soc.feminism References (part 2 of 3)
Cindy Tittle Moore
Version: 2.2
Last-modified: 15 February 1993
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
[1-8 in part I]
9. History.
10. Implications of Beauty.
11. Lesbian Feminism.
12. Literary Writings.
13. Media Depiction of Women.
14. Military, Law Enforcement.
15. Patriarchy.
16. Pornography.
17. Positive Children's Books.
[18-25 in part III]
[continuing from part I]
9. History.
------------
Adamson, Nancy, Linda Briskin, and Margaret McPhail. _Feminist
Organizing For Change: The Contemporary Women's Movement in Canada_.
Oxford University Press (Don Mills, Ontario). 1988.
Blurb: "Beginning with a detailed history of the `second wave'
(post-1960), it makes a primary distinction between grass-roots
and institutionalized feminism, and by emphasizing the former
reveals a part of feminist organizing that has most often been
invisible."
Anderson, Bonnie S. and Judith P. Zinsser. _A History of Their Own:
Women in Europe from Prehistory to Present_. Vols I and II. Harper
and Row, Publishers, New York. 1988.
Blurb: "...A groundbreaking and controversial history of European
women -- the first to approach the past from the perspective of
women and to be organized by role."
Bridenthal, Renate, and Claudia Koonz, eds. _Becoming Visible, Women
in European History_.
An anthology going from prehistory to present day.
Carden, Maren. _The New Feminist Movement_. 1974.
Coote and Campbell. _Sweet Freedom: The Struggle for Women's
Liberation_. 1982.
DuBois, Ellen Carol and Vicki L. Ruiz, eds. _Unequal Sisters: A Multi-
Cultural Reader in U.S. Women's History_. Routledge, New York. 1990.
DuBoise, Ellen Carol. _Feminism and Suffrage: The Emergence of an
Independent Women's Movement in America 1848-1869_. Third printing.
Cornell Paperbacks, Cornell University Press. 1985. ISBN:
0-8014-9182-7 (trade paperback).
Blurb: "...Duboise provides a framework and an analysis which link
present concerns with political events more than a century ago,
and by so doing illuminates both our contemporary situation and
our past. Hers is a rare blend of relevance and solid
scholarship..."
Eisler, Riane. _The Chalice and the Blade_. Harper, San Francisco.
1987.
An interesting revisionist view of history; describes a conflict
between "gylanic" (cooperative, giving of life honored,
stereotypically feminine) and "androcratic" (competitive, taking
of life honored, stereotypically masculine) tendencies in Western
history. She suggests that the problem with the latter system is
not men _per se_, but the expectation that men dominate women and
a few men dominate all the rest. She follows Marija Gimbutas on
European prehistory, suggesting that her "Old Europe" was a good
example of the former system. Caution: any attempt at finding
all-encompassing principles, as she does, is probably an
oversimplification.
Fraser, Antonia. _The Weaker Vessel_. Vintage Books, Random House,
New York. 1985. ISBN: 0-394-73251-0.
Blurb: "Fraser gives us life after woman's life in choice and
telling detail. This is 'hidden history'...the history of
ordinary women, and therefore of ordinary men. As such it is both
tantalizingly familliar and utterly exotic, close and yet distant
to our own lives."
Fraser, Antonia. _The Warrior Queens_. Alfred A. Knopf, New York.
1989. ISBN: 0-394-54939-2 (hardback).
Blurb: "...Fraser gives us a singularly rich and provocative study
of the Warrior Queens. Dramatising the often astonishing ways in
which the world has perceived -- and still perceives -- women who
wield power, she examines the paradox and the politics, the mythic
and the real lives of the sovereign women who have led their
nations in war."
Gimbuta, Marija. _The Goddesses and Gods of Old Europe_. c1974, 1982.
Documents Neolithic Europe in detail, describing such things as
settlement patterns, burial rites, a sacred script and inferences
on its social structure. She proposes that "Old Europe" featured
parity between the sexes, lack of interest in warfare, well-developed
artistic traditions, and a belief system centered on female
generative powers.
Gimbuta, Marija. _The Language of the Goddess_(1989) and _The
Civilization of the Goddess_(1991). Harper, San Francisco.
Expands on the belief system proposed in the first book.
Goreau, Angeline, ed. _The Whole Duty of a Woman: Female Writers in
Seventeenth Century England_. Dial Press, Garden City, New York.
1985.
Heilbrun, Carolyn G. _Writing a Woman's Life_. Ballantine Books.
ISBN 0-345-36256-X.
Blurb: "With subtlety and great eloquence, Carolyn Heilbrun shows
how, throughout the centuries, those who write about women's lives
-- biographers AND autobiographers -- have suppressed the truth of
the female experience, in order to make the "written life" conform
to society's expectations of what that life should be."
Hiley, Michael. _Victorian Working Women: Portraits from Life_.
Gordon Fraser, London. 1979.
A collection of Arther Munby's photography. It was his firm
belief that women should be free to take on any job they wished.
A fascinating compendium.
Karlsen, Carol F. _The Devil in the Shape of a Woman: Witchcraft in
Colonial New England_. W.W. Norton and Company, New York and London.
1987.
Blurb: "A pioneer work in what might be called the sex<ual
structuring of society. this is not just another book about
witchcraft. Carol Karlsen has uncovered the assumptions, explicit
and implicit, that goverened the everyday relationships of men and
women in early New England...The 'witches' come alive in this
book, not as stereotypes, but as real women living in a society
that suspected and feared their independence and combativeness."
Miles, Rosalind. _The Women's History of the World_. Perennial
Library, Harper and Row, Publishers. 1990. ISBN: 0-06-097317-X.
Rossi, Alice S., ed. _The Feminist Papers: From Adams to de
Beauvoir_. 1st Northeastern University Press ed. Boston :
Northeastern University Press, 1988, c1973. Reprint. Originally
published: New York : Columbia University Press, 1973.
Women, feminism and history: sources.
Rothschild, Joan, ed. _Women, Technology, and Innovation_. Pergamon
Press, Oxford and New York. 1982.
Includes bibliography. Discusses technology and innovation on the
part of women throughout history, with essays on current feminist
thought on pedagogy and technology.
Scharff, Virginia. _Taking the Wheel: Women and the Coming of the
Motor Age_. The Free Press, Macmillian, Inc. 1991. ISBN: 0-02928135-0.
Blurb: "Most men did not want or expect women to drive the new
gasoline powered automobiles of the early 1900's. Women took the
wheel anyway. As Virginia Scharff explains in this engaging
survey, the constraints of gender affected the ways in which women
met the new automotive technology but seldom slowed them down.
Car culture, Scharff shows with her precise scholarship and
thoughtful commentarty, was women's culture, too."
Scott, Joan Wallach. _Gender and the Politics of History_. Series
title: Gender and Culture. Columbia University Press, New York.
1988.
She uses postructural philosophies (Michel Foucault and Jacques
Derrida - the latter almost considered the father of
postructuralism) to analyse Gender and the way that History has
been written. She "deconstructs" the texts hoping to find their
biases, and so understand why they cannot be "correct," taking the
position that history has repressed what it means to be a woman.
Sullivan, Sorayan, translator. _Stories by Iranian Women_.
Introduction by Fazaneh Milani. Center for Middle Eastern Studies.
University of Texas at Austin. ISBN: 0-292-77649-7.
Wilson, Katharina M., ed. _Women Writers of the Renaissance and
Reformation_. University of Georgia Press. ISBN: 0-8203-0866-8.
Wilson, Vincent Jr. _The Book of Distinguished American Women_.
American HIstory Research Associates, PO BOX 140, Brookeville, MD
20833, 1983. ISBN 0-910086-05-2. (100p paperback)
Brief but inspiring biographies of 50 (!) women who made names for
themselves in fields from astronomy to public health to literature.
10. Implications of Beauty.
---------------------------
Brownmiller, Susan. _Femininity_. Fawcett Columbine, New York. 1984.
ISBN: 0-449-90142-4 (trade paperback).
A mild (for Brownmiller) but earnest book that explores the effect
that demands of "femininity" have on women.
Freedman, Rita. _Beauty Bound_. Lexington Books, D.C. Heath and
Company. 1988. ISBN: 0-669-11141-4 (hardback).
Explores the effects that conventional notions of beauty and
womens' efforts to meet them have on women.
Wolf, Naomi. _The Beauty Myth_. Chatto & Windus, London, 1991. W.
Morrow, New York, 1991.
Examines the impact that conventional notions of feminine beauty
have on women from a feminist perspective.
11. Lesbian Feminism.
----------------------
Darty, Trudy and Sandee Potter, eds. _Women-Identified Women_.
Mayfield Pub. Co., Palo Alto, CA. 1984.
Faderman, Lillian. _Surpassing the Love of Men: Romantic Friendship
and Love between Women from the Renaissance to the Present_ New York:
Quill (A division of William Morrow & Co.), 1981.
Faderman, Lillian. _Odd Girls and Twilight Lovers: A History
of Lesbian Life in Twentieth Century America_.
Pharr, Suzanne. _Homophobia: A Weapon Of Sexism_. Chardon Press,
Inverness, CA. 1988.
If there is anyone out there who *doesn't* understand the
connection between homophobia and sexism, I urge that person
to read this fairly short book.
Phelan, Shane. _Identity Politics: Lesbian Feminism and the Limits of
Community_. Series Title: Women in the Political Economy. Temple
University Press, Philadelphia. 1989.
Rich, Adrienne. _On Compulsory Heterosexuality and Lesbian
Existence_. Onlywomen Press, London, 1981; Antelope Publications,
Denver Co., 1982.
First appeared in _Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society_,
Vol. 5, no. 5, 1980.
Douglas, Carol Anne. _Love and Politics: Radical Feminist and Lesbian
Theories_. Ism Press, San Francisco, 1990.
12. Literary Writings.
-----------------------
Atwood, Margaret. _The Handmaid's Tale_. Houghton Mifflin, Boston, 1986.
ISBN 0395404258.
Description of future in which women's reproduction is completely
state-controlled.
Charnas, Suzy McKee. _Walk to the End of the World_. In _Radical
Utopias_, Quality Paperback Book Club, New York, 1990.
Charnas has also written excellent young adult fiction (_The
Bronze King_, etc). This is an exploration of a post-apolcalyptic
world, in which women are blamed for the apocolypse and treated
accordingly.
Delany, Samuel R. _Triton_. In _Radical Utopias_, Quality Paperback
Book Club, New York, 1990.
An exploration of gender and gender roles set in the future.
Lefanu, Sarah. _Feminism and Science Fiction_. Indiana University
Press. 1989. ISBN: 0-253-23100-0.
From back: "Through intriguing literary criticism of the works of
writers such as Joanna Russ, Ursula Le Guin, Suzy McKee Charnas,
James Tiptree, Jr., and Josephine Saxton, Lefanu explores the ways
in which feminsit ideas have been stealthily at work, subverting
male authority in one of its strongholds." A penetrating and very
interesting book.
LeGuin, Ursula K. _The Left Hand of Darkness_. Ace Science Fiction
Books, New York. c1969. 29th printing, 1984. ISBN: 0-441-47810-7
(paperback).
Constructs a world inhabited by non-gendered people that shift
from one sex to the other only for purposes of reproduction. A
fascinating exploration of gender, gender roles, and gender
identity. Lyrical and well written.
LeGuin, Ursula K. _Dancing at the Edge of the World: Thoughts on
Words, Women, Places_. Perennial Library, Harper & Row, Publishers.
1989. ISBN 0-06-097289-0.
A collection of articles written by the author. Well worth
reading.
Russ, Joanna. "When It Changed." Originally published in _Again,
Dangerous Visions_ edited by Harlan Ellison, in 1972. It was
reprinted in _Kindred Spirits_ edited by Jeffrey M. Elliot, in 1984
(Alyson Publications). Also reprinted in _The Arbor House Treasury of
Science Fiction_ compiled by Robert Silverberg and Martin H. Greenberg
(Arbor House, New York, 1980, ISBN 0-87795-246-9).
From introduction in Arbor House edition: "The planet that is the
setting for Ms. Russ's story is completely devoid of men, and
although this situation has been dealt with in science fiction
before, it was usually in the form of 'men to the rescue' and/or a
reaffirmation of the 'natural' need of one sex for the other.
This is not the case here. The physiological problmes of a
single-sex situation have been solved and the social system and
the satisfactions deriving therefrom are perfectly logical. Like
all fine science fiction, 'When it Changed' has much to tell us
about the present." (p 513).
Russ, Joanna. _The Female Man_. In _Radical Utopias_, Quality
Paperback Book Club, New York, 1990.
This is an extension of the work begun in "When it Changed."
Spender, Dale. _Mothers of the Novel: 100 Good Women Novelists before
Jane Austen_. Pandora Press, 1986. ISBN 0-86358-081-5.
Puts the lie to every thing you learned in high school and
university literature classes about how only men create LITERATURE.
Tiptree, James Jr. [Alice Sheldon]. "The Women Men Don't See," in
Silverberg, Robert and Martin H. Greenberg, eds, _THe Arbor House
Treasury of Science Fiction. Arbor House, New York. 1980. ISBN
0-87795-246-9.
From introduction: "We listen, but we don't hear. We see, but we
don't understand. We reach, but we don't grasp. These human
failings are a part of life for all of us and not always because
of lack of effort or talent. Some things are mysterious, and life
is the richer for it. Science fiction has always explored the
things that are not what they seem and the things that are more
than they appear to be, but rarely as disturbingly and profoundly
as in this outstanding story by 'James Tiptree, Jr' (Alice
Sheldon)."
13. Media Depiction of Women.
------------------------------
Mayor's Task Force on the Status of Women in Toronto. _Final Report:
Issues: day care, birth control, health care, property law, sexual
discrimination, equal pay for work of equal value,
advertising--degrading women, affirmative action, political power,
recreation, etc. etc. [Toronto: The Task Force] 1974.
Adelson, Andrea, "Study Attacks Women's Roles in TV", The New
York Times, November 19, 1990, page C18.
Courtney, Alice E. and Thomas W. Whipple. _Sex Stereotyping in
Advertising_. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books. 1983.
Edwardsen, Mary, ed. _The Corporate Influence on the Images of Women
in Advertising: A Transcript of Public Hearings Held by the Interfaith
Center on Corporate Responsibility, October 7 & 8, 1976, New York
City_. The Center, New York, 1977.
Fraser, Laura. "Behind the New Abortion Scam: How the New Right Uses
Deceptive Advertising and Heavy-Handed Tactics to Prevent Pregnant
WOmen from Choosing and Abortion". _The San Francisco Bay Guardian_.
Vol 20, no 39. (July 16-23, 1986).
Kilbourne, Jean, Joseph Vitagliano, Patricia Stallone. _Killing Us
Softly: Advertising's Image of Women_. Videocassette. Cambridge
Documentary Films, Cambridge, MA. 1979.
A study of the psychological and sexual themes that pervade
today's advertising for products. With a mixture of fact,
insight, humor, and outrage, we are shown just how easily we
are led astray by these advertisements.
Kilbourne, Jean and Cambridge Documentary Films. Producer and
Directory, Margaret Lazarus. _Still Killing Us Softly: Advertising's
Image of Women_. Videocassette. Cambridge Documentary Films,
Cambridge MA. 1987.
Discusses the manner in which women are portrayed by advertising
and the effects this has on women and their images of themselves.
*Komisar, Lucy, "The Image of Woman in Advertising"
Schwartz, L. A. and W. T. Markham, "Sex Stereotyping in Children's Toy
Advertisements", _Sex Roles: A Journal of Research_, 12 (1985) 157-170.
14. Military, Law Enforcement.
-------------------------------
The University Conversion Project, in the September 1992 issue,
published a 32-page booklet with bibliographies, articles, list of
organizations, and organizing ideas pertaining to the links between
"Masculinity, War, Feminism and Non-Violence." Articles include
"White Men in Ties Discussing Missile Size," by Carol Cohn, "Male
Violence and Imperialism," by Lundy Bancroft, "Prostitution and the
Military," by Suniti Kumar, etc. The Guide is available for $3 plus
$1 postage from UCP, P.O. Box 748, Cambridge, MA 02142. You can get
more information by calling (617) 354-9363 from 10am to 6pm.
*Edwards, Paul N., "The Army and the Microworld: Computers and the
Politics of Gender Identity"
Epstein, Cynthia Fuchs. _Women in law_. Basic Books, New York, 1981;
Anchor Press/Doubleday, Garden City, NY, 1983.
Stirling, S.M. "The Woman Warrior," in _New Destinies_, vol IV,
Summer 1988. Baen Books.
This is a well thought-out article by S.M. Stirling entitled _The
Woman Warrior_. Stirling defends the idea of women serving in the
military. This is a response to opinions expressed by editors who
had negative comments about female warriors in fantasy stories.
Although _New Destinies_ is aimed at science fiction readers, this
article is factual and interesting. There is a list of references
at the end of the article.
McNeil, D. G. "Should Women Be Sent Into Combat?" _The New
York Times_, July 21, 1991, page E3.
A summary of the arguments for and against allowing women to serve
in combat positions. It includes the statistic that even with
pregnancy leave, enlisted women spend less time off work that
enlisted men.
15. Patriarchy.
----------------
Connel, R.W. _Gender and Power: Society, The Person, and Sexual
Politics_. Stanford University Press. 1987.
Dinnerstein, Dorothy. _The Mermaid and the Minotaur: Sexual Arrangements
and Human Malaise_. Harper & Row, New York. 1976.
Examines the roots of patriarchy.
Figes, Eva. _Patriarchal Attitudes: Women in Society_. Reprint.
Persea Books, New York. 1986. ISBN: 0-89255-122-4 (trade paperback).
Examines factors which have placed women in subservient roles in
most societies, including Christianity, capitalism, Freud, and
sexual taboos.
Millet, Kate. _Sexual Politics_. New edition. Touchstone Books,
Simon and Schuster Inc. 1990 (orig. 1969). ISBN: 0-671-70740-X
(trade paperback).
From blurb: "With searing eloquence, it traces the evolution of
the women's movement starting from 1830, focusing on the profound
changes in fundamental values that were -- and are -- its goal.
In the tradition of feminist criticism pioneered by Simone de
Beauvoir and Doris Lessing, Millett examines four key figures --
D.H. Lawrence, Henry Miller, Norman Mailer, and Jean Genet -- to
illuminate how patriarchial bias and myth are reflected in the
exploitation of women in literature."
Perelberg, Rosine Josef, and Ann C. Miller, eds. _Gender and Power in
Families_. Tavistock/Routledge, London and New York. 1990.
Sargent, Lydia, ed. _Women and Revolution. A Discussion of the Unhappy
Marriage of Marxism and Feminism_. South End Press, Boston, 1981.
Pluto Press, London, 1981.
An edited collection of articles on the nature of the relationship
between capitalism and patriarchy.
16. Pornography.
-----------------
"Dealing With Pornography in Academia: Report on a Grassroots
Action", CMU Computer Science Graduate Students and Staff.
unpublished, 1989.
Baird, Robert M. and Stuart E. Rosenbaum, eds. _Pornography: Private
Right or Public Menace?_. Prometheus Books.
