Ataulf was the brother or borther-in law of Alaric I. Alaric
(and posibly Athaulf) were sons of a chieftain who may have
been either Fritigern or Alavius, joint "kings" at the time
of the Visigothic move into Thrace which led ultimately
to the second battle of Adrianople. Fritigern applied in
person to Valens for permission to move his people across the
Danube into Thrace, as they were being inundated with the Huns.
Both Fritigern and Alavius agreed to Valens' terms of
laying down arms and surrendering male children as hostages.
In the war that erupted when the Ostrogoths moved without
permission into Thrace, Alavius was slain in an ambush;
it was Fritigern who destroyed Valens' army at Adrianople,
but he did not follow up and was killed in 380 in a power
struggle within his own ranks.
The chronology is right for suggesting that Fritigern or
Alavius may have been the father of Alaric, who was born
in about 370. But other facts may militate against the
surmise: There was a strong tradition among the Visigoths
for election of their leaders, so that it is not safe to
assume that a successor would be closely related to his
predecessor. The same tradition makes it somewhat unlikely
that a ten-year-old boy would be chosen to succeed Fritigern.
Encyclopedia Britannica says of the father of Alaric only
that he was of the family of the Balthi, described in the
EB as "Bold-men [apparently the meaning of "Balthi"]next
in dignity among Gothic warriors to the Amals."
Bunson's Dictionary of the Roman Empire gives Alaric's date
of birth as circa 395 but that is obviously wrong, for in
394 he was already a general under Theodosius Magnus in
the campaign to suppress the usurper Eugenius.
He was the Visigothic king who led the seige and (in 410)
sacking of Rome. He had been an ally of Theodosius and
in 397 reached an accord with Arcadius' regent Stilicho under
which he invaded Honorius' Italian territory. Searching for
a new homeland for his people, he moved into southern Italy
and was preparing to move to Africa when he died (410).
He was succeeded by Athaulf, the only visigothic "king" of that
name. Bunson, Dictionary of the Roman Empire, refers to
Athaulf at one place as Alaric's brother (p. 40) and at
another as his brother-in-law (p. 452). Encyclopedia Britannica
(11th Ed.) and Ellis & Horne, Story of the Greatest Nations
unequivocally state he was brother-in-law not brother; but
whether he was Alaric's sister's husband, or his wife's brother,
remains undiscovered and in my own data, rather than invent a
sister or wife for Alaric, I have left Athaulf, against the
weight of authority, as Alaric's brother.
Athaulf led his people not to Africa as his brother[-in-law]
Alaric had planned, but over the Alps into Gaul, taking with
him as a prisoner and bargaining chip Galla Placidia, the
daughter of Theodosius the Great. In Gallia Narbonensis he
found a usurper, Jovinus, a Gaul who had been set up by the
Burgundians and Alans, and had made his brother Sebastian
co-emperor. Athaulf tried to play off Jovinus against Honorius
in negotiations for a place in the Roman scheme of things but
got nowhere with either of them. He made war on Jovinus,
killed both him and Sebastian, and forced a marriage with
Galla Placidia. There is a minor chronological inconsistency
in the authorities here. Encyclopedia Britannica says that
he entered Spain in 412 with Galla Placidia and their infant
son Theodosius, whereas Bunson has them not marrying until 414
and places the execution of Jovinus in 413. In this case Bunson
seems preferable in light of the tangential dates, for it is
clear that Athaulf was murdered in 415, that his son Theodosius
was killed shortly before he was, and that he executed Jovinus
in 413, before he entered Spain. Encyclopedia Britannica says
that Athaulf's success in Gaul against Jovinus and his entry
into Spain was as an ally of Rome, but it seems more accurate
to say that he was merely an enemy of the Burgundians who was
unwilling to accept their puppet as emperor. Honorius never
accepted the forced marriage of his half-sister Galla Placidia
to Athaulf; Athaulf tried to set up his own puppet, Priscus
Attalus (the same whom Alaric had proclaimed emperor in his
contest with Honorius), as emperor; but Honorius' general
Constantius (later, briefly, co-emperor of the West as
Constantius III) delivered Athaulf a crushing defeat in southern
Gaul, which is most probably why we find him in northeastern
Spain in 414-415.
Athaulf was murdered at Barcelona in 415, according to one source
by a groom of Sigeric, perhaps in revenge for the murder by
Athaulf or his henchmen of Sigeric's chieftain. Another
version is that his chieftains in general were so upset by
his friendly attitude towards Rome that when he was stabbed
in the back by a dwarf while watching his cavalry exercise.
He was succeeded briefly by Sigeric, who killed the six
children of Ataulfus and Placidia and forced Placidia to walk
barefoot through the streets of Barcelona. Sigeric was slain
a week later and an election was held in which Wallia was chosen.
Wallia restored Galla Placida to her rightful position of
respect among the Visigoths. He tried to take his people to
Africa but his fleet was ruined in a storm. He then made a
deal with Constantius (who shortly became Constantius III)
under which in exchange for instant food supplies and a
permanent homeland in Gallia Narbonensis and Aquitania,
the Visigoths would make war on the Vandals, Alans and
Suebi in Spain. A sidebar to the deal, indeed possibly the
real motive of Constantius in the story, was the hand in
marriage of Ataulf's widow Placidia, whom Constantius had
wanted before Atalulf had carried her away. The deal was
carried out.
It was, then, Wallia, not Athaulf, who became an ally of Rome,
and it was Wallia who as Rome's ally destroyed the Alans and
drove the Vandals and Suevi into Galicia, and handed the control
of Spain back to Honorius. Under this alliance, the Visigoths
were given a patch of southwestern Gaul (around present-day
Narbone, Bordeaux and Toulouse, actually all of Gallia Narbonensis
and Aquitannia) to call their own, and, in about 418, Wallia
marched with his people back across the Pyrenees to settle there.
This kingdom became known as the Kingdom of Toulouse.
Athaulf (whose name means "father wolf" and evolved into
"Adolph"), in his confession recorded by the historian
Orosius, said that he saw that his people lacked the ability
to build a civilized or abiding kingdom, and consequently that
his aim should be to build on Roman foundations and blend the
two nations into one. Of course he was killed before the first
step in that direction could be taken, but perhaps Wallia
accepted this policy, or re-invented it, for despite frequent
power-struggles between Visigothic and Eastern Roman established
authority, that is the direction which the history of the
Visigoths took and kept.
Saludos
Bryant Smith
Playa Palo Seco
Costa Rica