D. 658)
ALSO:
From
"Northanhymbre Saga - The History of the Anglo-Saxon Kings of Northumbria" by
John Marsden, Book Clubs Associates, London, after 1991
p 108
"Eanfrith, like his half brothers Oswald and Oswy and their sister Aebbe, had
fled north when their father was slain on the Idle....."
p 121-2
"Further north lay the double foundation of monks and nuns at 'Coludesbyrig',
Coldingham on the Berwickshire coast, established by Oswald's sister, Aebbe, as
an expansion of her first church founded before 640 on the nearby - and
characteristically Celtic - headland at St Abbs. Aebbe was one of the first in
the series of Northumbrian queens and princesss turned abbesses and saints and
the 'Breviary of Aberdeen' records her exile in Dalriada with Oswald and Oswy.
/Ebba, a glorious virgin, uterine sister of Oswald, king of Northumbria, was
sent with her seven brothers to exile in theland of the Scots, and, along with
her brother king Oswald and his brothers, was received and cherished with
honour by Donald Brecc, king of the Scots. And like her brothers and many more,
so she received the faithof Christ from the Scots./ Aebbe, who lived until 683,
was a daughter of Acha and - presumably - Aethelfrith and could have been
little more than a tiny infant in 616........."
My version of Bede is "Bede's Ecclesiastical History of the English Nation",
intro by Dom David Knowles (Regius Prof of Modern History in the University of
Cambridge), Dent, London, 1965, in the translation by J.Stevens (1723), revised
by J.A. Giles (1847). Translation of St Cuthbert by J. Stevenson (1870). (I
hadn't looked at it properly yesterday.)
I also have in my library, "A Comparative Grammar of the Anglo-Saxon Language",
by Francis A March, Harper Brothers, New York, 1870, which I find almost
incomprehensible, but from it, some ideas come to mind, which real linguists
will know much more about.
In the section called "Formation of Words to Express Gender", there is
reference to masculine words ending in -a- or -ere, and feminine words ending
in -e- or -ige<ie<ian - or -en<enni - and -estre- . In a previous section on
"Suffixes arranged according to their use - Agent", reference is made to
masculine words ending in -a- or -end - or -ere - etc, and in feminine words
ending in -e- or -estre -. (No mention here made of the feminine ending - ie -
)
On the face of it, the name "Eafa" would appear to be a masculine name, as
would "Æfa" or "Æebba", whereas "Ebbe" or "Æbbe" or "Æffe" would appear to be
feminine. But Stewart's list, below, does not seem to follow this rule, nor do
the citations above.
In a section called "Euphonic Changes - Compensation", there is reference to "A
consonant is dropped and the preceding vowel lengthened at the same time."
If the earlier spelling was Æbbe, then perhaps it had an even earlier, feminine
version of Æbie. The Æ (probably) eventually became E or A, and the vowel "i"
dropped in favour of the double "bb", hence Ebbe. As someone much more
knowledgeable also said, "f" and "v" were interchangeable, but this AS Grammar
book also suggests that "f" and "b" also became interchangeable according to
dialect.
(I know. I'm warbling where I don't understand. But it's just food for
thought.)
Renia
Ed Mann
>
> Stewart Baldwin wrote:
> >
> > On Fri, 28 Jul 2000 00:12:05 -0700, "R. Battle"
> > <bat...@u.washington.edu> wrote:
> >
> > >not inconceivable that the graph "ae" (sorry, can't figure out how do do
> > >that one with ASCII) could stand in for it, in terms of phonological as
> >
> > If you have a Windows machine, then to get Æ (uppercase AE dipthong),
> > just press the "ALT" key, and then type "0198" ON THE NUMERIC KEYPAD
> > (not the numbers on the regular keyboard), keeping the "ALT" key
> > pressed the entire time, and then release the "ALT" key after you have
> > typed the four numbers. Other Anglo-Saxon letters that you can type
> > this way are:
> >
> > ALT+0230 æ - lowercase ae dipthong
> > ALT+0208 Ð - uppercase eth
> > ALT+0240 ð - lowercase eth
> > ALT+0222 Þ - uppercase thorn
> > ALT+0254 þ - lowercase thorn
> >
> > However, I don't know whether or not these will display correctly on
> > non-Windows machines, even if sent to the newsgroup by a Windows
> > machine.
>
> (relatively) universal and platform independent. Several years ago I
> picked up on a disk of free software a program called Foreigner, which
> opens up a little grid with all of the unusual ASCII characters on it so
> I can select the one I want without having to remember the numbers.
> There must be versions of this still floating around.
>
> taf
For all Windows users, look for a built-in utility called "Character
Map".
--
FWIW; AFAIK; IMHO; YMMV; yadda, yadda, yadda.
Regards, Ed Mann mailto:INET...@atlantic.net
Aucht...@aol.com
INET...@atlantic.net writes:
<< > ALT+0230 æ - lowercase ae dipthong
> > ALT+0208 Ğ - uppercase eth
> > ALT+0240 ğ - lowercase eth
> > ALT+0222 Ş - uppercase thorn
> > ALT+0254 ş - lowercase thorn
> >
> > However, I don't know whether or not these will display correctly on
> > non-Windows machines, even if sent to the newsgroup by a Windows
> > machine. >>
They came through fine on my machine, but then again I have windows>
Maggie in Michigan
Dave Hinz
: Stewart Baldwin wrote:
: >
: > If you have a Windows machine, then to get Æ (uppercase AE dipthong),
: > just press the "ALT" key, and then type "0198" ON THE NUMERIC KEYPAD
: Several years ago I
: picked up on a disk of free software a program called Foreigner, which
: opens up a little grid with all of the unusual ASCII characters on it so
: I can select the one I want without having to remember the numbers.
: There must be versions of this still floating around.
Todd,
I don't know about "Foreigner", but I use a program called "allchars",
written by a gentleman in Denmark. It's freeware and runs only on
Windows, but here's the URL:
Use is easy - hit the control key, let it go, and then type the two
characters you want combined. Very intuitive, and doesn't crash.
Being freeware, it's of course a good idea to thank the author
if you like it.
Dave Hinz
Todd A. Farmerie
>
> I don't know about "Foreigner", but I use a program called "allchars",
> written by a gentleman in Denmark. It's freeware and runs only on
> Windows, but here's the URL:
>
> http://allchars.polder.net
>
> Use is easy - hit the control key, let it go, and then type the two
> characters you want combined. Very intuitive, and doesn't crash.
> Being freeware, it's of course a good idea to thank the author
> if you like it.
What two do you combine to get ç or ñ?
taf
Francisco Antonio Doria
>What two do you combine to get ç or ñ?
>
>taf
Option-c : ç
Option-n + n : ñ
chico
Dave Hinz
: What two do you combine to get ç or ñ?
Well, I don't use those two, but I'd guess c and , for
the first, and I'm quite sure n and ~ for the second.
Looking at the user manual, located at URL
http://allchars.polder.net/userman.html
...I see that I guessed right.
Appendix C of the manual (right near the bottom) lists all
the character combinations that are there by default, and it
looks like you can define others if you can manage to find
one that is not defined already. It also does macros, which I
have not played wiht.
Correction, by the way - he's not from Denmark, he's from the Netherlands.
In any case, the software is free, and comes with an "uninstall", so
go for it...
http://allchars.polder.net
Dave Hinz