A wide and relatively unbiased collection of positions on
pornography. Chapters are devoted to feminist, religious, and
Libertarian perspectives. Some familiar names in the book:
Brownmiller, Dworkin, and Steinem, as well as excerpts from the
two US commission reports.
Ben-Veniste, Richard. "Pornography and Sex Crime -- the Danish
Experience." In Vol. 8, USCOP [U.S. Commision on Obscenity and
Pornography] Technical Report, 1970.
Califia, Pat. "Among Us, Against Us: The New Puritans," in _The
Advocate_ (4/17/80, 14-18); reprinted in _Caught Looking_ (recently
reprinted) Also. "See No Evil: The Anti-Porn Movement," in _The
Advocate_ (9/3/85, 35-39); and "The Obscene, Disgusting and Vile Meese
Commission Report," in _The Advocate_ (10/14/86, 42-46, 108-109).
Challenges to the well-known feminist anti-pornographic
and anti-sex stance.
Downs, Donald Alexander. _The New Politics of Pornography_.
University of Chicago Press, Chicago. 1989. ISBN 0226161625.
Explores the contemporary antipornography movement, documents the
weaknesses of both absolutist sides of the conflict.
Dworkin, Andrea. _Woman Hating_. Dutton, New York, 1974.
Dworkin, Andrea. _Intercourse_. Free Press, New York, 1987.
Dworkin, Andrea. _Pornography: Men Possessing Women_. Dutton, New
York, 1989.
Griffin, Susan. _Woman and Nature: The Roaring Inside Her_. Harper
and Row, New York, 1980.
She contends that There are similarities between the ways men in
patriarchal cultures treat "women" & "nature" and alienate
themselves from both.
Griffin, Susan. _Pornography and Silence: Culture's Revenge Against
Nature_. Harper Colophon Books, New York, 1982.
Kuhn, Annette. _Women's Pictures: Feminism and Cinema_. Routledge &
K. Paul, London and Boston, 1982.
She feels that soft core pornography is more harmful to societal
views on women than is hard core porn (hard core meaning "straight
sex" films and not bondage/S&M/rape films).
Kutchinksy, Berl. "Towards an Explanation of the Decrease in
Registered Sex Crimes in Copenhagen." In USCOP "Technical Review",
Vol 8., 1970.
Kutchinksy, Berl. "Pornography and Its Effects in Denmark and the
United States: A Rejoinder and Beyond." "Comparitive Social Research:
An Annual. Vol. 8. Greenwich Conn.:JAI Press, 1985.
Stoltenberg, John. _Refusing to be a Man: Essays on Sex and Justice_.
Breitenbush Books, Portland, OR. 1989.
Stoltenberg speaks to the issues of woman-hating (as a function of
training from childhood) and pornography. He is persuasive,
succinct, and he succeeds in clearing up a lot of confusion in
these areas. Probably the most effective presentation I've seen
in a very long time. Biological determinism is laid to waste.
17. Positive Children's Books.
-------------------------------
*_From the Mixed up Files of Mrs. Basil E. Frankweiler_.
Strong female protagonist.
L'Engle, Madeleine. _A Wrinkle in Time_ and many, many others.
[Science fiction] AWIT is a classic. Meg Murray saves her
father and little brother from the clutches of IT. Three other
books follow this one, and L'Engle has written a whole slew of
other children's books. Characters are wonderfully drawn, and
females get strong, well drawn roles.
McKinley, Robin. _The Hero and the Crown_, _The Blue Sword_.
[Fantasy] Set in the ancient kingdom of Damar. The proponents of
each book are heroic females who take on the foes of the kingdom.
The books start out slow and finish fast. _Hero_ is also a
Newberry Award winner.
McKinley, Robin. _The Outlaws of Sherwood_.
[Mythic fiction] This version of Robin Hood does not romanticize
the life of the outlaws. It also gives a much stronger role to
Marian. There are all the familiar characters, plus a few other
interesting female characters. The Sheriff of Nottingham stays
well in the background. Interesting version.
Voigt, Cynthia. _Homecoming_.
[Fiction] Three children walk across a good portion of America
after being abandoned. The oldest sister is the one that pulls
them through.
[continued in part III]
--------------
Please mail in comments, additions, corrections, suggestions, and so
on to feminism...@ncar.ucar.edu.
--Cindy Tittle Moore
"If an aborigine drafted an IQ test, for example, all of Western
Civilization would probably flunk."
Cindy Tittle Moore
Version: 2.2
Last-modified: 15 February 1993
This posting contains useful feminist references for the newsgroup
soc.feminism.
Copies of this FAQ may be obtained by anonymous ftp to
rtfm.mit.edu under
/pub/usenet/news.answers/feminism/refs3. Or, send email to
mail-...@rtfm.mit.edu with
send usenet/news.answers/feminism/refs1
send usenet/news.answers/feminism/refs2
send usenet/news.answers/feminism/refs3
in the body of the message, leaving the subject line empty.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
[1-8 in part I, 9-17 in part II]
18. Public Policies Regarding Women.
19. Reactions to Feminism.
20. Religion.
21. Sex and/or Violence, Sexual Abuse.
22. Sexual Harassment and Discrimination.
23. Test Biases.
24. Women of Color.
25. Women's Health.
(Auto)Biographies.
Miscellaneous.
Acknowledgements.
[continuing from part II]
18. Public Policies Regarding Women.
-------------------------------------
Abramovitz, Mimi. _Regulating the Lives of Women. Social Welfare Policy
from Colonial Times to the Present_.
An analysis of the impact of US social welfare policy, documents
how the family ethic has been translated into punitive welfare
approaches toward women
Baldock, Cora V., and Bettina Cass, eds. _Women, Social Welfare, and the
State in Australia_. Allen & Unwin, Sydney and Boston. 1983.
Dahl, Tove Stang. _Women's Law: An Introduction to Feminist
Jurisprudence_. Oxford University Press. 1987.
Proposal for a "women's law" by Norwegian sociologist of law.
Diamond, Irene, ed. _Families, Politics, and Public Policy_. New
York. Longman. 1983.
Enloe, Cynthia. _Bananas, Beaches and Bases_.
A radical analysis of international politics revealing the crucial
role of women in implementing government foreign policies. It
deals with several problems, one of which is prostitution especially
in asia, and also with regard to US military bases.
Freeman, Michael D.A. . _The State, the Law, and the Family: Critical
Perspectives_. Tavistock Publications, New York. 1984.
A collection of articles, many British, on the interrelationship
between the family, the state and patriarchy.
Glendon, Mary Ann. _Abortion and Divorce in Western Law_. Harvard
University Press, Cambridge MA. 1987.
Overview and analysis of abortion and divorce laws in several
western countries.
Gordon, Linda, ed. _Women, the State, and Welfare_. University of
Wisconsin Press. 1990.
Collection on women and the welfare state. Includes articles by
Elizabeth Schneider on rights, and Frances Fox Piven.
Hernes, Helga Maria. _Welfare State and Woman Power: Essays in State
Feminism_. Scandinavian Library series. Norwegian University Press,
Oxford. Distributed by Oxford University Press. 1987.
Critique of the patriarchal nature of the Scandinavian welfare state.
Mason, Mary Ann. _The Equality Trap_. Simon & Schuster, New York.
1988.
Discusses how the push for equality laws has actually been to the
detriment of women, particularly in the area of family law. The
author is a lawyer.
Mueller, Carol M., ed. _The Politics of the Gender Gap: The Social
Construction of Political Influence_. SAGE Publications, Newbury
Park, CA. 1988.
Ruggie, Mary. _The State and Working Women: A Comparative Study of
Britain and Sweden_. Princeton University Press. 1984.
Pateman, Carole. _The Sexual Contract_. Stanford University
Press. 1988.
The meaning of the social "contract" for women.
Pateman, Carole. _The Disorder of Women: Democracy, Feminism
and Political Theory_. Stanford University Press. 1989.
A discussion of women's role in the rise of democratic theory.
The meaning of consent.
Paul, Ellen Frankel. _Equity and Gender: the Comparable Worth Debate_.
1990.
Begins by explaining how comparable worth -- or pay equity imposed
by law -- is a full frontal assault on the free market by those
who scoff at the market's ability to provide justice, and argues
that the free market, not the state, is the better ally of
feminism.
Petchesky, Rosalind. _Abortion: A Woman's Choice_. 1990.
Excellent study of abortion politics in America. Examines the
patriarchal and capitalist roots underlying the abortion
controversy, as well as (in 1990 edition) the meaning of the
rights discourse for women. Re-imagining "rights."
Tribe, Laurence H. _Abortion: The Clash of Absolutes_. W.W. Norton,
New York, London. 1990. ISBN: 0-393-30699-2.
Tribe is a professor of constitutional law and brings this
expertise to his evaluation of the constitutional question of
abortion. Besides drawing a sympathetically balanced view of the
two extremes, he shows what that consequences for the constitution
would be upon defining a fetus as a "person." Excellent and very
readable, unlike many constitutional analyses of any sort.
Sassoon, Anne Showstack, ed. _Women and the State_. Unwin Hyman,
Winchester, MA. 1988.
An international collection of articles on women and the welfare
state.
Stetson, Dorothy McBride. _Women's Rights in the USA. Policy Debates
and Gender Roles_. Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, Pacific Grove, CA.
1991. ISBN: 0-534-14898-0.
The author examines the hottest current topics in the US that
relate to women, and how the mjor controversies and policies
affect gender roles and being female in this country.
Wilson, Elizabeth. _Women and the Welfare State_. Tavistock
Publications, London. 1977.
19. Reactions to Feminism.
---------------------------
Faludi, Susan. _Backlash. The Undeclared War Against American Women_,
(1991).
Gives an overview of the reaction to feminism in America today.
It is an incredible compendium of incorrect facts, bogus
statistics, false logic and unfounded theories, all of which which
are presented by society and the media in particular as "true" and
"factual" in order to keep women subordinate. One caveat about
this book is that the author seems unsympathetic to the difficult
choices a woman must make if she wants to combine career and
family.
Kamen, Paula, "Feminism, a Dirty Word", The New York Times,
November 23, 1990, page A37.
Leidholdt, Dorchen and Janice G. Raymond, eds. _The Sexual Liberals
and the Attack on Feminism_. Pergamon Press, New York. 1990.
Essays which originated as speeches and panel presentations at a
conferences on April 6, 1987, at the New York University Law
School. Includes bibliographical references and index.
Smith, Joan. _Misogynies: Reflections on Myths and Malice_. Fawcett
Columbine Book, Ballantine Books, Publishers. 1989. ISBN:0-449-90591-8.
From blurb: "Joan Smith has written a witty and bold collection
of essays on the alarming subject of women-hating. She observes
the phenomenon wryly and never succumbs to the fatuous
generalizations which characterize misogyny itself...Misogyny,
unlike sexism, grows in this way behind women's backs, which may
be why we sometimes optimistcially believe it is no longer
prevalent. It is aptly, intelligently and compassionately put
before us again in this well-written book." (Literary Review).
20. Religion.
--------------
Adler, Margot. _Drawing Down the Moon_. Revised edition. Beacon
Press, Boston. 1986. ISBN: 0-8070-3253-0.
This has a chapter on "Women, Feminism, and the Craft". It places
feminist wicca in one of its contexts. Otherwise the book is
mainly about neopaganism.
Armstrong, Karen. _The Gospel According to Woman_. Anchor Books,
Doubleday. 1987. ISBN: 0-385-24079-1 (trade paperback).
A provocative interpretation of the history of women in
Christianity. In particular, there are interesting parallels
between the Virgins (who could stay separate from men) of
Christian history and latter-day feminists.
Beck, Evelyn Torton, ed. _Nice Jewish Girls. A Lesbian Anthology_.
Revised and updated. Beacon Press, Boston. 1989.
Fiorenza, Elisabeth Schussler. _Bread Not Stone_. Beacon Press,
Boston. 1984. ISBN: 0-8070-1103-7 (trade paperback).
Feminist biblical interpretation.
Greenberg, Blu. _On Women and Judaism: A View from Tradition_. Jewish
Publication Society of America, Philadelphia. 1981.
This discusses conflicts between Orthodox Judaism and feminism,
and suggests resolutions of the conflicts within the boundaries of
Jewish law.
Hampson, Daphne. _Theology and Feminism_. Basil Blackwell Ltd/Inc.
1990. ISBN: 0-631-14944-9.
Discusses the limitations of Christianity from a feminist
perspective, and suggests ways for moving beyond Christianity.
Heine, Susanne. _Women and Early Christianity: A Reappriasal_.
Augsburg Publishing House, Minneapolis. 1988. ISBN: 0-8066-2359-4.
Documents the strength of influence women had in early
Christianity, uses this as basis for concluding that Christianity
need not be anti-woman. Originally published in German under
_Frauen der Fru:hen Christenheit_.
Heschel, Susannah. _On Being a Jewish Feminist: A Reader_. Schocken,
1984.
Kaye/Kantrowitz, Melanie and Irena Klepfisz. _The Tribe of Dina:
A Jewish Women's Anthology_. Beacon Press. 1989.
Koltun, Elizabeth. _The Jewish Woman: New Perspectives_. Schocken
Books, 1976.
Miles, Margaret R. . _Carnal Knowing: Female Nakedness and Religious
Meaning in the Christian West_. Beacon Press, Boston. 1989.
Looks at how images of the female body have shaped and been shaped
by religious and social forces. Although most of the emphasis is
mediaeval, It has a final chapter that looks at a modern
perspective. Has an excellent section on Hildegard von Bingen,
one of the few female writers of the middle ages.
Pagel, Elaine. _Adam, Eve, and The Serpent_. Random House, New York.
1988. Also, _The Gnostic Gospels_. Vintage Books edition, Random
House, New York. 1989.
The former is a thorough exploration of how the Genesis myth is
inextricably interwined with western culture views of women. The
latter shows how the early Christian church although initially
receptive to women became patriarchal.
Plaskow, Judith. _Standing Again at Sinai: Judaism From A Feminist
Perspective_. Harper Collins, 1990. ISBN 0-06-066684-6.
Plaskow discusses conflicts between Judaism and feminism, and
suggests ways to make Judaism into a feminist religion.
Ruther, Rosmary Radford. _Women-Church. Theology and Practice of
Feminist Liturgical Communities_. ISBN 0-06-066834-2.
This is a collection of liturgies for unconventional purposes
(i.e. A Coming-Out rite for a Lesbian). They are not so much pagan
as they are feminist. They ignore the distinctions between
Christian and non-Christian. The thesis of the book is in part
that women should create their own ritual without waiting for the
"church" to catch up with their reality. Ruther has written other
books with similar themes.
Schneider, Susan Weidman. _Jewish and Female_. Simon & Schuster.
ISBN: 0-671-60439-2.
Sprentak, Charlene, ed. _The Politics of Women's Spirituality:
Essays on the Rise of Spiritual Power within the Feminist Movement_.
1982. ISBN. 0-385-17241-9.
This is a thick (590pp) sampler with short pieces by a number of
important authors. A few are written as responses to others which
gives a bit more sense of the dialog.
Starhawk. _The Spiral Dance_. 10th anniversary edition, revised.
Harper & Row, San Francisco. 1989. ISBN 0-06-250814-8.
This has clearly been a very influential book. Z. Budapest is
another mother of feminist wicca from the same era; Starhawk seems
a bit more readable and less cookbook-like.
Stone, Merlin. _When God Was a Woman_. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich,
Publishers. 1976. ISBN: 0-15-696158-X (trade paperback).
Historical revisionist view of early matriarchal & female-based
worship.
21. Sex and/or Violence and Sexual Abuse.
------------------------------------------
*"Sexual Abuse as a Precursor to Prostitution and Victimization Among
Adolescent and Adult Homeless Women." Journal of Family Issues. v12 n3
p361.
*"Four Theories of Rape: A Macrosociological Analysis". _Social
Problems_ 34, No. 5 (1986)
General-social-disinhibition theory is used to model the
correlation between sexual magazines and rape.
*_Pornography and Sexual Aggression_
Barry, Kathleen. _Female Sexual Slavery_. Prentice-Hall, Englewood
Cliffs, NJ, 1979; New York University Press, London and New York, 1984.
Bart, Pauline and Patricia O'Brien. _Stopping Rape: Successful
Survival Strategies_. Pergamon Press, New York. 1985.
Browne, Angela. _When Battered Women Kill_. Collier Macmillian,
London; Free PRess, New York. 1987.
Brownmiller, Susan. _Against Our Will_. Bantam. 1975.
This is a disturbing, contradictory work. It is misrepresented
both by feminist and anti-feminist camps; feminists lauding it as
a quintessentially accurate portrayal of rape, the anti-feminists
denouncing it as a virulently anti-male piece of propoganda.
A landmark work that first documented the social and historical
consequences of rape in our society.
Caputi, Jane. _The Age of Sex Crime_. Bowling Green State University
Popular Press, Bowling Green, OH. 1987.
Case studies on murder and sex crimes.
Ellis, Lee and Charles Beattie. "The Feminist Explanation for Rape. An
Empirical Test," _Journal of Sex Research_, 19(1).74-93, Feb 1983.
Abstract. The feminist explanation for rape includes the
proposition that it derives from traditions of male domination in
social, political, and economic matters. As a test of this thesis,
official FBI and victimization statistics on rape were compared
across 26 large United States central cities relative to various
indicators of these cities' degree of social, political, and
economic inequality between the sexes. Of 14 correlations, 4 were
significant, 3 with a sign opposite to that predicted by the
feminist explanation. When presumed effects of the two strongest
control variables were removed by partial correlation techniques,
only one coefficient was significant, and it was in the direction
contrary to the feminist explanation. Rape rates appear unrelated
to inequalities of earnings, education, occupational prestige, or
employment. The belief that reducing sex disparities in social,
political, and economic terms will reduce rape is not supported. 3
Tables, 55 References.
Finkelhor, David and Kersti Yllo. _License to Rape: Sexual Abuse of
Wives_. Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, New York, 1985; Free Press, New
York, 1987.
Gauthier and Saucier. "Preliminary Study of Early Sexual Abuse."
Canadian _Journal of Psychiatry_. 1991. v36 n6 p422. (In French)
This paper is in french, but they have an English abstract in
Medline. They compared sexually abused adolescents with
non-abused. From the abstract: "...[of abused children] their
perception of self and of the ideal self was not affected by the
sexual abuse, a finding that will spark discussion."
Griffin, Susan. _The Politics of Rape_. Third revision and updated
edition. Harper and Row, San Francisco, 1986.
Original copyright 1970.
"Another canon in the apologetics of rape is that, if it were not
for learned social controls, all men would rape."..."But in truth
rape is not universal to the human species."
Griffin, Susan. "Rape: The All-American Crime" in _Rape: The Power of
Consciousness_, Harper & Row, 1979.
Haber, Joel D. "Abused Women and Chronic Pain," in _American Journal
of Nursing_, v85, Sept. 1985, pp1010-1012.
Study shows that abused women have more health problems than
non-abused ones.
Jones, Anne. _Women Who Kill_. Fawcett Crest, Ballantine Books, New
York. 1981.
From blurb: "When battered and abused women began to fight back --
and kill --- men began to fear that this would becom an epidemic.
Some felt that women were getting away with murder: But were they?
They were not. In fact, in many cases their punishment was
harsher than that of men. But this book is much more than a
desription of battered women who kill in self-defense. It is a
social history and a fascinating story of women on the edge of
society -- women driven to kill for a multitude of reasons. Here
are tales of crime and punishment that reveal hard truths about
American society and women's place in it."
Kelly, Liz. _Surviving Sexual Violence_. University of Minnesota
Press, Minneapolis; Polity Press, Cambridge UK. 1988.
Kilpatrick, D.G. et al., "Mental health correlates of criminal
victimization. A random community survey," _Journal of Consulting &
Clinical Psychology_, Vol. 53, 866-873. 1985.
Koss, M.P. "Hidden rape. sexual aggression and victimization in
a national sample of students in higher education." Chapter 1. In A.W.
Burgess, ed, _Rape and sexual assault II_ (pp. 3-25). NY. Garland. 1988.
Controversial. This was a study that showed a good percentage of
the men surveyed believed certain things could be expected if they
paid for dinner, etc. There were questions designed in such a way
that would find out if the men had raped without using the word
rape. They would answer yes to these questions but no to the
questions containing the word rape.
McFarlane, Judith. "Violence During Teen Pregnancy: Health
Consequences for Mother and Child," in Levy, Barrie, ed, _Dating
Violence_, Seal Press, 1991, pp136-141.
A study that found 26% of prengant teens were currently in an
abusive relationship; many noted the abuse began when the
pregnancy did.
Mercy JA., Saltzman LE., Intentional Injury Section, Centers for
Disease Control, Atlanta, GA 30333. May 1989. "Fatal violence among
spouses in the United States," 1976-85. _American Journal of Public
Health_. 79(5).595-9.
Abstract. In this paper we examine patterns and trends in
homicides between marriage partners in the United States for 1976
through 1985 using data from the Federal Bureau of Investigation's
Supplemental Homicide Reports (FBI-SHR). We identified 16,595
spouse homicides accounting for 8.8 per cent of all homicides
reported to the FBI-SHR during this 10-year period. The rate of
spouse homicide for this 10-year period was 1.6 per 100,000
married persons. The risk of being killed by one's spouse was 1.3
times greater for wives than for husbands. Black husbands were at
greater risk of spouse homicide victimization than Black wives or
White spouses of either sex. The risk of victimization was greater
for spouses in interracial than in intraracial marriages and
increased as age differences between spouses increased. From 1976
through 1985, the risk of spouse homicide declined by more than
45.0 per cent for both Black husbands and wives but remained
relatively stable for White husbands and wives. Demographic
patterns in the risk of spouse homicide were similar to those
reported for nonfatal spouse abuse suggesting that the causes of
spouse homicide and nonfatal spouse abuse may be similar.
Morgan, Robin. _The Demon Lover: On the Sexuality of Terrorism_.
W.W. Norton and Company. 1989. ISBN: 0-393-02642-6 (hardback).
Controversial. Blurb: "Something in each of us, no matter how we
deny it and no matter how much we may deplore terrorist tactics,
is fascinated by the terrorist. We might even ambivalently admire
such a figure: a fanatic of dedication, a mixture of volatile
impetuosity and severe discipline, an archetype of self-sacrifice.
...In this brilliant marriage of theory and personal experience,
Robin Morgan...sets forth the first feminist analysis of the
phenomenon of terrorism."
Quigley, Paxton. _Armed and Female_. E.P. Dutton, New York. 1989.
Paperback may be ordered from Second Amendment Foundation, 12500
NE Tenth Place, Bellavue WA 98005 for US$5.00, includes postage.
Former anti-gun activist tells why she joined millions of other
women in choosing a firearm for self-defense.
Randall, Teri. "Domestic Violence Intervention Calls for More than
Treating Injuries," in _Journal of the American Medical Association_,
264(8), August 22-29, 1990, pp939-940.
"Battery appears to be the single most common cause of injury to
women -- more common that automobile accidents, muggings and rapes
combined."
Russell, Diana H. _Sexual Exploitation: Rape, Child Sexual Abuse, and
Workplace Harassment_. Sage Publications, Beverly Hills, CA. 1984.
Russell, Diana E. H. and Nancy Howell. "The Prevalence of Rape
in the United States Revisited," _Signs_, 8(4). 688-695, 1983.
Lead author is in the Department of Social Sciences, Mills
College, Oakland CA, and has written several books on sexual
violence. According to survey findings, assuming that the rape
rate remains the same, there is a 26% probability that woman will
be the victim of a completed rape, increasing to 46% for attempted
rape.
Seng. "Child Sexual Abuse and Adolescent Prostitution: A Comparative
Study." _Adolescence_. 1989. v24 n95(really 95??) p665.
Abstract: "...findings suggest that the relationship
[abuse>prostitution] is not directed, but invokes runaway behavior
as an intervening variable. It is not so much that sexual abuse
leads to prostitution as it is that running away leads to
prostitution."
Scully, Diana. _Understanding Sexual Violence: A Study of Convicted
Rapists_. Series: Perspectives on Gender, vol 3. Unwin Hyman, Boston.
1990.
Stark, Evan, Anne Flitcraft and William Frazier. "Medicine and
Patriarchal Violence: The Social Construction of a 'Private'
Event," in _International Journal of Health Services_, 9(3), 1979,
pp461-493.
A study that found that medical records included the labels
"neurotic," "hysteric," "hypochondriac," or "a well-known patient
with multiple vague complaints" for one in four battered women
compared to one in fifty non-battered women; one in four battered
women are given pain medications/tranquilizers as compared to one
in ten non-battered women.
Strauss, M.A., Gelles, R.J., and Steinmetz, S.K. _Behind closed doors:
Violence in American families_. Doubleday, New York, 1980. Followup
work "Intimate Violence" (no detailed reference).
These studies show that spousal violence levels are relatively
independent of gender. They do not, however, include any
consideration of motivation or the issues of 'self defense'.
Warshaw, Robin. _I Never Called It Rape: The Ms. report on
Recognizing, Fighting, and Surviving Date and Acquaintance Rape_.
Afterword by Mary P. Koss. Harper and Row, New York. 1988.
Wolfgang Marvin E., _Patterns in Criminal Homicide_. University of
Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. 1958. Also (*Curtis 1974), (*Mercy &
Saltzman 1989).
The situation appears to bethat the rate that men kill women and
that women kill men, and also the rate at which husbands kill
wives and wives kill husbands, are nearly *equal* when looked at
from a mortality point of view, and ignoring the issue of 'who
started it'.
Yllo, Kerst, and Michele Bograd, eds. _Feminist Perspectives on Wife
Abuse_. Sage Publications, Newbury Park, CA. 1988.
Includes important discussion of what statistics can or cannot
show. Bibliographies.
_National Crime Survey_ (NCS)
This is an attempt to measure the actual victimization rates of
how often people are affected by crimes. The survey is given to a
population representative of all people over 12 years of age who
live in a residence. There are two parts to the survey. a
screening to determine who has been the victim of a crime; and a
detailed questionnaire given to victims. The detailed
questionnaire includes the details and date of the crime, and
helps insure that crimes are classified properly (e.g., crimes
falling outside the survey 'time window' are properly excluded).
It is a large scale survey, covering approximately 60,000
households with 101,000 people. Approximately 96% of the selected
population agreed to participate in the survey.
_Statistical Abstracts of the U.S. - 1990_. Department of Commerce
(Bureau of the Census), put out yearly.
Cites the incidence of reported forcible rape as 37.6 per 100,000
total (i.e., men and women) population.
_Uniform Crime Report_ (UCR)
Based solely on police reports and is not intended to be a
statistical measure of victimization The Uniform Crime Report is
based on police reports. The data given by the UCR includes
_only_ murder, not killings in self defense or deaths due to
negligence - and the interpretation of which is which is left to
the officer filing the report.
_Uniform Crime Statistics_ (UCS, from the FBI)
This derives the "one in four" figure given for the rate of rape
among women. It used to be "one in five" until the FBI decided
that marital rape counted as rape (in the mid 1980s). The FBI's
definition of rape involves penetration of any orifice without
consent. 1 in 4 is the rate at which girls are sexually abused
(rape and molestation); 1 in 6 is the rate at which the same
occurs for boys.
22. Sexual Harassment and Discrimination.
------------------------------------------
Baker, Douglas D., David E. Terpstra, and Kinley Larantz. "The
Influence of Individual Characteristics and Severity of Harassing
Behavior on Reactions to Sexual Harassment", _Sex Roles: A Journal of
Research_, 5/6 (1990) 305-325.
Bem, Sandra L. and Daryl J. Bem. "Does Sex-biased Job Advertising
'Aid and Abet' Sex Discrimination?", _Journal of Applied Social
Psychology_, 3 (1973): 6-18.
Chestler, Phyllis. [book review in psychology today, statistics
on child custody awards]
Dale, R.R. _Mixed or Single-sex Schools_. Vols. I & II. 1969.
Wide range of research on secondary schools.
Epstein, Cynthia Fuchs, and William J. Goode, eds. _The other half;
roads to women's equality_. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
1971.
Epstein, Cynthia Fuchs, and Rose Laub Coser, eds. _Access to power :
cross-national studies of women and elites_. Allen & Unwin, London
and Boston. 1981.
Epstein, Cynthia Fuchs. _Deceptive distinctions : sex, gender, and
the social order_. Yale University Press, New Haven; Russell Sage
Foundation, New York. c1988.
Epstein, Cynthia Fuchs. _Woman's place; options and limits in
professional careers_. University of California Press, Berkeley.
1970.
*Epstein, Cynthia Fuchs. "Bringing Women In: Rewards, Punishments,
and the Structure of Achievement", pages 13-22.
Game, Ann and Rosemary Pringle. _Gender at Work_. Allen and Unwin,
Sydney and Boston. 1983.
Sex discrimination in employment against women in Australia.
*Goldberg, Philip, "Are Women Prejudiced Against Women?", _Trans-
Action_, 5 (1986), 28-80. [am not sure what "Trans-Action" is]
Gornick, Vivian and Barbara K. Moran, eds. _Women in Sexist Society_.
New York: Basic Books, 1972.
Kaschak, Ellyn. "Sex Bias in Student Evaluations of College Professors",
_Psychology of Women Quarterly_, 2 (1978), 235-242.
LaPlante, Alice. "Sexist Images Persist at Comdex", _Infoworld_,
November 27, 1989, page 58.
Lattin, Patricia Hopkins. "Academic Women, Affirmative Action, and
Middle-America in the Eighties", in Resa L. Dudovitz, ed., _Women in
Academe_. Pergamon Press, Oxford. 1984. 223-230.
MacKinnon, Catharine. _Sexual Harassment of Working Women: A Case of
Sex Discrimination_. Yale University Press, New Haven. 1979.
MacKinnon, Catharine. "Reflections on Sex Equality Under Law," in
_Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review_. Vol. 20, no. 2.
1985.
Paludi, Michele A. and William D. Bauer. "Goldberg Revisited: What's
in an Author's Name", _Sex Roles: A Journal of Research_, 9 (1983) 387-
390.
Paludi, Michele A. and Lisa A. Strayer. "What's in an Author's Name?
Different Evaluations of Performance as a Function of Author's
Name", _Sex Roles: A Journal of Research_, 12 (1985) 353-361.
Pringle, Rosemary. _Secretaries Talk: Sexuality, Power and Work_,
Verso, New York and London. 1989.
Sex discrimination and sexual harrassment of women.
Rowe, Mary P. "Barriers to Equality: The Power of Subtle
Discrimination to Maintain Unequal Opportunity", _Employee
Responsibilities and Rights Journal_, Vol. 3, No. 2, 1990. 153-163.
Rowe, Mary P. "Dealing with Sexual Harassment", _Harvard Business
Review_, May-June 1981, 42-47.
Russ, Joanna. _How to Suppress Women's Writing_. University of Texas
Press, 1983, ISBN 0-292-72445-4 (pbk).
This book analyzes the multitude of subtle and not-so-subtle ways
in which women writers have been given less than full credit for
their work throughout history. It is the perfect companion volume
to Ellen Moers's _Literary Women_.
Sadker, Myra and David Sadker. "Sexism in the Schoolroom of the
80's", _Psychology Today_, March 1985.
Selvin, Paul. "Does the Harrison Case Reveal Sexism in Math?",
_Science_ 252 (June 28, 1991), 1781-1783.
Simeone, Angela. _Academic Women: Working Towards Equality_. Bergin
and Garvey Publishers, Inc., Massachusetts. 1987.
Sproull, Lee, Sara Kiesler, and David Zubrow, eds. "Encountering an
Alien Culture", in _Computing and Change on Campus_. Cambridge
University Press, UK. 1987, pages 173-194.
Stewart, Elizabeth, Nancy Hutchinson, Peter Hemmingway, and Fred
Bessai. "The Effects of Student Gender, Race, and Achievement on
Career Exploration Advice Given by Canadian Preservice Teachers",
_Sex Roles: A Journal of Research_, 21 (1989) 247-262.
Sumrall, Amber Coverdale and Dena Taylor, eds. _Sexual Harassment:
Women Speak Out_. The Crossing Press, Freedom, CA 95019, 1992. ISBN
0-89594-544-4. ($10.95)
Highly recommended. This book consists of short (2-4 pages) essays
by women about their experiences with Sexual Harassment, everything
from taunts and whistles to rape and other physical abuse. Stories
are interspersed with comics drawn by women and some poetry. Many
of the stories describe the early conditioning that women receive
that makes us put up with so much. The book is dedicated to Anita
Hill.
Top, Titia J., "Sex Bias in the Evaluation of Performance in the
Scientific, Artistic, and Literary Professions: A Review.", Sex Roles: A
Journal of Research, 24 (1991) 73-106.
Weinraub, Marsha and Lynda M. Brown, "The Development of Sex-
Role Stereotypes in Children: Crushing Realities", Franks and
Rothblum, editors, _The Stereotyping of Women: Its Effects on Mental
Health_, Springer Publishing Company, New York. 1983, pages 30-58.
Weitzman, Lenore. _The Marriage Contract_.
"...child care decisions. Twentieth century case law has
established the presumption that prefers mothers as the custodians
of their children after divorce, particularly if the children are
of "tender years." [Mnookin, "Custody Adjudication," p. 235.]
This maternal presumption WAS ESTABLISHED ALMOST ENTIRELY THROUGH
JUDICIAL DECISIONS RATHER THAN BY STATUTES. For while most
statues have put the wife on an equal footing with the husband,
and have instructed the courts to award custody in the best
interest of the child, judges typically have held that *it is
in the child's best interest not to be separated from the mother*
--unless she has been shown to be unfit. [Ibid.]
"The child's best interest" has thus evolved into a judicially
constructed presumption that the love and nurturance of a fit
mother is always in the child's (and society's) best interest.
The result has been a consistent pattern of decisions that both
justify and further reinforce the maternal presumption....
"Over the past fifty years the assumption that the mother is the
natural and proper custodian of the children has been so widely
accepted that it has rarely been questioned, and even more rarely
challenged. As Alan Roth asserts, many of the rationales offered
by the courts for the maternal preference have the ring of
divine-right doctrine [Alan Roth, "The Tender Years Presumption in
Child Custody Disputes," _Journal_of_Family_Law_ 15, no. 3 (1972)]"
"More recently the social science adduced to support the maternal
presumption has been challenged, but the presumption itself has
been considered wise because it avoids "the social costs" of
contested cases. [See, for example, R. Levy and P. Ellsworth
"Legislative Reform of Child Custody Adjudication,"
_Law_and_Society_Review_, Nov. 1969, p. 4]
23. Test Biases.
-----------------
Brush, Stephen. _ibid_.
When the SAT is used by college admissions to predict academic
performance, it underpredicts the grades of women compared with
those on men. If a man and a woman have the same SAT scores, the
woman will tend to get higher grades in college. Thus an
admissions process that gives the SAT significant weight will
reject some women who would have done better than men who were
accepted.
In a reply to letters to the editor in the Jan-Feb 1992
_American Scientist_, Brush wrote:
[A]ccording to Phyllis Rosser's study, "The SAT Gender Gap," the
following question was answered correctly by males 27 percent more
often than by females (a difference of 6 percent is significant to
the 0.05 level of confidence).
A high school basketball team has won 40 percent of its first
15 games. Beginning with the 16th game, how many games in a
row does the team now have to win in order to have a 55
percent winning record?
A) 3 B) 5 C) 6 D) 11 E) 15
With a strict time limit, the advantage goes to students who can
quickly guess and verify the right answer without having to set up
the equation first.
Rosser, Phillis. "The SAT Gender Gap. Identifying the Causes,"
(Washington, D.C.: Center for Women Policy Studies, 1989).
According to Phyllis Rosser, much of the SAT gender gap is an
artifact of sex-biased test questions. Rosser points out that men
have always received higher scores, on average, but their
advantage in the mathematics part of the test was once offset by
women's higher scores on the verbal part. Women lost this
compensating factor in the early 1970s because of the gradual
introduction of test questions about science, business and
"practical affairs," and the elimination of some questions about
human relations, the arts, and the humanities. There was no
compensating change in the mathematics section.
Block, Ned, ed. _The IQ Controversy_.
Information on biases of all sorts found in IQ tests.
24. Women of Color.
--------------------
Anzaldua, Gloria. _Borderlands: The New Mestiza = La Frontera_.
Spinsters/Aunt Lute, San Francisco. 1987.
Anzaldua, Gloria, ed. _Making face, making soul = Haciendo caras :
creative and critical perspectives by women of color_. Aunt Lute
Foundation Books, San Francisco. c1990.
Collins, Patricia Hill. _Black Feminist Thought_. Unwin Hyman,
Boston. 1990. Series title: Perspectives on Gender; v. 2.
Maps out standpoint epistemology from African American feminist
perspective. May also include under feminist epistemology.
Davis, Angela. _Women, Race, and Class_. Random House, New York, 1981.
DuBois, Ellen Carol and Vicki L. Ruiz, eds. _Unequal Sisters. A
Multi-Cultural Reader in U.S. Women's History_. Routledge, New York.
1990.
Excellent collection of articles, many historical studies and some
narratives.
Hooks, Bell. _Ain't I A Woman_. South End Press, 116 St. Botolph St.,
Boston, Mass. 02115. 1981. ISBN 0-89608-128-1.
Examines the impact of sexism on black women during slavery, the
historic devaluation of black womanhood, black male sexism, racism
within the recent women's movement, and black women's involvement
with feminism. The title comes from an address on the subject
given by Sojourner Truth.
Hooks, Bell. _Talking Back: Thinking Feminist, Thinking Black_.
South End Press, Boston. 1989.
Moraga, Cherrie, and Gloria Anzaldua, eds. _This Bridge Called My
Back: Writings by Radical Women of Color_. Persephone Press,
Watertown, MA, 1981. Kitchen Table Press, New York, 1983.
Anthology of writings by women of color.
Smith, Barbara, ed. _Home Girls: A Black Feminist Anthology_. First
edition. Kitchen Table -- Women of Color Press, New York. 1983.
25. Women's Health.
--------------------
Boston Women's Health Book Collective. _Our Bodies, Ourselves_.
Simon and Schuster, New York, 1973.
A very practical guide to women & our bodies.
Boston Women's Health Collective. _The New Our Bodies, Ourselves_.
Simon and Schuster, New York. 1984.
Updated.
Boston Women's Health Collective. _Our Bodies, Ourselves. Growing Older_.
Oriented toward the 40+ crowd.
ACT UP/New York Women and AIDS Book Group. _Women, AIDS, and Activisim_.
South End Press, Boston, MA. 1990.
New book on women and aids and politics.
Corea, Gena. _The Hidden Malpractice_.
A (sometimes alarmist) look at how medical practices overlooks and
mistreats women.
Raymond, Janice G., Renate Klein, and Lynette J. Dumble. _RU 486:
Misconceptions, Myths and Morals_. Institute on Women and Technology,
Cambridge, MA. 1991.
Abortion, moral and ethical aspects; medical ethics. Includes
bibliographical references.
(Auto)Biographies.
------------------
Bateson, Mary Catherine. _Composing a Life_. Penguin Books.
ISBN 0-452-26505-3 (paperback, $9.95).
Bateson profiles five women in a wide variety of fields in an
examination of how their careers happened to develop the way they
did.
Bennett, Betty T, )Mary Diana Dods, A Gentleman and a Scholar_.
William Morrow and Company, New York. 1991. ISBN 0-688-08717-5
(hardcover).
Komisar, Lucy. _Corazon Aquino: The Story of a Revolution_. G.
Braziller, New York. 1987.
Marlow, Joan. _The Great Women_. A&W Publishers, New York. 1979.
ISBN: 0-89479-056-0.
A compilation of 60 women of diverse ages and nations.
Moers, Ellen, ed. _Literary Women_. Reprint. The Great Writers series.
Oxford University Press, New York, 1985.
Copywrite 1977. Describes women authors.
Morgan, Robin. _Going Too Far: The Personal Chronicle of a Feminist_.
Random House, New York. 1977.
Perl, Teri. _Math Equals: Biographies of Women Mathematicians and
Related Activities_. Addison-Wesley. 1978.
Miscellaneous.
--------------
"Women on the Verge of an Athletic Showdown" in _Science News_, Jan
11, 1992, Vol 141, No. 2, p 141.
Female track athletes are improving their performances at faster
rates than men and, if the trend continues, should be running
marathons as fast as men by 1998, says Brian J. Whipp, a
physiologist at the University of California, Lost Angeles. He and
UCLA co-worker Susan A. Ward predict that women will catch up with
men in most track events by early next century.
Adrian, M.J.: _Sports Women_. Medicine and Sport Science Vol. 24
Interesting essays ranging from physiology to Ancient Greece.
Chopin, Kate, _The Awakening_. Capricorn Books. 1964. Garrett Press,
Inc., New York, 1970. Norton, New York, 1976. Women's Press, London 1979.
Cixous, Helene and Catharine Clement. _The Newly Born Woman_.
University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis. 1986. (Published in French
in 1975).
Dyer, K.F.: _Catching up the Men -- Women in Sport_. Junction Books (UK),
1982. ISBN 086245-075-X.
This book debunks a lot of myths about female inferiority and
fragility by careful investigation and documentation, another
must read.
Ehrenreich, Barbara and Deirdre English, "For Her Own Good: 150
Years of the Experts' Advice to Women", New York: Anchor
Press/Doubleday, 1978.
|Kramarae and Treichler: _A Feminist Dictionary_. 1985.
| Defines many things from a feminist's point of view. Includes
| a good deal of history, figures in the movement, etc.
Lenskij, Helen: _Out of Bounds: Women, Sport and Sexuality_. Women's
Press, Toronto, 1986. ISBN 0-88961-105-X.
Very powerful book about the 20th century changes in how female
sexuality, gender roles, and the waves of female athleticism have
been perceived, and about how these factors influence each other.
A must read.
Mangan/Park (Eds.): _From Fair Sex to Feminism_. Frank Cass & Company Lim.
1987. ISBN 0-7146-4049-2.
|Marine, Gene: _A Male Guide to Women's Liberation_. 1972.
Sabo/Runfola (Eds.): _Jock -- Sports & Male Identity_.
Spectrum/Prentice-Hall 1980. ISBN 0-13-510131-X.
This book also contains several essays on female identity and sports.
Steinem, Gloria. _Outrageous Acts and Everyday Rebellions_.
_Revolution from Within: A Book of Self-Esteem_
This is a collection of articles and essays written by her that
was published sometime in the early 1980's. Some of them are a
result of her earlier career as a journalist. The articles cover
such things as:
* Her becoming a Playboy Bunny (seriously!) in the early 1960's.
* The presidential campaigns of 1968 and 1972.
* "If Men Could Menstruate", a satirical piece in the vein of
"If men could get pregnant, abortion would be a sacrament".
* What present-day anti-abortionists have in common with Nazi Germany.
Tuana, Nancy, ed. _Rereading the Canon_. Series. Penn State Press.
This new series will consist of edited collections of essays, some
original and some previously published, offering feminist
reinterpretations of the writings of major figures in the Western
philosophical tradition. Each volume will contain essays covering
the full range of a single philosopher's thought and representing
the diversity of approaches now being used by feminist critics.
The series will begin with a volume on Plato; other early volumes
will focus on Aristotle, Locke, Marx, Wittgenstein, de Beauvoir,
Foucault, and Derrida. Inquiries should be directed to Nancy
Tuana, School of Arts and Humanities, University of Texas at
Dallas, Box 830688, Richardson, TX 75083-0688.
|Tuttle, Lisa: _Encyclopedia of Feminism_. 1986.
Velden, Lee van der & James H. Humphrey: Psychology and sociology of sport,
vol. 1. AMS Press Inc., NY 1986. ISBN 0-404-63401-X.
Woolf, Virginia. _Three Guineas_. 1938. Extensively reprinted.
Written 50 years ago and sadly still very relevant.
Woolf, Virginia. _A Room of One's Own_. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, New
York. 1981, c1957.
Winterson, Jeanette. _Oranges are not the only fruit_. Pandora Press
(Unwin Hyman Limited, 15-17 Broadwick SAtreet, London). 1987.
Acknowledgments.
----------------
My thanks to: Joseph Albert, Leslie Anderson, Rich Berlin, Mik Bickis,
Anita Borg, Ed Blachman, Bob Blackshaw, Cindy Blank-Edelman, L.A.
Breene, Janet L. Carson, Robert Coleman, Mats Dahlgren, David
desJardins, Jublie DiBiase, Jym Dyer, Ellen Eades, Marc R. Ewing,
Ronnie Falcao, Lisa Farmer, Sharon Fenick, Bob Freeland, Debbie
Forest, Susan Gerhart, Jonathan Gilligan, Thomas Gramstad, Ron Graham,
David Gross, Mary W. Hall, Stacy Horn, Kathryn Huxtable, Joel Jones,
Bonita Kale, Joanne M. Karohl, Corinna Lee, Nancy Leveson, l...@s1.gov
(Loren), Jim Lippard, Albert Lunde, Jill Lundquist, Brian McGuinness,
Fanya S. Montalvo, Tori Nasman, Mirjana Obradovic, Vicki O'Day, Diane
L. Olsen, Joann Ordille, Jan Parcel, J. Rollins, Stewart Schultz,
Mary Shaw, Anne Sjostrom, Ellen Spertus, Jon J. Thaler, Dave Thomson,
Carolyn Turbyfill, Sarah Ullman, Max Meredith Vasilatos, Bronis
Vidiguris, Paul Wallich, Sharon Walter, Karen Ward, Marian Williams,
Celia Winkler, Michael Winston Woodring, Sue J. Worden, and Daniel
Zabetakis.
Especial thanks to the MLVL library catalogue system.
Cindy Tittle Moore
Version: 2.3
Last-modified: 15 February 1993
This posting contains useful feminist references for the newsgroup
soc.feminism.
Copies of this FAQ may be obtained by anonymous ftp to
rtfm.mit.edu under
/pub/usenet/news.answers/feminism/refs1. Or, send email to
mail-...@rtfm.mit.edu with
send usenet/news.answers/feminism/refs1
send usenet/news.answers/feminism/refs2
send usenet/news.answers/feminism/refs3
in the body of the message, leaving the subject line empty.
Summary of changes:
Marked with |'s at beginning of lines.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Prologue.
1. Academia and Sciences.
2. Families and Work.
3. Feminism and Psychology.
(incl. sexualization, socialization, gender roles).
4. Education.
5. Feminist Theory and Overviews.
6. Folklore.
7. Gendered Communication and Language.
8. Gender Differences.
[9-16 continued in part II, 17-24 continued in part III]
Prologue.
---------
This post contains commonly cited and/or useful references on various
topics that come up in this newsgroup. Because of the nature of these
discussions, it is helpful if you are familiar with at least some of
the materials listed under the topic. This is NOT a "You Must Read
Every Book On This List Before Participating In Soc.feminism" mandate,
but be aware that some familiarity with books on a particular topic
makes the ensuing discussion less frustrating for our regular readers
who have seen many similar discussions before.
**********************************************************************
** In particular, if you have a question along the lines of "What **
** can you tell me about <topic>?" you would do better to check the **
** sources listed here first before trying to garner explanations **
** over the newsgroup. **
**********************************************************************
This list is undergoing continual modification and I welcome
additional references for inclusion. In particular, I would like a
wide variety of feminist opinion on each topic. I would also like
your input on what "must reads" should be included under particular
topics. Most of these books focus on feminism in the US; I would love
more references to Canadian, British, European, Asian, African and
Latin American feminism. If you have any corrections to point out, by
all means, let me know if I've misspelled names or misattributed
works.
References marked with an asterisk are incomplete entries that I was
unable to verify in the on-line catalogue. In most cases, I think
these are references to articles in magazines or books. Any help with
these would be appreciated.
Disclaimer: The presence of any particular book in here does not
necessarily reflect my views. There are often short blurbs
contributed by many people along with the references; no guarantee is
made as to their accuracy. If you wish to comment on any entry in
here, please feel free to do so.
I hope you are inspired to pick up any of these works and start reading!
1. Academia and Sciences.
--------------------------
1989 National Survey of Women Engineers, The Cooper Union.
Available on request from the Albert Nerken School of Engineering, 51
Astor Place, New York, NY 10003.
*See New Scientist, P. 8, 9/26/92, volume 135 for story on fighting
sexism in astronomy.
"Survey of Graduate Students", Presidential Committee on Women
Students Interests, Cambridge, MA: MIT, 1987.
"A Celebration of Women in Science," _Discover_, December 1991.
Contains eleven profiles of successful women in a wide range of
fields including Donna Cox in computer graphics. This is a great
thing for us to read, to get young women and girls to read or to
give as a gift to anyone you'd like to know about what women are
doing.
"Still a 'Chilly Climate' for Women?" _Science_, pp 1604-1606. June
21, 1991.
Discusses the situation for women in physics and astronomy. It
includes some pipeline statistics and results of a survey on the
kinds of discrimination women perceive and men notice. Summary:
blatant discrimination isn't so much a problem as a "pattern of
micro-inequalities".
_Notices of the American Mathematical Society_. No. 7, Sept. 1991.
A special issue on women in mathematics. A variety of issues are
covered.
"Women and Computing", _Communications of the ACM_, ( Nov. 1990
vol. 33, no. 11.).
"Women in Science and Engineering", Sept-Oct 1991 issue of the
"American Scientist" (published by the Sigma Xi Scientific Society)
(pp. 404-419).
Abramson, Joan. _Discrimination in the Academic Profession_.
Jossey-Bass, Inc., San Francisco. 1975.
Aisenberg, Nadya and Mona Harrington. _Women in Academe: Outsiders in
the Sacred Grove_. University of Massachusetts Press, Amherst. 1988.
Baum, Eleanor, "Recruiting and Graduating Women: The
Underrepresented Student", IEEE Communications Magazine,
December 1990, 47-50.
Bernstein, D, "Comfort and experience with computing: are they the
same for men and women?", SIGCSE, 23(3), 1990.
Bernstein, D, "Understanding spreadsheets: Effects of computer
training on mental model acquisition", _Proceedings of the American
Society for Information Science Conference_, 164-172, 1990.
Betz, Nancy E, "What stops women and minorities from choosing and
completing majors in science and engineering", edited transcript of a
Science and Public Policy Seminar given on June 15, 1990. Copies can
be obtained from the Federation of Behavioral, Psychological and
Cognitive Sciences, 1200 Seventeenth St., N.W., Washington, D.C.
20036. (202) 955-7758, fax no: (202) 955-7608, bitnet address: fed@gwuvm.
Bruer, John T., Jonathan R. Cole, and Harriet Zuckermann. _The Outer
Circle: Women in the Scientific Community_. W. W. Norton & Co, New
York. 1991, 351 pp.
Presents the status of women in science today, as well as the
reasons for this standing.
Brush, Stephen G. "Women in Science and Engineering", _American
Scientist_ 79, (Sep-Oct).404-419, 1991.
This is an ambitious article. In about 12 pages (not including
the list of 102 references), Stephen Brush discusses factors
relevant to young girls through senior professionals, across a
wide range of scientific disciplines.
Butcher, D. and W. Muth. "Predicting performance in an introductory
computer science course", _Communications of the ACM_, 27(11), 263-
268, 1985.
Campbell, P. and G. McCabe. "Predicting the success of freshmen in a
computer science major", _Communications of the ACM_, 27(11), 1108-
1113, 1984.
Casserly, Patricia Lund. "Helping Able Young Women Take Math and
Science Seriously in School", The College Board, New York. 1979.
Reprinted, with revisions, from Colangelo Zaffrann, ed., _New Voices
in Counseling the Gifted_. Kendall Hunt Publishing Company, Dubuque,
Iowa. 1979.
Dambrot, F., M. Watkins-Malek, S. Silling, R. Marshall, and J. Garver.
"Correlates of sex differences in attitudes toward and involvement
with computers", _Journal of Vocational Behavior_, 27, 71-86, 1985.
Dijkstra, E. "On the cruelty of really teaching computer science",
_Communications of the ACM_, 32(12), 1397-1414, 1989.
Erkut, Sumru. "Exploring Sex Differences in Expectancy, Attribution,
and Academic Achievement", _Sex Roles: A Journal of Research_, 9
(1983) 217-231.
Ernest, John. "Mathematics and Sex", _The American Mathematics
Monthly_, October 1976, 83:595-615.
Ferry, Georgina and Jane Moore. "True Confessions of Women in
Science", _New Scientist_ 95 (July 1, 1982), 27-30.
Fidell, L. S. "Empirical Verification of Sex Discrimination in Hiring
Practices in Psychology", in R. K. Unger and F. L. Denmark, eds.,
_Women: Dependent or Independent Variable_ Psychological Dimensions,
New York. 1975.
Franklin, Phyllis, et al. "Sexual and Gender Harassment in the
Academy: A Guide for Faculty, Students and Administrators",
Commission on the Status of Women in the Profession, The Modern
Language Association of America, New York, NY. 1981.
Frenkel, Karen A. "Women and Computing", _Communications of the
ACM_, November 1990, 34-46.
Gerver, E. "Computers and Gender". In Forester, Tom, ed. _Computers in
the Human Context_. pp481-501. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1989. Basil
Blackwell, Oxford, 1989.
Gilbert, Lucia A., June M. Gallessich, and Sherri L. Evans. "Sex of
Faculty Role Model and Students' Self-Perceptions of Competency",
_Sex Roles: A Journal of Research_, 9 (1983) 597-607.
Gornick, Vivian. _Women in Science: 100 Journeys into the Territory_,
Touchstone, Simon & Schuster, New York. 1990.
Grinstein, Louise S. and Paul J. Campbell, eds. _Women in Mathematics.
A Bibliographic Sourcebook_. Greenwood Press, Westport, Connecticut.
1987.
Describes ~50 women who were prominent in mathematics. Computer
science is considered part of math since Grace Hopper and Ada
Lovelace are included. The editors wanted to give a historical
perspective of women's role in mathematics so they have only
considered women born before 1930.
Gries, David, and Dorothy Marsh. "The 1989-90 Taulbee Survey",
_Communications of the ACM_, Vol. 35, No. 1, 1992.
A survey of professors across the nation. Statistics. In
particular, addresses what the survey tells us about women in
academia.
Gries, David and Dorothy Marsh. "CS Produced 734 Ph.D.s in 1989-90;
CE Adds 173 for a Total of 907", _Computing Research News_, January
1991, 6-10.
Gross, Jane. "Female Surgeon's Quitting Touches Nerves at Medical
School", The New York Times, July 14, 1991, page 10.
Hacker, Sally L. _Doing it the hard way_. Unwin Jyman, Boston. 1990.
Hacker, Sally L. _Pleasure, power and technology_. Unwin Hyman,
Boston. 1989.
Hacker, Sally L., "Mathematization of Engineering: Limits on Women and
the Field", in Joan Rothschild, ed., _Machina ex Dea: Feminist
Perspectives on Technology_. Pergamon Press, New York. 1983. pages 38-
58.
Hess, Robert D. and Irene T. Miura. "Gender Differences in Enrollment
in Computer Camps and Classes", _Sex Roles: A Journal of Research_, 13
(1985) 193-203.
Hill, T., N. Smith, and M. Mann. "Role of efficacy expectations in
predicting the decision to use advanced technologies: The case of
computers", _Journal of Applied Psychology_, 72, 307-313, 1987.
Holland, Dorothy C. and Margaret A. Eisenhart. _Educated in
Romance: Woman, Achievement, and College Culture_. The
University of Chicago Press. 1990.
Homans, Hilary. "Man-made Myths: The Reality of Being a Woman
Scientist in the NHS", in Spencer, Anne and David Podmore, eds,
_In a Man's World: Essays on Women in Male dominated Professions_.
Tavistock Publications, London and New York. 1987.
Jacobus, Mary, Evelyn Fox Keller, and Sally Shuttleworth, eds.
_Body Politics: Women And The Discourses Of Science_. Routledge, NY, 1990.
Kass-Simon, G. and P. Farnes, eds. _Women of Science. Righting the
Record_. Indiana University Press. 1990.
Reviewed in the March issue of IEEE Spectrum. A collection of 10
articles about women who have made important contributions to
science and technology. Unclear that a computer scientist is
included. Women mentioned in the review are Bertha Lamme, Edith
Clarke, Jenny Rosenthal, Mildred Dresselhaus, Lillian Gilbreth,
Marie Curie and Irene Curie. An encouraging aspect of these
women's lives is that many of them were married and had families.
Also includes a discussion of the differences in how men's and
women's work are remembered.
Keith, Sandra Z. and Philip Keith, eds. _Proceedings of the National
Conference on Women in Mathematics and the Sciences_. St. Cloud,
MN: St. Cloud University, 1990.
Keller, Evelyn Fox. _Reflections on Gender and Science_. Yale
University Press, New Haven, 1985.
Examines how images of sex and gender have influenced the
philosophy of knowledge and the progress of science, going back to
Plato's "Symposium".
Kelly, Alison, "Why Girls Don't Do Science", _New Scientist_, May 20, 1982.
On women's lack of participation on science. "Teachers put extra
effort into teaching boys to read to make up for any deficiency,
whether its origin is biological or social. The same could be
done to boost the spatial ability of girls if the problems were
considered equally serious." (pg 497).
Kelly, Alison, ed. _Science for Girls?_. Open University Press,
London and Philadelphia. 1987. ISBN 0-355-10294-8.
Kerr, Barbara A., Ph.D. _Smart Girls, Gifted Women_.
Ohio Psychology Press. ISBN 0-910707-07-3 (paperback, $13.95).
Why is it that so many gifted & talented girls STILL aren't
realizing their ful l potential, despite the Women's Movement?
More to the point, what exactly is it that a gifted girl needs but
society or individual circumstances may fail to provide? The
answers may surprise you. (I'm not just saying that to be arch; I
really WAS surprised at some of them.)
Kiesler, Sara, Lee Sproull, and Jacquelynne S. Eccles. "Pool Halls, Chips,
and War Games: Women in the Culture of Computing", _Psychology of
Women Quarterly_, 9 (1985) 451-462.
Koblitz, Neal, "Are Student Ratings Unfair to Women?", _Newsletter of
the Association for Women in Mathematics_, September-October 1990.
Kramer, Pamela E. and Sheila Lehman. "Mismeasuring Women: A
Critique of Research on Computer Ability and Avoidance", _Signs:
Journal of Women in Culture and Society_ 16 (1990) 158-172.
*Leveson, Nancy, "Women in Computer Science: A Report of the NSF
CISE Cross-Disciplinary Activities Advisory Committee"
Lockheed, Marlaine E. "Women, Girls, and Computers: A First Look at
the Evidence", _Sex Roles: A Journal of Research_, 13 (1985) 115-122.
Martin, Dianne, ed. "In Search of Gender-Free Paradigms for
Computer Science", NECC, Eugene, OR., 1991.
Ogozalek, Virginia Z. "A Comparison of Male and Female Computer
Science Students' Attitudes Toward Computers", SIGCSE Bulletin,
June 1989, volume 21, number 2, 8-14.
Pearl, Amy, Martha E. Pollack, Eve Riskin, Becky Thomas, Elizabeth
Wolf, and Alice Wu. "Becoming a Computer Scientist", _Communications
of the ACM_, November 1990, 47-57.
*Perry, Ruth and Lisa Greber. "Women and Computers: An
Introduction"
Pryor, Sally. "Thinking of Oneself as a Computer", _Leonardo_, Vol.
24, Issue 5 (1991).
A very interesting and provocative article about the basic
conflict between our gender-identity as women and our professional
identity as computer professionals.
Rossner, S. _Teaching science and health from a feminist perspective:
A practical guide_, Elmsfor, N.Y.: Pergamon Press, 1986.
Rothschild, Joan. _Machina Ex Dea: Feminist Perspectives on
Technology_. Pergamon Press. 1983.
Rothschild, Joan. _Teaching Technology From a Feminist Perspective: A
Practical Guide_. Pergamon Press, New York. 1988.
Sanders, Jo Shuchat and Antonia Stone (for the Women's Action
Alliance). _The Neuter Computer_. Neal-Schuman Publishers, New York.
1986. ISBN. 1-555-70006-3 (paper).
Spertus, Ellen. _Why Are There So Few Female Computer Scientists?_,
(1991).
An in-depth examination of the many reasons there is a dearth of
women in computer science. Available via ftp from ftp.ai.mit.edu
under pub/users/ellens/womcs*.ps in postscript format. For
information on receiving the bound version of the report (which is
$8 + shipping costs), contact public...@ai.mit.edu with your
mailing address (to compute shipping costs) and a request for AI
TR 1315. A very useful, annotated bibliography as well.
Tidwell, Jenifer, "Hackers in the Garden: A Case Study of Women in
Computer Engineering", unpublished, 1990.
Tijdens, K., M. Jennings, I. Wagner, & M. Weggelaar, "Women, Work,
and Computerization: Forming New Alliances", Amsterdam: North-
Holland, 1989.
Tobias, Sheila. "They're Not Dumb, They're Different. Stalking the
Second Tier."
Can be purchased from Science News Books, 1719 N St., NW,
Washington, DC 20036. The first copy is $2 and additional copies
are $.50 each.
Turkle, Sherry and Seymour Papert, "Epistemological Pluralism: Styles
and Voices within the Computer Culture", Signs: Journal of Women
in Culture and Society, 16 (1990), 128-157.
Turkle, Sherry, "The Second Self: Computers and the Human Spirit",
New York: Simon and Schuster, 1984.
Van Nostrand, Catharine Herr, "Gender-Responsible Leadership: Do
Your Teaching Methods Empower Women?", pages 186-191 Sage
Publications, Inc., in Spring 1991. Direct inquiries, with a SASE, to the
author at: 36854 Winnebago Road, St. Cloud, MN 56303.
Widnall, Sheila E. "AAAS Presidential Lecture: Voices from the
Pipeline", _Science_ 241 (September 30, 1988), 1740-1745.
*Widnall, Sheila, "Voices from the Pipeline"
Wilson, Meg, ed. _OPTIONS for Girls. A Door to the Future_.
Foundation for Women's Resources.
The Anthology has been developed over the past 6 years. The best
1000 articles, books and studies [from an earlier project] were
reviewed and pared down to a readable set of articles that described
the problem of why girls don't take more science and math AND that
describe strategies to overcome this problem. Between citations
within articles and the supplemental reading list the anthology also
presents a substantial bibliography. The target audience includes
parents, teachers, school board members, community leaders and girls
themselves. The anthology is $22 (includes shipping and handling,
no tax assessed). Write to: Pro-Ed, 8700 Shoal Creek Blvd, Austin,
TX 78758, attn. Linda Brown. Discounts available for large orders.
Wolpert, Lewis and Alison Richards. _A Passion for Science_. Oxford
University Press, Oxford. 1988.
Zappert, Laraine T. and Kendyll Stansbury, "A Comparative Analysis
of Men and Women in Graduate Programs in Science, Engineering and
Medicine at Stanford University", Working Papers, Institute for
Research on Women and Gender, Stanford University, 1985.
Single copies are available at no cost from the Institute for
Research on Women and Gender, Stanford, University (415-723-1994).
2. Families and Work.
----------------------
Alcott, Louisa May. _Working_. Schocken Books. 1977. ISBN
0-8052-0563-2.
Beneria, Lourdes and Catharine R. Stimpson, eds. _Women, Households
and the Economy_. Series: The Douglass series on Women's Lives and
the Meaning of Gender. Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, NJ.
1987.
Collection describing interrelationship between family and work,
patriarchy and capitalism. Also often used as a text.
Campbell, Bebe Moore. _Successful Women, Angry Men: backlash in the
two-career marriage_ Random House, 1986. ISBN: 0-394-55149-4.
It's less academic than _The Second Shift_, but gains a sense of
immediacy Hochschild lacks. _SW, AM_ discusses how the realities
of marriage have changed (mostly talking about the upper middle
class) and how the expectations and social and technical education
of both genders has failed to keep up.
Cockburn, Cynthia. _Machinery of Dominance. Women, Men, and
Technical Know-How_. Pluto Press, London and Dover, NH. 1985.
Northeastern University Press, Bostion. 1988.
A discussion of job segregation in the workplace and its
relationship to gendered assumptions, patriarchy, and technology.
Fassel, Diane. _Working Ourselves to Death: The High Cost of
Workaholism, the Rewards of Recovery_. Harper, San Francisco. 1990.
Dedication: "This book is for all those who struggle with the
insidious killer disease called workaholism. It is for those who
know that facing the reality of work addiction is to meet the
wrath of society. It is for all who long for life-giving
workplaces and a saner society." Sample chapters. -- Workaholism.
Reality & Myths -- Women & Workaholism -- The Workaholic
Organization -- Why Are We Doing This to Ourselves?
Hertz, Rosanna. _More Equal Than Others: Women and Men in Dual-Career
Marriages_. University of California Press. 1986. 0-520-05804-6.
Blurb: "...offers a provocative glimpse of changing marital styles
among young corporate couples. Frofessor Hertz describes with
perception and wit the negotiations and ad hoc accommodations
entailed as dual-career families succumb to the seduction of
success. This book will surely give pause to those who believe
that ideological commitments to gender equality will stimulate or
sustain marriage and childrearing patterns in the post-feminist
era. Rather, one detects the awesome power of corporations to
shape the private lives of even the most privileged employees."
Hochschild, Arlie and Anne Machung. _The Second Shift_. Viking Press.
1989.
A well-reasearched look at the two-pay-check marriage, sheds a
great deal of light on why so many men are still unwilling to
share the housework and childcare.
|Jeffreys, S., ed. _The Sexuality Debate_.
| A collection of the major articles that fueled the feminist
| campaigns and helped bringh about significant reforms in the area
| of secual abuse of women and domestic violence. [British]
Lang, Susan S. _Women without Children: The Reasons, the Rewards, the
Regrets_. Pharos Books. 1991. ISBN 0-89687-532-3.
Lang examines the issue of childlessness through a series of
interviews as well as citations from the social science
literature. She presents various reasons women don't have
children, then cites the statistics on the financial and personal
strains on a couple having children, the disproportionate amount
of work women do for their kids, the freedom childfree living can
bring, the fact that a majority of mothers are ambivalent about
motherhood. She tries to debunk stereotypes of childless women as
selfish, lonlier in their old age, less well off financially, etc.
While many of the older women she interviewed said they went
through a difficult period when they realized they would remain
childless, they all seemed to adapt well and go on to find other
sources of satisfaction in their lives.
Milwid, Beth. _What You Get When You Go For It_. Dodd, Mead, New
York. 1987.
Women in the professions (USA).
Milwid, Beth. _Working with Men: Professional Women Talk about Power,
Sexuality and Ethics_. Revised edition. Beyond Words, Hillsboro, OR.
1990.
Okin, Susan Moller. _Justice, Gender, and the Family_. BasicBooks,
Harper Collins, Publishers. 1989. ISBN: 0-465-03703-8.
Feminist critique of modern political theory that shows why and
how, in order to include all of us, theories of justice need to
apply their standards to the family itself. Fascinating reading.
Contains an interesting demolition of libertarian philosophy.
|Paul, Ellen Frankel. _Equity and Gender: the Comparable Worth
|Debate_. 1990.
| Begins by explaining how comparable worth -- or pay equity
| imposed by law -- is a full frontal assault on the free market by
| those who scoff at the market's ability to provide justice, and
| argues that the free market, not the state, is the better ally of
| feminism.
Ruggie, Mary, _The State and Working Women: A Comparative Study
of Britain and Sweden_. Princeton Princeton University Press, 1984.
Sayers, Dorothy L. _Are Women Human?_. Reprint. Eerdmans, Grand
Rapids. 1971.
This may be the actual reference for the next entry, which I
couldn't find.
*Sayers, Dorothy L. _Not Quite Human_.
This does a very good job of showing what it would be like for men
to be judged on the basis of their gender the way that women are.
Although it was written a long time ago, it is unfortunately still
quite relevant.
Schenkel, Susan, "Giving Away Success: Why Women Get Stuck and
What to Do About It"
Stephenson, June. _The Two-Parent Family Is Not The Best_.
The book is a fairly academic report on a survey of adults who
were raised in a variety of circumstances: by biological parents,
single parents and biological/step parents. It evaluates both
their perceptions of their happiness as children and a more
objective evaluation of their current status as happy,
well-adjusted adults. It presents extensive statistical reporting
and analysis of the results of the survey. Some interesting points:
Children in a two-parent family were more likely to have a parent
who used alcohol excessively (with implied negative effects) and
who abused them physically or sexually.
"Negative impact on children's self-esteem was affected by parents
not spending much time with their children, and greatly affected
by persistent family discord."
It appears that a child is better off with a single, interested
parent than with one interested and one disinterested parent.
"There are also indications that children growing up in two parent
families where the mother does not work outside the home, may
develop excessive dependency."
"A family with a father and a mother who does not work outside the
home represents only 8% of the families today."
Stromberg and Harkess, eds. _Women Working: Theories and Facts in
Perspective_. Mayfield Publications, Palo Alto, CA. 1978.
Commonly used text in sociology of women and work classes.
Discusses women and work across life course and by race and
ethnicity and class, and proposals for change.
Ward, Kathryn. _Women Workers and Global Restructuring_. ILR Press,
School of Industrial and Labor Relations, Cornell University, Ithaca,
NY. 1990.
Impact of multi-national corporate structure on women in
developing countries.
Weitzman, Lenore. _The Divorce Revolution: The Unexpected Social and
Economic Consequences for Women and Children in America_. The Free
Press/Mac Millian, 1985.
Author is currently a member of the faculty at Harvard. Includes
statistics on differences in standards of living after divorce
(73% decline for women, 42% rise for men). Well documented and
contains sociologically sound analysis.
Williams, Christine L.. _Gender Differences at Work (Women and Men in
Nontraditional Occupations)_ (University of California Press, 1989.
ISBN 0-520-07425-4).
A lucid discussion of occupational sex-segregation.
3. Feminism and Psychology.
----------------------------
Benhabib, Seyla. "The Generalized and Concrete Other: The
Kohlberg-Gilligan Controversy and Moral Theory" in Kittay, Eva Feder;
Meyers, Diana T., _Women and Moral Theory_, Rowman and Littlefield,
Totowa, NJ, 1987.
Seyla Benhabib suggests that a functioning ethical system needs to
recognize both the concrete and the generalized other in order to
function. She uses the Kohlberg-Gilligan controversy as a
reference in the discussion.
Cancian, Francesca M. _Love in America: Gender and Self-Development_.
Cambridge University Press, 1987. ISBN: 0-521-39691-3 (trade paperback).
Blurb: "In the last 25 years, Americans have gained considerable
freedom in their personal lives. Relationships are now more
flexible, and self-development has become a primary goal for both
men and women. Most scholars have criticized this trend to
greater freedom, arguing that it undermines family bonds and
promotes selfishness and extreme independence...she [instead]
shows that many American couples succeed in combining
self-development with commitment, and that interdependence, not
independence, is their ideal. In interdependent relationships,
love and self-development do not conflict but reinforce each other."
Chodorow, Nancy. _The Reproduction of Mothering_. UC Press, 1978.
This is a psychoanalytic account of how boys and girls establish
different gender identities. The work focuses on the consequences
of the fact that mothering is done by women in our society. This
is an academic book, which means its by no means easy-going, and
readers who are unsympathetic to Freudian and object relations
psychology will dismiss it out of hand. Chodorow's book is really
the seminal work on "relational" vs. "instrumental" differences in
wo/men--concepts that are core to later writers like Gilligan,
etc.
Daly, Mary. _Gyn/Ecology: The Metaethics of Radical Feminism_.
Beacon Press, Boston. 1978.
Includes sections titled. "American Gynecology. Gynocide by the
Holy Ghosts of Medicine and Therapy" "Nazi Medicine and American
Gynecology: A Torture Cross-Cultural Comparison."
Devor, Holly. _Gender Blending_. Indiana University Press, 1989.
ISBN. 0-253-20533-6.
Examines women who are often mistaken for men and discusses the
impact on the women and reviews their childhood. An *excellent*
book for anyone desiring to understand the differences between
gender, gender roles and gender identity.
Fransella, Fay and Kay Frost. _On Being a Woman_. Tavistock
Publications, London and New York. 1977.
A review of research on how women see themselves. Focuses on what
women have to say about themselves, rather than what others say
about them. The authors are interested in what it means to a
woman to be a women; they also make people aware of the fact that
it is uncommon to ask women what they think of themselves.
Extensive bibliography.
Gilligan, Carol. _In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and
Women's Development_. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA. 1982.
Standard, well known text on different modes of moral development
between men and women. Widely cited, widely criticized.
Gilligan, Carol. "Moral Orientation and Moral development" in Kittay,
Eva Feder; Meyers, Diana T., _Women and Moral Theory_, Rowman and
Littlefield, Totowa, NJ, 1987.
The article discusses the question of relationship between the
care perspective and the rights perspective in moral development.
Gilligan also continues her research begun in
_In a Different Voice_.
Golden, Carla. "Diversity and Variability in Women's Sexual
Identities" in _Lesbian Psychologies_. Chicago: University of
Illinois Press, 1987. p. 28.
Graddol, David and Joan Swann. _Gender Voices_. B. Blackwell, Oxford
and New York. 1989.
In particular, chapter 9, Problems of Power discusses male dominance
of conversation in the classroom.
Griffin, Susan. _Woman and Nature_. 1978.
Author gives a description of the figurines on Freud's study
together with ironic comments on his interpretation of myth and
irrational "rationalism". It is a contrast of the voices of
patriarchy with the voices of women done in a dramatic, poetic
style.
Harragan, Betty Lehan, _Games Mother Never Taught You_. Warner
Books, New York. 1987.
Haug, Frigga, ed. _Female Sexualization_. Verso, 6 Meard Street,
London W1V 3RH. 1987. ISBN: 0-86091-875-0.
Examines the way women are taught to see themselves as 'feminine'
through the investment of parts of the body with a whole range of
social and psychological significance. Originally published as
_Sexualisierung: Frauenformen 2_, 1983.
Heatherington, Laurie and Judith Crown, Heidi Wagner, and Scott
Rigby, "Toward an Understanding of Social Consequences of
`Feminine Immodesty' About Personal Achievements", _Sex Roles: A
Journal of Research_, 20 (1989) 371-380.
Heilbrun, Carolyn G.. _Toward A Recognition of Androgyny_.
A search into myth and literature to trace manifestations of
androgyny and to assess their implications for today.
Horner, Matina S., "Femininity and Successful Achievement: A Basic
Inconsistency", in Judith Bardwick, et al, eds. _Feminine Personality
and Conflict_. Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, 1970.
Johnson, Miriam M.. _Strong Mothers, Weak Wives_. UC Press, Berkeley.
1988.
Hypothesis is that the mother's role derives from a position of
strength, while the wife's role reflects a position of weakness.
Examines socialization and societal construction within this
framework.
Kundsin, Ruth B., ed. _Women and Success: The Anatomy of
Achievement_. New York: William Morrow & Company, 1974.
Lorber, Judith and Susan A. Farrel, eds. _The Social Construction of
Gender_. SAGE publications, Newbury Park, CA. 1991.
Broad collection of writings. "Principles of Gender Construction",
"Gender Construction in Family Life", "Gender Construction in the
Workplace", "Feminist Research Strategies", "Racial Ethnic
Identity and Feminist Politics", "Deconstructing Gender."
Masters, William H. and Virginia E. Johnson. _Human Sexual Response_.
Boston, Little, Brown, 1966.
Debunked the Freudian dichotomoy of vaginal vs. clitoral
orgasms.
Mednick, Martha Tamara Shuch, Sandra Schwartz Tangri, and Lois Wladis
Hoffman, eds. _Women and Achievement: Social and Motivational
Analyses_. Hemisphere Publishing Corp., New York. Distributed by
Halstead Press. 1975.
Meyers, Diana T. "The Socialized Individual and individual Autonomy"
in Kittay, Eva Feder; Meyers, Diana T., _Women and Moral Theory_,
Rowman and Littlefield, Totowa, NJ, 1987.
Meyers defends the position exponents of the care perspective can
be morally autonomous.
Miller, Jean Baker, MD. _Toward a New Psychology of Women_. Second
edition. Beacon Press, Boston. 1986.
Blurb: On the tenth anniversary of the original publication of
this revolutionary book, Dr. Jean Baker Miller reflects on where
women are today, addressing both the enormous progress in some
areas and the challenges still to be met. Celebrating the
questions that have been raised and the actions women have taken,
as well as looking toward future change, Miller affirms the
strength and diversity of women.
Raymond, Janice G. _The Transsexual Empire: The Making of the
She-Male_. Beacon Press, Boston. 1979.
Subjects: Lesbians, sex roles, sex change, medicine (philosophy).
Rheingold, H. L. and K. V. Cook, "The Contents of Boys' and Girls'
Rooms as an Index of Parents' Behavior", _Child Development_, 46
(1975), 445-463.
Rich, Adrienne Cecile. _Of Woman Born: Motherhood as Experience and
Institution_. 10th anniversary ed. Norton, New York, 1986.
Original copyright 1976. A book with a fine rage against
patriarchy and ambivalence toward men, who are its most obvious
standardbearers. (Rich recounts how she thought of herself as a
fiery feminist until she went to France. When she told one woman
their that she had three sons, the response was a contemptuous
"Vous travailez pour l'armee, madame?")
Riger, Stephanie. "Epistemological Debates, Feminist Voices: Science,
Social Values, and the Study of Women," in _American Psychologist_,
June 1992.
A well-written article: Riger reviews several very important
issues pertaining to women and social science (experimental
psychology in particular). She calls for "a new vision of the
psychological study of women that construes gender as a product of
social interaction and links women's agency with the shaping power
of the sociocultural, historical, and political context." Riger
notes that an extended version of this paper will appear in
_Psychology of Women: Biological Psychology and Social
Perspectives_; that paper is "in preparation."
Schaef, Anne Wilson. _Women's Reality: An Emerging Female System in the
White Male Society_. New edition. Harper and Row, Publishers. 1985.
ISBN: 0-86683-753-1.
From blurb: "_Women's Reality_ is one of the few books that is
supportive of women's changing roles without putting men down. It
allows men and women to see each other as friends rather than
enemies...A brillian dissection of the psycho-social differences
between male and female experience."
Schaef, Ann Wilson, _The Addictive Organization_. Harper and Row,
San Francisco, 1988. ISBN 0062548417.
*Schaef, Ann Wilson, "White Male System"
Shainess, Natalie. "A Psychiatrist's View. Images of Women -
Past and Present, Overt and Obscured," 1969.
Reprinted in _Sisterhood is Powerful_ ed Robin Morgan (1970) It
references the earlier work of Karen Horney from 1926, and Clara
M. Thompson from 1942, which suggests *someone* has been asking
questions about Freudian relevance, esp. for women, for a long
time.
Steinem, Gloria. _Revolution form Within_.
This has been panned, and probably misjudged, as a woozy exercise
in New Age thumb-sucking, but it is more about developing a good
sense of self. A good thing about this book is that it keeps
self-esteem firmly in context; she evidently recognizes that it is
difficult to feel good about oneself if one has nothing of oneself
to feel good about.
Stern, Marilyn and Katherine Hildebrandt Karraker. "Sex Stereotyping
of Infants: A Review of Gender Labeling Studies", _Sex Roles: A
Journal of Research_, 20 (1989) 501-522.
Ussher, Jane. _The Psychology of the Female Body_. Routledge, London
and New York. 1989.
Examines the role of the female body in women's identity and
experience. the way menarche, menstration, pregnancy, and
menopause affect women's lives, the ways the female body and
reproduction have been used to confine and control women, and
psychological evidence is given to refute many myths surrounding
women's bodies. Originally part of Ph.D. thesis.
4. Education.
--------------
Adelman, Clifford. "Putting Women's Education to Work Could Enrich
U.S. Economy," _Los Angeles Times_, October 28, 1990, Opinion Section.
Author is a senior associate in the Office of Research, US Dept. Ed.
Fascinating discussion on the US Department of Education's study
of the high-school class of 1972.
Antler, Joyce and Sari Knopp Biklen, eds. _Changing Education: Women
as Radicals and Conservators_. 1990.
In particular, chapter 10: The Impact of Higher Education upon
Career and Family Choices: Simmons College Alumnae, 1906-1926
deals with working/middle class women vs. elite.
Astin, A.W. _From Critical Years: Effects of College on Beliefs,
Attitudes and Knowledge_. 1977.
Bennett, Sheila Kishler, "Student Perceptions of and Expectations for
Male and Female Instructors: Evidence Relating to the Question of
Gender Bias in Teaching Evaluation", _Journal of Educational
Psychology_, 74 (1982), 170-179.
Block, J.H. "Gender Differences and the Implications for Educational
Policy," in Block, J.H. _Sex Role Identity and Ego Development_, 1984.
pp207-252.
Burstall, Sara A. _The Education of Girls in the United States_. 1984.
Clarke, Hansen and Michael Meyers. "Should States Support Single-sex,
Black Schools?" in _State Government News, 35(1), Jan. 1, 1992, p16.
Brown vs. Board of Education / segregation argument.
Clark, Shirley M. and Mary Corcoran. "Perspectives on the
Professional Socialization of Women Faculty: A Case of Accumulative
Disadvantage?", _Journal of Higher Education_, Vol. 57, No. 1,
Jan./Feb. 1986.
Edwards, Elizabeth. "Educational Institutions or Extended Families?
The Reconstruction of Gender in Women's Colleges in the Late
Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries," in _Gender and Education_,
1990 2(1), pp 17-35.
Women's colleges in Victorian Britain.
Fennema, Elizabeth, and M. Jane Ayer. _Women and Education_. 1984.
Graham, P.A. "Women in Higher Education: A Bibliographical Inquiry,"
at New York: Columbia University, Barnard College. 1974. ERIC
Reproduction Document Service No: ED095742
Hall, Roberta M., with Bernice R. Sandler. "The Classroom Climate: A
Chilly One for Women?", Copyright 1986 by the Project on the Status
and Education of Women, Association of American Colleges, Washington,
DC, 1986.
Hanzot, Elizabeth. _Myths of Coeducation_. 1984.
Harrington, Susan Marie. "Barriers to Women in Undergraduate
Computer Science: The Effects of the Computer Environment on the
Success and Continuance of Female Students", PhD Thesis, Division of
Teacher Education, University of Oregon, 1990.
Howe, Florence. _Gender in the Classroom_.
Huff, C. and J. Cooper. "Sex Bias in Educational Software: The Effect of
Designers' Stereotypes on the Software They Design", _J. Applied Soc.
Psych._, Vol. 17, No. 6, pp. 519-532, 1987.
Jimenez, E. and M.E. Lockhead. "The Relative Effectiveness of
Single-sex and Coeducational Schools in Thailand," in _Education
Evaluation and Policy Analysis_, Summer 1989, 11(2) 117.
Compares math achievement.
Jimenez, Emmanuel and Marlaine E. Lockhead. "Enhancing Girls'
Learning Through Single-sex Education: Evidence and a Policy
Conundrum," in _Education Evaluation and Policy Analysis, Summer '89,
11(2), p117.
Figures socio-economic factors into data.
Kersteen, Z., M. Linn, M. Clancy, and C. Hardyck. "Previous
experience and the learning of computer programming: The computer
helps those who help themselves", _Journal of Educational Computing
Research_, 4(3), 321-333, 1988.
Kierstead, Diane, Patti D'Agostino, and Heidi Dill. "Sex Role
Stereotyping of College Professors: Bias in Students' Ratings of
Instructors", _Journal of Educational Psychology_, 80 (1988), 342-344.
Klein, S.S, ed. _Handbook for Achieving Sex Equity Through
Education_, The Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, 1985.
Lee, V.E., and A.S. Bryk. "Effects of Single-sex Secondary Schools on
Student Achievement and Attitude," in _Journal of Educational
Psychology_, 78(5), 1986.
One of the more well-known studies.
Lee, Valerie E. and Helem M. Marks. "Sustained Effects of Single-sex
Secondary School Experience on Attitudes, Behaviors and Values in
College," in _Journal of Educational Psychology_, 82(3), Sept 1, 1990,
p578.
Re-examines subjects of '86 study in college.
Lee, Valerie E. and Marlaine E. Lockhead. "The Effects of Single-sex
Schooling on Achievement and Attitiudes in Nigeria," in _Comparative
Education Review_, 34(2), May 1, 1990, p209.
Same conclusions as Bryk & Lee '86 for USA.
Leveson, Nancy, "Educational Pipeline Issues for Women",
_Computing Research News_, October 1990 and January 1991.
McPhie, Laura E. "Viability of Single-sex Education" in _Initiatives_,
Falll 1990, 53(3), 23.
Describes parallel histories of Amherst & Smith colleges.
Marsh, Herbert W. "Effects of Attending Single-sex and Coeducational
High Schools: Achievement, Attitude, Behaviors and Sex Differences,"
in _Journal of Educational Psychology_, Mar 1, 1989, 81(1), p70.
Concludes that coeducation and single-sex are same
Marsh, Herbert W. "Public, Catholic Single-sex and Catholic
Coeducational High Schools: Their Effects on Achievement, Affect and
Behaviors," in _American Journal of Education_, 99(3), May 1, 1991, p320.
Contradicts Bryk & Lee; single sex = coeducation.
Martin, Elaine. "Power and Authority in the Classroom: Sexist
Stereotypes in Teaching Evaluations", _Journal of Women in Culture
and Society_, 9 (1984), 482-492.
Ndunda, Mutindi Mumbua Kiluva. "'Because I am a Woman': Young Women's
Resistance to Science Careers in Kenya," in Thesis, Queen's
University, Canada, Jul 1990. ERIC Reproduction Document Service No:
ED326433.
Boys & girls science experience differs in gender related ways
Ott, Mary. "Female Engineering Students-- Attitudes, Characteristics,
Expectations, Responses to Engineering Education", Final report for
NSF grant #SMI-75-18013A01, ERIC Document #ED 160400.
Pallotta-Chiarolli, Maria. "The Female Stranger in a Male School,"
_Gender and Education_ 1990 2(2), pp 169-183.
Girls have higher level of gender awareness
Riordan, C. "Public and Catholic Schooling: The Effects of Gender
Context Policy," in _American Journal of Education_, v5, 1985.
Weeds out "the catholic school effect" in data.
Rubenfeld, Mona I. "Relationship Between College Women's Occupational
Interests and a Single-sex Environment," in _The Career Development
Quarterly_, 40(1), Sept. 1, 1991, p64.
Sandler, Bernice R., with the assistance of Roberta M. Hall, "The
Campus Climate Revisited: Chilly for Women Faculty, Administrators,
and Graduate Students", Copyright 1986 by the Project on the Status
and Education of Women, Association of American Colleges,
Washington, DC, 1986.
Sandler, Bernice R., "The Classroom Climate: Chilly for Women?",
Deneef, et al, editors, The Academic Handbook, Durham: Duke
University Press, 1988, pages 146-152.
Sexton, Patricia. _Women in Education_. 1976.
History of discrimination against women throughout all aspects of
academia.
Schneider, Frank W., Larry M. Coutts, and Meyer W. Starr. "In Favour
of Coeducation: The Educational Attitudes of Students from
Coeducational and Single-sex High Schools," in _Canadian Journal of
Education_, Fall 88, 13(4), p479.
Questionaire based research
Sidner, Candace L. "On Being a Woman Student at MIT or How to
Miss the Stumbling Blocks in Graduate Education", Unpublished
report, 1980.
Speck, Phoebe. "Jack Captured the Crown and Jill Came Tumbling After:
The Gender Factor in Curriculum Policy..." in Paper Presented at the
Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association. Apr
1991. ERIC Reproduction Document Service No: ED331189
Role of gender in curriculum development
Stables, Andrew. "Differences Between Pupils From Mixed and
Single-sex Schools in Their Enjoyment of School Subjects and in Their
Attitudes to Science and to School," in _Educational Review_, 1990
42(3), pp 221-230.
Polarization of attitudes in mixed English schools.
Statham, Anne, Laurel Richardson, and Judith A. Cook. _Gender and
University Teaching_. A volume in the SUNY Series in Gender and
Society, Cornelia Butler Flora, ed. State University of New York
Press. 1991. ISBN: 0-7914-0704-7.
Examines university teaching from several perspectives: what
female and male professors do in the classroom, their perceptions
and feelings about teaching, and how students respond.
Stoecker, Judith L. and Ernest T. Pascarella. "Women's Colleges and
Women's Career Attainments Revisited" in _Journal of Higher
Education_, Jul-Aug 1991, 62(4), pp 394-406.
Explores influence of women's college on career attainment
Stowe, Laurence G. "Should Physics Classes be Single-sex?" in
_Physics Teacher_, Sept. 1, 1991, 29(6), p 380.
Tidball, M.D. and V. Kistiakowsky. "Baccalaureate Origins of American
Scientists..." in _Science_ 1976, V 193, pp646-652.
Tidball, M.D. "Women's Colleges and Women Achievers Revisited" in
_Signs: Journal of Women in Culture & Society_, 1980, V 5, pp 504-515.
This is one of the studies that claims the infamous "X% of all
successful women came from women's colleges"
Vedantham, Anu, "A Hostile Educational Environment", MIT, 6.001,
Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs, in Spring, 1990,
Wood, Sherree F. "Educational Access for Women in the United States,"
in _Community College Quarterly of Research and Practice_, Apr-Jun
1991, 15(2), pp225-233.
Compares Bryn Mahr/Wellesley to Oberlin/U of Mich.
5. Feminist Theory and Overviews.
----------------------------------
Bowles, Gloria and Renate Duelli, eds. _Theories of Women's Studies_.
Routledge & Kegan Paul, London and Boston. 1983.
Standard, well known text on feminist research methodology.
Begins the debate.
Bowles, Gloria and Renate Duelli-Klein, eds. _Theories of Women's
Studies II._ Women's Studies, University of California, Berkeley. 1981.
Castro, Ginette. _American Feminism: A Contemporary History_. New
York University Press. 1990. ISBN: 0-8147-1448-X.
From a french point of view, an overview of feminist history
and emerging though in the United States. Originally published in
French as _Radioscopie du fe'minisme ame'ricain_ in 1984.
de Beauvoir, Simone. _The Second Sex_. Translated and edited by H.M.
Parshley. Vintage Books, New York. 1989.
Original copyright in 1952.
Echols, Alice. _Daring To Be Bad: Radical Feminism in America, 1967-1975_.
University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis. 1989.
Covers radical and cultural feminist development.
French, Marilyn. _The Women's Room_. Summit Books, New York, 1977.
Jove Publications, New York, 1978.
French, Marilyn. _Beyond Power: On Women, Men, and Morals_. Cape,
London, 1985. Summit Books, New York, 1985. Ballantine, New York, 1986.
*French, Marilyn. "Do You Have to be a Lesbian to be a
Feminist?"
Unions are valid only when both participants are free to make
them, and that a woman who is economically supported by a man,
whose children are economically supported by a man, whose house is
owned by a man, and whose life revolves around a man is bound
several ways, whether or not she actively chose that life. The
freer she can be, the more powerful her choice to stay with her
partner, male or female.
Friedan, Betty. _The Feminine Mystique_. Norton, New York, 1963.
20th anniversary edition with new introduction and afterword by
author. Dell Publishing Co., New York, 1984.
A strong and angry book that stimulated many women who had hitherto
accepted their lot into asking whether their lives could be improved.
Friedan, Betty. _The Second Stage_. Revised edition, Summit Books,
New York, 1986.
This book, written 20 years later, advocates partnership between
women and men in the ongoing development of feminism.
Frye, Marilyn. _The Politics of Reality: Essays in Feminist Theory_.
Crossing Press, Trumansburg, New York. 1983.
Grimshaw, Jean. _Feminist Philosophers_ (subtitle: Women's
Perspectives on Philosophical Traditions). Harvester Wheatsheaf,
London, 1986. ISBN 0-7108-0791-0. Published in the U.S. as
_Philosophy and Feminist Thinking_ by University of Minnesota Press.
"This book is an exploration into some tensions in feminist
thinking and their relationship to philosophy." [from the
preface] The book introduces feminist thinking to traditional
philosophy, and summarizes the results. Extensive bibliography.
Harding, Sandra, and Merrill B. Hintikka, eds. _Discovering Reality:
Feminist Perspectives on Epistemology, Metaphysics, Methodology, and
Philosophy of Science_. D Reidel, Boston and Holland. Sold and
distributed in the USA and Canada by Kluwer Boston. 1983.
Harding, Sandra. _The Science Question in Feminism_. Cornell
University Press, Ithaca, New York. 1986.
Critique of "knowledge," centering on three major epistemological
approaches, feminist empiricism, feminist standpoint, feminist
postmodernism.
Harding, Sandra, ed. _Feminism and Methodology: Social Science
Issues_. Indiana University Press, Bloomington; Open University
Press, Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire. 1987.
Harding, Sandra, and Jean F. O'Barr, eds. _Sex and Scientific
Inquiry_. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. 1987.
Harding, Sandra. _Whose Science? Whose Knowledge? Thinking from
Women's Lives_. Open University Press, Milton Keynes; Cornell
University Press, Ithaca, New York. 1991.
Hooks, Bell. _Feminist Theory From Margin To Center_. South End
Press, Boston MA. 1984.
An excellent survey of different feminist philosophies and their
relationships to one another.
Jaggar, Alison M. _Feminist Politics and Human Nature_. Rowman &
Allanheld, Totowa, New Jersey. 1983.
What is human nature? Is there a "feminine" and a "masculine"?
Looking at radical, liberal and socialist feminist perspectives in
addressing this question.
Jaggar, Alison M. and Paula Rothenberg Struhl. _Feminist Frameworks:
Alternative Theoretical Accounts of the Relations between Women and
Men_. Second edition. McGraw-Hill, New York. 1984.
A worthwhile though incomplete reader that sorts out various
schools of feminist thought.
Jaggar, Alison M. and Susan R. Bordo, eds. _Gender/Body/Knowledge:
Feminist Reconstructions of Being and Knowing_. Rutgers University
Press, New Jersey. 1989.
Writings on feminist methodology.
Koedt, Anne, Ellen Levine and Anita Rapone. _Radical Feminism_.
Quadrangle Books, New York. 1973.
An anthology of radical feminist work.
Komisar, Lucy. _The New Feminism_. F. Watts, New York. 1971.
La Follette, Suzanne. _Concerning Women_. Reprint. Series: American
Women: Images and Realities. Arno Press, New York. 1972.
Originally written in 1926. Espouses individualist feminism.
*Leoff, Constance. _Bluff Your Way in Feminism_. ISBN: 8-948456-29-9.
Provides an overview of (British) feminism; brief, amusing,
occasionally mildly scurrilous, well researched and covers a lot
of ground. May be hard to find.
McElroy, Wendy, ed. _Freedom, Feminism and the State. An Overview of
Individualist Feminism_. Second edition. Holmes & Meier, New York, 1991.
Anthology of works by historical feminists as well as contemporary
feminists expressing the individualist point of view.
MacKinnon, Catharine. _Feminism Unmodified: Discourses on Life and
Law_. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA. 1987.
MacKinnon, Catharine. _Toward a Feminist Theory of the State_.
Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA. 1989.
The book, really, is an attempt to answer the question. "What
would a form of government which is actively feminist be like?"
Here the word 'feminist' is used in the sense of 'radical
feminism.' The book and the analysis are definitely influenced by
Marxist theory --- indeed the author calls it 'postmarxist'. In
the same way as would a similar analysis of a Marxist state, some
aspects of the hypothetical feminist state are incompatible with
liberalism.
Mitchell, Juliet and Ann Oakley, eds. _The Rights and Wrongs of
Women_. Penguin, Harmondsworth, New York. 1976.
Mitchell, Juliet and Ann Oakley, eds. _What Is Feminism? A
Re-Examination_. Pantheon Books, New York. B. Blackwell, Oxford, UK. 1986.
Morgan, Robin, ed. _Sisterhood is Powerful: An Anthology of Writings
from the Women's Liberation Movement_. Random House, New York, 1970.
Morgan Robin, ed. _Sisterhood is Global: The International Women's
Movement Anthology_. Anchor Press/Doubleday, Garden City, New York. 1984.
Pateman, Carole and Elizabeth Gross, eds. _Feminist Challenges. Social
and Political Theory_. Northeastern University Press, PO Box 116,
Boston, Mass. 02117. 1986. ISBN: 1-55553-004-4.
New and established scholars demonstrate the application of
feminism in a range of academic disciplines including history,
philosophy, politics, and sociology.
Raymond, Janice G. _A Passion for Friends: Toward a Philosophy of
Female Affection_. Beacon Press, Boston (also Women's Press, London).
1986.
Sherwin, Susan. "Philosophical Methodology and Feminist Methodology:
Are They Compatible?" in Code, Lorraine; Mullet, Sheila; Overall,
Christine, (eds.) _Feminist Perspectives, Philosophical Essays on
Method And Morals_, University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 1988.
Susan Sherwin discusses why a paper of hers submitted to the
Canadian Philosophical Association was rejected. She concludes
feminist methodology is a valid methodology for philosophy.
Smith, Dorothy E. _The Everyday World as Problematic: A Feminist
Sociology_. Northeastern Universty Press, Boston. 1987.
Explication of standpoint epistemology.
Taylor, Joan Kennedy. _Reclaiming the Mainstream: Individualist
Feminism Rediscovered_. 1992.
"... reclaims feminism from the socialists and collectivists and
what Taylor calls the 'appeal of victimization'. 'We feminists
who believe in the inspiring history and classical liberal
mainstream of American feminism should not give up our claim to
the name _feminist_,' she writes, 'any more than institutions
supporting limited government should give up their claim to the
name liberal.' Taylor scrutinizes and reframes feminism from Mary
Wollstonecraft to Anita Hill. I was struck by her generosity of
spirit in dealing with the issues raised: most particularly her
chapter on 'The Temptation of Political Expediency:
Antipornography.' Hers is a thorough and satisfying examination
of the attitudes surrounding this explosive issue. And she
covers all the potentially divisive issues: abortion, comparable
worth, rape, discrimination real and imagined. "Taylor 'holds it
important to support the full flowering of the individual life'
and calls for the advocacy of individual rights as a proper
political stance for feminists." [Andrea Millen Rich]
Winders, J. A. _Gender, Theory, and the Canon_. University of
Wisconsin Press, 1991.
6. Folklore.
-------------
Carter, Angela, ed. _The Virago Book of Fairy Tales_. Virago Press,
London, 1990. (American edition may have different title?)
A collection of "adult" fairy tales, all focusing on heroines,
from all around the world. On back. "This stunning collection
contains lyrical tales, bloody tales, hilariously funny and ripely
bawdy stories, from countries around the world. And no drippy
princesses or soppy fairies. Instead girls, women, crones, wise as
serpents, gentle as doves and occasionally daft as brushes."
Cole, Babbette. _Princess Smartypants_. G.P. Putnam's Sons, New
York. 1986.
Children's book, where the princess rejects the prince.
Munsch, Robert. _The Paper Bag Princess_. Annick Press Ltd.,
Toronto, Canada. 1980.
Children's book, where the princess rejects the prince.
Zipes, Jack, ed. _Don't Bet on the Prince_.
Zipes is a folklorist who has collected feminist fairy tales in
this book and provided some analysis. Some are entirely new tales,
others are new takes on old tales.
7. Gendered Communication and Language.
----------------------------------------
Barreca, Regina. _They Used to Call Me Snow White, But I Drifted_.
Viking Penguin/Penguin Books, New York. 1991.
Examines the differences in how women and men use humor. The
book itself is a very engaging and humorous read.
Bratenberg, Gerd, _Egalias_dotre_ (in Norwegian Pax forlag/Ascheroug
forlag). It is also available in English: _Egalia's_Daughters_,
published in the U.S. by The Seal Press, Seattle, Wash., and in the
UK by The Journeyman Press, London. (Also available in Swedish,
German, Italian, Danish and Dutch.)
The book turns the language and social stereotypes upside down.
It is really interesting to see how easily one, as reader, gets
used to the "unusual" language. This also illustrates how
powerful the sexism of the language is.
Cherry, Louise. _Language and Sex: Difference and Dominance_.
Teacher-child interaction in pre-schools.
Hofstadter, Douglas. _Metamagical Themas: Questing for Essence of Mind
and Pattern_. Bantam, New York. 1985.
Contains a chapter ("Changes in Default Words and Images,
Engendered by Rising Consciousness") with an effective argument
for gender inclusive speech.
Frank, Francine and Frank Anshen. _Language and the Sexes_. State
University of New York Press, Albany. 1983.
Lakoff, Robin. _Language and Woman's Place_. Harper & Row,
Publishers, New York. 1975.
Miller, Casey and Kate Swift. _The Handbook of Non-Sexist Writing_.
Second edition. Harper & Row, New York, 1988.
A practical how-to book that also contains examples of how "men"
has *not* included "women" in recent history.
Miller, Casey and Kate Swift. _Words and Women_. Anchor Press,
Garden City, New York. 1976.
States the argument for gender neutral language
much more forcefully.
Penelope, Julia. _Speaking Freely: Unlearning the Lies of the
Fathers' Tongues_. Athena Series, Pergammon Press. 1990.
ISBN: 0-08-036555-8.
A radical feminist treatise on all sorts of sexist aspects of
language, including but not limited to the discussion of gender
inclusive pronouns.
Persing, Bobbye Sorrels. _The Nonsexist Communicator_.
Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey. 1983.
Rothschild, Joan. _Turing's Man, Turing's Woman, or Turing's Person?
Gender, Language, and Computers_. Wellesley College, Center for
Research on Women, Welleseley, MA. 1986.
Spender, Dale. _Man-Made Language_. Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1980.
Tannen, Deborah. _You Just Don't Understand: Women and Men in
Conversation_. Morrow, New York. 1990.
Gender differences in communication, anecdotal.
8. Gender Differences.
-----------------------
Benbow, Camilla Persson. "Sex differences in mathematical reasoning
ability in intellectually talented preadolescents. Their nature,
effects, and possible causes," _Behavioral and Brain Sciences_,
11(1988).169-232.
Talks about the reasons in variations on math scores between males
and females. Her paper is nice in that it also reviews a lot of
the literature.
Benderly, Beryl Lieff. _The Myth Of Two Minds: What Gender Means and
Doesn't Mean_. Doubleday, New York, 1987.
Benderly had heard of scads of new research claiming to have
proven innate biological differences between the brains of men and
women, and decided to do a comprehensive overview of them. She
was surprised to find that *none* of this research proved what it
purported to.
Deaux, K. and T. Emswiller. "Explanations of Successful Performance
on Sex-Linked Tasks: What is skill for the male is luck for the female",
_Journal of Personality and Social Psychology_, 29 (1974), 80-85.
Fausto-Sterling, Anne. _Myths of Gender: Biological Theories about
Women and Men_. Basic Books, New York. 1985.
Describes the methods used in research purporting to support
intrinsic differences in women and men. Includes a clear
explanation of intra-group variability: even if there are more men
on the high end of the bell curve in math, the bell curves overlap
so much that this makes no significant difference in the amount of
mathematical aptitude of the sexes when compared against each
other and tells nothing about a given woman and a given man.
Frieze, Irene H. _et al_. _Women And Sex Roles: A Social Psychological
Perspective_. Norton, New York. 1978.
This is a social psychology textbook, and is a handy
resource available for debunking all kinds of sexist claims about
men and women.
Gould, Steven Jay. _The Mismeasure of Man_. Norton, New York. 1981.
A lucid description of how researcher expectations can influence
experimental findings (gender issues is peripheral, but the
analogies are clear).
Halper, Diane F.. _Sex Differences in Cognitive Abilities_. Lawrence
Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdate, NJ. 1986.
The author presents the hypotheses and research that point to the
roles of nature and nurture in explaining differences in cognitive
ability; final chapter has an excellent summary.
Holloway, Marguerite, "Profile: Vive la Difference", _Scientific
American_, October 1990, 18-42.
Kimura, Doreen. "Sex Differences in the Brain," in _Scientific
American_ September 1992.
Based on her experiments and others', she concludes that
intellectual differences in men and women cannot be purely
environmental, because of the effects that sex hormones have on
brains, even before puberty.
Lewontin, Richard, Stephen Rose and Leon J. Kamin. _Not In Our Genes:
Biology, Ideology, and Human Nature_. Panthon Books, New York. 1984.
The authors are on a mission to dismantle biological determinism
entirely, right down to its underpinnings in reductionist
materialist philosophy. One needn't agree with them to the same
extent to see the validity of the debunking. Check out the chapter
on "The Determined Patriarchy."
Medzian, Miriam. _Boys Will Be Boys: Breaking the Link between
Masculinity and Violence_.
It's a fascinating book, and if you're concerned about the problem
you should read this. She cites some fascinating studies; for a
teaser, let me mention a study by Hilda and Seymour Parker of the
University of Utah on child abuse. They found a significant
correlation between lack of involvement in child care and
nurturance, and child abuse. This supports a major thesis of the
book, which is that the willingness to commit unprovoked violent
acts arises from inability to connect emotionally with others.
Moir, Anne, and David Jessel. _Brain Sex: The Real Difference between
Men and Women_. Carol Publishing Group, 1991.
This book makes the same assertion as Kimura's article and
discusses how the brain of a fetus is "imprinted" with a certain
sex based on exposure to hormones at a certain critical time in
its development in the womb (about six or seven weeks after
conception). It goes on to explain how the brains of men and
women actually function differently, e.g., men tend to use the
right side of their brain when working on an abstract problem
while women use both sides.
Montagu, Ashley. _The Natural Superiority of Women_. Macmillan
Publishing Company, New York. c1952. New Revised Edition, 1974.
[Author is male.] From foreword: "This book is designed to bring
the sexes closer together, not to set them apart by placing one
above the other. If in these pages the natural superiority of
women is emphasized, it is because the fact has thus far received
far too little attention, and the time is long overdue that both
men and women become aware of it and fully understand its
superiority." The author makes a distinction between *natural*
or biological superiority and social equality of women and men.
Petersen, Anne C. "Biopsychosocial Processes in the Development of
Sex-related Differences", Jacquelynne E. Parsons, ed. _The
Psychobiology of Sex Differences and Sex Roles_. Hemisphere
Publishing Company, Washington. 1980. 31-56.
Pomerleau, Andree, Daniel Bolduc, Gerard Malcuit, and Louise Cossette.
"Pink or Blue: Environmental Gender Stereotypes in the First Two Years
of Life", _Sex Roles: A Journal of Research_, 22 (1990) 359- 367.
Travis, Carol. _The Mismeasure of Woman_. Simon and Schuster. 1992.
The theme is that women are criticized for being too female, or
not female enough - but are mismeasured - by how well they fit
into a male world. Further that the social system dislikes
*angry* women, and that men avoid the responsibility for changing
laws and economic or political policies that hurt women. Travis
takes a thoughtful rather than combative approach and is more
likely to poke fun rather than harshly criticize.
[continued in part II]
Cindy Tittle Moore
Version: 1.5
Last-modified: 15 February 1993
Copies of this FAQ may be obtained by anonymous ftp to
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in the body of the message, leaving the subject line empty.
A variety of movements in feminism means that calling one's self a
feminist can mean many things. In general, members of the following
categories of feminism believe in the listed policies; however as with
any diverse movement, there are disagreements within each group and
overlap between others. This list is meant to illustrate the
diversity of feminist thought and belief. It does not mean that
feminism is fragmented (although it often seems that way!). Much of
the definitions presented here are inspired from _American Feminism_
by Ginette Castro; there is a definite American bias here. Other
sources were _Feminist Frameworks_ (2nd ed.) by Jaggar and Rothenberg
(which is a worthwhile but incomplete reader that tried to sort out
these various schools of feminist thought). Any additional, balancing
information from other countries and/or books is more than welcome
(and will be incorporated).
Defining various kinds of feminism is a tricky proposition. The
diversity of comment with most of the kinds presented here should
alert you to the dangers and difficulties in trying to "define"
feminism. Since feminism itself resists all kinds of definitions by
its very existence and aims, it is more accurate to say that there are
all kinds of "flavors" and these flavors are mixed up every which way;
there is no set of Baskin Robbins premixed flavors, as it were.
Amazon Feminism
Amazon feminism is dedicated to the image of the female hero in
fiction and in fact, as it is expressed in art and literature, in
the physiques and feats of female athletes, and in sexual values
and practices.
Amazon feminism is concerned about physical equality and is
opposed to gender role stereotypes and discrimination against
women based on assumptions that women are supposed to be, look or
behave as if they are passive, weak and physically helpless.
Amazon feminism rejects the idea that certain characteristics or
interests are inherently masculine (or feminine), and upholds and
explores a vision of heroic womanhood. Thus Amazon feminism
advocates e.g., female strength athletes, martial artists,
soldiers, etc. [TG]
Anarcho-Feminism
Anarcho-feminism was never a huge movement, especially in the
United States, and you won't find a whole lot written about it. I
mention it mostly because of the influential work of Emma Goldman,
who used anarchism to craft a radical feminism that was (alas!)
far ahead of her time. Radical feminism expended a lot of energy
dealing with a basis from which to critique society without
falling into Marxist pleas for socialist revolution. It also
expended a lot of energy trying to reach across racial and class
lines. Goldman had succeeded in both. Radical feminist Alix
Schulman realized this, but not in time to save her movement.
She's put out a reader of Goldman's work and a biography, both of
which I recommend highly. [JD]
Cultural Feminism
As radical feminism died out as a movement, cultural feminism got
rolling. In fact, many of the same people moved from the former
to the latter. They carried the name "radical feminism" with
them, and some cultural feminists use that name still. (Jaggar
and Rothenberg don't even list cultural feminism as a framework
separate from radical feminism, but Echols spells out the
distinctions in great detail.) The difference between the two is
quite striking: whereas radical feminism was a movement to
transform society, cultural feminism retreated to vanguardism,
working instead to build a women's culture. Some of this effort
has had some social benefit: rape crisis centers, for example; and
of course many cultural feminists have been active in social
issues (but as individuals, not as part of a movement). [JD]
Cultural feminists can sometimes come up with notions that sound
disturbingly Victorian and non-progressive: that women are
inherently (biologically) "kinder and gentler" than men and so on.
(Therefore if all leaders were women, we wouldn't have wars.)
I do think, though, that cultural feminism's attempts to heighten
respect for what is traditionally considered women's work is an
important parallel activity to recognizing that traditionally male
activities aren't necessarily as important as we think. [CTM]
I have often associated this type of statement [inherently kinder
and gentler] with Separatist Feminists, who seem to me to feel
that women are *inherently* kinder and gentler, so why associate
with men? (This is just my experience from Separatists I know...I
haven't read anything on the subject.) I know Cultural Feminists
who would claim women are *trained* to be kinder and gentler, but
I don't know any who have said they are *naturally* kinder. [SJ]
As various 1960s movements for social change fell apart or got
co-opted, folks got pessimistic about the very possibility of
social change. Many of then turned their attention to building
alternatives, so that if they couldn't change the dominant
society, they could avoid it as much as possible. That, in a
nutshell, is what the shift from radical feminism to cultural
feminism was about. These alternative-building efforts were
accompanied with reasons explaining (perhaps justifying) the
abandonment of working for social change. Cultural feminism's
justification was biological determinism. This justification was
worked out in great detail, and was based on assertions in
horribly-flawed books like Elizabeth Gould Davis's _The First Sex_
and Ashley Montagu's _The Natural Superiority of Women_. So
notions that women are "inherently kinder and gentler" are one of
the foundations of cultural feminism, and remain a major part of
it. A similar concept held by some cultural feminists is that
while various sex differences might not be biologically
determined, they are still so thoroughly ingrained as to be
intractable. There is no inherent connection between
alternative-building and ideologies of biological determinism (or
of social intracta- bility). SJ has apparently encountered
alternative-builders who don't embrace biological determinism, and
I consider this a very good sign. [JD]
I should point out here that Ashley Montagu is male, and his
book was first copyright in 1952, so I don't believe that it
originated as part of the separatist movements in the '60's.
It may still be horribly flawed; I haven't yet read it. [CTM]
Erotic Feminism
[European] This seemed to start (as a movement) in Germany under
the rule of Otto von Bismarck. He ruled the land with the motto
"blood and iron". In society the man was the _ultra manly man_ and
power was patriarchal power. Some women rebelled against this, by
becoming WOMAN. Eroticism became a philosophical and metaphysical
value and the life-creating value. [RG]
Eco-Feminism:
This branch of feminism is much more spiritual than political or
theoretical in nature. It may or may not be wrapped up with
Goddess worship and vegetarianism. Its basic tenet is that a
patriarchical society will exploit its resources without regard to
long term consequences as a direct result of the attitudes
fostered in a patriarchical/hierarchical society. Parallels are
often drawn between society's treatment of the environment,
animals, or resources and its treatment of women. In resisting
patriarchical culture, eco-feminists feel that they are also
resisting plundering and destroying the Earth. And vice-versa.
[CTM]
This is actually socially-conscious environmentalism with a tiny
smattering of the radical and cultural feminist observation that
exploitation of women and exploitation of the earth have some
astonishing parallels. The rest of "eco-feminism" turns out to be
a variation on socialism. The Green movements of Europe have
done a good job of formulating (if not implementing) an
environmentally aware feminism; and while Green movements
were not originally considered a part of eco-feminism, they
are now recognized as a vital component. [JD]
(If I remember correctly, a couple of feminist groups, including
NOW have joined up with Green parties. [CTM])
Feminazi:
This term was "invented" by the radio/tv host Rush Limbaugh. He
defines a feminazi as a feminist who is trying to produce as many
abortions as possible. Hence the term "nazi" - he sees them as
trying to rid the world of a particular group of people (fetuses).
This term is of course completely without merit, but there's the
definition of it FYI. [CTM]
Feminism and Women of Color:
In _feminist theory from margin to center_ (1984), bell hooks
writes of "militant white women" who call themselves "radical
feminists" but hooks labels them "reactionary" . . . Hooks is
refering to cultural feminism here. Her comment is a good
introduction to that fractious variety of feminism that Jaggar and
Rothenberg find hard to label any further than to designate its
source as women of color. It is a most vital variety, covering
much of the same ground as radical feminism and duplicating its
dynamic nature. Yet bad timing kept the two from ever uniting.
For more information you might want to also read hooks' book and
her earlier reader, _ain't i a woman?_ Whereas radical feminism
was primarily formulated by educated white women focusing on
women's issues, this variety was formulated by women who would not
(because they could not) limit their focus. What is so
extraordinary is that the two converged in so many ways, with the
notable exception that the women of color were adamantly opposed
to considering one form of oppression (sexism) without considering
the others. [JD]
I think an important work in the history of feminism and women of
color is Gloria Anzaldua and Cherrie Moraga's anthology, _This
Bridge Called My Back: Writings By Radical Women of Color_. It's
my belief that the unique contribution of women of color, who
experience at least two forms of discrimination daily, provides
balance and reality to much of the more theoretical forms of
academic feminism favored by educated white women. [EE]
Individualist, or Libertarian Feminism
Individualist feminism is based upon individualist or libertarian
(minimum government or anarchocapitalist) philosophies, i.e.
philosophies whose primary focus is individual autonomy, rights,
liberty, independence and diversity.
Lesbianism:
There are a couple of points to make here. First is that
Lesbianism is not necessarily a *de facto* part of feminism.
While it is true that merely being a lesbian is a direct
contravention of "traditional" concepts of womanhood, Lesbians
themeselves hold a wide variety of opionions on the subject of
feminism just as their straight sisters do.
On the other hand, Lesbianism has sometimes been made into a
political point by straight women "becoming" lesbian in order to
fully reject men. However, it is never accurate to characterise
all feminists as Lesbians nor all Lesbians as feminists.
The reader should also note that homophobia is as present among
feminists as it is in any other segment of society. Lesbianism
and feminism, for all their common points and joint interests, are
two very different groups. [CTM]
Liberal Feminism:
This is the variety of feminism that works within the structure of
mainstream society to integrate women into that structure. Its
roots stretch back to the social contract theory of government
instituted by the American Revolution. Abigail Adams and Mary
Wollstonecraft were there from the start, proposing equality for
women. As is often the case with liberals, they slog along inside
the system, getting little done amongst the compromises until some
radical movement shows up and pulls those compromises left of
center. This is how it operated in the days of the suffragist
movement and again with the emergence of the radical feminists.
[JD]
Marxist and Socialist Feminism
Marxism recognizes that women are oppressed, and attributes the
oppression to the capitalist/private property system. Thus they
insist that the only way to end the oppression of women is to
overthrow the capitalist system. Socialist feminism is the result
of Marxism meeting radical feminism. Jaggar and Rothenberg point
to significant differences between socialist feminism and Marxism,
but for our purposes I'll present the two together. Echols offers
a description of socialist feminism as a marriage between Marxism
and radical feminism, with Marxism the dominant partner. Marxists
and socialists often call themselves "radical," but they use the
term to refer to a completely different "root" of society: the
economic system. [JD]
Material Feminism
A movement in the late 19th century to liberate women by improving
their material condition. This meant taking the burden of
housework and cooking off their shoulders. _The Grand Domestic
Revolution_ by Charlotte Perkins Gilman is one reference. [RZ]
Moderate Feminism:
This branch of feminism tends to be populated by younger women or
other women who have not directly experienced discrimination.
They are closely affiliated with liberal feminism, but tend to
question the need for further effort, and do not think that
Radical feminism is any longer viable and in fact rather
embarrassing (this is the group most likely to espouse feminist
ideas and thoughts while denying being "feminist"). [CTM]
'pop-feminism'
This term has appeared several times on soc.feminism. It appears
to be a catch-all for the bogey"man" sort of feminism that
everyone loves to hate: you know, the kind of feminism that grinds
men under its heel and admits to no wrong for women. It is
doubtful that such a caricature actually exists, yet many people
persist in lumping all feminists into this sort of a category. [CTM]
Radical Feminism:
Provides the bulwark of theoretical thought in feminism. Radical
feminism provides an important foundation for the rest of
"feminist flavors". Seen by many as the "undesireable" element of
feminism, Radical feminism is actually the breeding ground for
many of the ideas arising from feminism; ideas which get shaped
and pounded out in various ways by other (but not all) branches of
feminism. [CTM]
Radical feminism was the cutting edge of feminist theory from
approximately 1967-1975. It is no longer as universally accepted
as it was then, nor does it provide a foundation for, for example,
cultural feminism. In addition, radical feminism is not and never
has been related to the Maoist-feminist group Radical Women. [EE]
This term refers to the feminist movement that sprung out of the
civil rights and peace movements in 1967-1968. The reason this
group gets the "radical" label is that they view the oppression of
women as the most fundamental form of opression, one that cuts
across boundaries of race, culture, and economic class. This is a
movement intent on social change, change of rather revolutionary
proportions, in fact. [JD]
Ironically, this get-to-the-roots movement is the most root-less
variety of feminism. This was part of its strength and part of
its weakness. It was always dynamic, always dealing with
factions, and always full of ideas. Its influence has been felt
in all the other varieties listed here, as well as in society at
large. [JD]
To me, radical feminism is centred on the necessity to question
gender roles. This is why I identify current "gender politics"
questions as radical feminist issues. Radical feminism questions
why women must adopt certain roles based on their biology, just as
it questions why men adopt certain other roles based on theirs.
Radical feminism attempts to draw lines between biologically-
determined behavior and culturally-determined behavior in order
to free both men and women as much as possible from their previous
narrow gender roles. [EE]
The best history of this movement is a book called _Daring to
be Bad_, by Echols. I consider that book a must! [JD] Another
excellent book is simply titled _Radical Feminism_ and is an
anthology edited by Anne Koedt, a well-known radical feminist
[EE].
Radical feminist theory is to a large extent incompatible with
cultural feminism. The reason is that the societal forces it
deals with seem so great in magnitude that they make it impossible
to identify any innate masculine or feminine attributes except
those which are results of the biological attributes. (This is
what I think the [above] "view[s] the oppression of women as the
most fundamental form of oppression," [is getting at] although I
don't agree with that statement in its context.) [DdJ]
Separatists:
Popularly and wrongly depicted as Lesbians, these are the
feminists who advocate separation from men; sometimes total,
sometimes partial. Women who organize women-only events are often
unfairly dubbed separatist. Separatists are sometimes literal,
sometimes figurative. The core idea is that "separating" (by
various means) from men enables women to see themselves in a
different context. Many feminists, whether or not separatist,
think this is a necessary "first step", by which they mean a
temporary separation for personal growth, not a permanent one. [CTM]
There is sometimes some overlap between separatist and cultural
feminists (see below). [SJ]
It is equally inaccurate to consider all Lesbians as separatist;
while it is true that they do not interact with men for sexual
fulfillment, it is not true that they therefore automatically shun
all interaction with men. [CTM] And, conversely, it is equally
inaccurate to consider all separatists Lesbians. Additionally,
lesbian feminism may be considered a category distinct from
separatist feminism. Lesbian feminism puts more emphasis on
lesbianism -- active bonding with women -- than separatism does,
in its emphasis on removing bonds with men. [EE]
[Other categories? Both formal and informal are welcome.]
Men's Movements:
[Largely contributed by Dave Gross. Exceptions noted.]
It may seem odd to include some notes on men's movements in a
description of feminism. However, many of these movements were
started in reaction to feminism: some inspired by and others in
contra-reaction to it. In this context, examining men's movements
tells of some specific reactions to feminism by men. [CTM]
Most men's movement historians date the men's movement back to the
early seventies. In 1970, according to Anthony Astrachan ("How
Men Feel" p. 291) the first men's center opened in Berkeley, Calif.
and the magazine "Liberation" published an article by Jack Sawyer
entitled "On Male Liberation."
The men's movement equivalent to the catalyst provided to the
women's movement by Betty Friedan, was "The Male Machine" by Mark
Feigen Fasteau in 1975. My edition has a forward by Gloria
Steinem in which she writes: "This book is a complement to the
feminist revolution, yet it is one no woman could write. It is the
revolution's other half."
But a reexamination of the male gender role certainly predates the
1970s. In fact, the book "The American Male" by Myron Brenton,
complained that "when the plight of woman is given such intense
scrutiny, a curiously distorting effect tends to be created.
Suddenly the world is seen only through the feminist prism." This
quote, which would be comfortable coming out of Warren Farrell's
mouth in the 1990s, was published in 1966. The book was essentially
a male-friendly, pro-feminist examination of the male sex role,
and started a theme of portraying masculinity as dangerous and
destructive (physically and emotionally) to men -- a theme that was
to also provide the basis for the works of Fasteau, Goldberg and
Farrell in the 1970s.
And R.F. Doyle, who was to form one of the rare traditionalist men's
groups, was already fighting for male-friendly divorce reform in
the early 1960s (his Divorce Racket Busters in 1960 is in a direct
line of parentage to his Men's Rights Association in 1973).
Barbara Ehrenreich in "The Hearts of Men" traces the men's movement
back even further. She believes that the current men's movement
is only the latest representation of a long-term male revolt against
the "breadwinner ethic:"
"I will argue that the collapse of the breadwinner ethic had
begun well before the revival of feminism and stemmed from
dissatisfactions every bit as deep, if not as idealist-
ically expressed, as those that motivated our founding
'second wave' feminists." -- p. 12
Furthermore, she writes that
"The great irony... is that the right-wing, antifeminist
backlash that emerged in the 1970s is a backlash not so
much against feminism as against the male revolt." -- p.13
In the mid- to late-1950s (although she traces the roots even
further back than this), non-conformity becomes a hip topic.
Playboy magazine started publishing in 1953, and by the early
sixties had started offering "something approaching a coherent
program for the male rebellion" (p. 50). The magazine's
trademark T&A was only a side-issue, designed to make the rebellion
against the male sex role (aka The Playboy Philosophy) a safely
heterosexual one.
The Beat movement "establish[ed] a vantage point from which the
'normal' could be judged, assessed and labeled -- square" (p. 67)
and then "cardiology... passed its own judgement on the 'normal'
masculine condition, and [came] down, without fully realizing it,
on the side of the rebels" (p. 87).
The Human Potential Movement combined with cardiological concerns
encouraged a change in men's lives; the Vietnam War further
tarnished the image of masculinity; the 60s counter culture
allowed androgyny; the second-wave of the women's movement pushed
for a critique of gender roles; gay liberation groups differentiated
themeselves from heterosexuals, allowing straight men to change
their roles without being accused of homosexuality.
Voila! The genesis of the men's movement in a nutshell!
The men's movement, as a movement, has from almost the beginning
been split into various camps based both on ideology and on
what concerns the members most wish to concentrate on. What were
once scattered "consciousness raising groups" have evolved into
the following sub-movements:
Feminist Men's Movement:
------------------------
These groups are closely aligned ideologically with the feminist
movement. They believe that we live in a patriarchal system in
which men are the oppressors of women, and that the men's movement
should identify this oppression and work against it. Most of the
[City-name] Men Against Rape groups fall under this category. The
largest feminist men's group is the National Organization for Men
Against Sexism (Formerly the National Organization for Changing
Men). Some publications from this viewpoint are "Changing Men,"
the journal of NOMAS, and the following books: "The Liberated Man"
by Warren Farrell, "The Male Machine" by Marc Feigen Fasteau, "The 49%
Majority" ed. by Deborah David & Robert Brannon, and "Refusing to Be a
Man" by John Stoltenberg.
"For these men," according to James Doyle ("Sex & Gender" p. 341),
"the question of unfair divorce settlements, child-custody cases,
and the like are a ruse used by some men who favor perpetuating
their own dominant status in society." This perhaps is a little
harsh, but many in the feminist men's movement are suspicious of
those who would work for men's political concerns without first
relinquishing the patriarchal reins of political power.
"They may feel only a vague pricking of conscience about their own
complicity in the imbalance," writes Anthony Astrachan of the
feminist wing of the movement (How Men Feel, p. 302), "or they may
openly acknowledge that men as a class (which does not mean all
men) oppress women as a class (which does not mean all women). In
either case, what they feel is guilt." (Astrachan dismisses what
I will call the Men's Liberation movement as "the no-guilt wing.")
As can be expected, there is much debate among feminists, women,
and other men about the validity or real intentions of such
groups. The entire question of "feminist men," especially ones
that disagree with aspects of "conventional feminism" sparks much
debate. Some accuse them of pandering to the feminist movement,
others of having a hidden agenda that's really against feminism.
Female feminists disagree wither men can be feminist, some arguing
that there is nothing to prevent men from being feminists, and
others arguing that you have to know what it is like to be a woman
-- or even BE a woman -- to be a feminist. [CTM]
Men's Liberation Movement:
--------------------------
Other names: Masculist movement, Men's Rights movement. These
groups, while quite similar to feminists in several areas (gay
rights, belief in equal opportunity in the workplace, etc.)
generally do not believe in the theory that we live in a
patriarchy in which men oppress and women are oppressed.
"My thinking has led me to conclude that men as a class do
/not/ oppress women as a class. Nor do I believe that women
as a class oppress men as a class. Rather, I feel that men
and women have cooperated in the development of contemporary
male and female sex-roles, both of which appear to have
advantages as well as disadvantages, but which are
essentially restrictive in nature, growth inhibiting, and, in
the case of the male, physically as well as psychologically
lethal." -- Richard Haddad "Concepts and overview of the
men's liberation movement"
Characterization of the men's liberation wing as being a
reactionary or traditionalist movement is common among feminists,
but doesn't seem to hold under closer observation. Fred Hayward
addressed this view in his keynote speech to the National Congress
for Men in 1981:
"We must not reverse the women's movement; we must accelerate
it... [Men's liberation] is not a backlash, for there is
nothing about traditional sex roles that I want to go back
to...
"We must give full credence to the seriousness of women's
problems and be willing to work toward their solution, but if
the others do not return the favor, it is they who are the
sexist pigs. It is they who are reactionary. When I look at
feminists today, I don't want to call them names -- I only
want to call their bluff."
Some of the groups with this viewpoint are: Men's Rights Inc.,
National Coalition of Free Men, National Congress for Men,
National Center for Men. Some of the publications from this
viewpoint are "Transitions," the journal of the NCFM, and the
following books: "Why Men Are the Way They Are" by Warren Farrell
"The Hazards of Being Male" by Herb Goldberg "Men's Rights" by
Bill & Laurie Wishard "Men Freeing Men" ed. by Francis Baumli.
Mythopoetic Men's Movement:
---------------------------
These are the ones you see on TV and in magazines wearing masks
and beating drums. Robert Bly, the father-figure of this
movement, says:
"I see the phenomenon of what I would call the 'soft male' all
over the country today. They're not interested in harming
the Earth, or starting wars, or working for corporations.
There's something favorable toward life in their whole
general mood and style of living. But something's wrong.
Many of these men are unhappy. There's not much energy in
them. They are life-preserving, but not exactly
life-giving...."
"Men are suffering right now -- young males especially. But
now that so many men are getting in touch with their feminine
side, we're ready to start seeing the wild man and to put its
powerful, dark energy to use. At this point, many things can
happen."
-- interview by Keith Thompson
Utne Reader, Nov/Dec 1989
This talk of "powerful, dark energy" worries some, including Bly's
ex-wife, who compared this movement to fascism:
"The men's separatist movement is frightening. Separatism,
breeds feelings of superiority and imbalance -- male bonding
usually offers permission to regress."
-- "The danger in men's groups"
Utne Reader, Nov/Dec 1989
A more common reaction to these groups by outsiders is
bewilderment and ridicule. "[T]heir words revealed a kind of
gooeyness wrapped in clinical psych jargon," wrote Jon Tevlin of
his Wild Man Weekend. It's possible though, that these groups
outnumber all other men's groups combined. There are a surprising
number of magazines, books, journals, retreats and gurus
associated with the mythopoetic men's movement. "Iron John" led
sales of hardcover nonfiction longer than any other best seller in
1991, according to the 1993 Writer's Market.
"What I'm interested in is the return of mythology, and he
timportance of initiation -- I think that's essential...
I'm not interested in all the men having opinions on men's
rights, and attacking women. I'm not interested in a
national men's movement."
-- Robert Bly, quoted by Tim Warren in
the Baltimore Sun, 28 October 1990
On the other hand,
"I don't want to omit people like Warren Farrell and Herb
Goldberg who are doing men's stuff; they get omitted far oo
toften when the Men's Movement is discussed. If Robert
[Bly] is one of the leaders and perhaps the father of the
mythopoetic Men's Movement, then Goldberg, Farrell and
Pleck are the Grandfathers..."
-- John Lee, quoted by Woody Harper in the
Men's Council Newsletter, August 1990
This movement is less political than spiritual, and it's difficult
to identify just what these folks stand for. But if you want to
try, check out the interviews with Bly and with Shepherd Bliss in
the Nov/Dec 1989 Utne Reader, or pick up "Men's Council News" or
Robert Bly's surprise best-seller "Iron John."
The New Traditionalists:
------------------------
I don't know much about these groups. The only one I'm aware of
is the National Organization for Men run by Penthouse columnist
Sidney Siller. Maybe R.F. Doyle's Men's Rights Association (if it
still exists) qualifies as well. These groups look, on the
surface, much like the Men's Liberation groups, but underneath
there is a current of resentment that the old sex roles have
dissolved. Some openly say that women just aren't men's equals,
and should have stayed home with the kids. This is that "male
backlash" you've probably read about. Read "The Rape of the Male"
by R.F. Doyle for a good idea of how these folks think (the front
cover is a picture of the crucifiction). Also, Esther Vilar's
"The Manipulated Man" (written by a woman in 1972, and pretty
scary).
The Father's Movements:
-----------------------
Some people hold that this is a separate group from the Men's
Liberation Movement. There are some groups that are only
interested in issues like divorce reform, and ignore issues like
violence toward men, gay rights, and the draft. Many of these
groups are very similar to Men's Liberation groups, and only
differ by their concentration. Some explicitly exclude issues
like gay rights in order to not risk offending some of their
members, and this could itself be considered an ideological
position which would separate them from the Men's Liberation
groups. Anthony Astrachan ("How Men Feel," p. 311) reports that
some Father's Rights men boycotted the 1983 National Congress for
Men meeting in Los Angeles, and speculates that this was because
men's liberation members had proposed resolutions supporting gay
rights.
Publications would include: "How to Win Custody" by Louis Kiefer
"Weekend Fathers" by Gerald and Myrna Silver
--------------
My thanks to:
Ellen Eades[EE]
David desJardins [DdJ]
Jym Dyer [JD]
Thomas Gramstad [TG]
Rebecca Grinter [RG]
David Gross [DG] (incl. all info on men's movements)
Stacy Johnson [SJ]
Rudy Zalesak [RZ]
--------------
Please mail in comments, additions, corrections, suggestions, and so
on to feminism...@ncar.ucar.edu. I reserve all rights to edit
material for brevity, clarity, and constructiveness.
--Cindy Tittle Moore
"I myself have never been able to find out precisely what
feminism is: I only know that people call me a feminist
whenever I express sentiments that differentiate me from a
doormat, or a prostitute." -- Rebecca West, 1913