KOSOVO or KOSOVA?
gim...@my-deja.com
Americans say Kosovo. Why do Albanians say Kosova when they are speaking in
English? There should be only one name - THE ORIGINAL NAME. What is it?
Kosovo sounds a lot better to me and it's easier to pronounce. Wouldn't it
sound funny if America was spoken as Americo instead?
Sent via Deja.com http://www.deja.com/
Share what you know. Learn what you don't.
firefly
Clinton srew up the name and now the KLA terrorist use the name.They can
keep they Kosova, they must leve alone the Kosovo.
Amigocabal
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>From: "firefly" hvi...@worldnet.att.net
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>Socer
>
>Clinton srew up the name and now the KLA terrorist use the name.They can
>keep they Kosova, they must leve alone the Kosovo.
Forget Kosovo, it will never again be Serbia, same goes for Montenegro, Bosnia,
herzegovina, Croatia and Vojvodina!
Los matadores por el paredon!
Genci Ymeri
<gim...@my-deja.com> wrote in message news:7s10f7$jbu$1...@nnrp1.deja.com...
> What's going on here? What is the official name of that region anyway?
Most
> Americans say Kosovo. Why do Albanians say Kosova when they are speaking
in
> English? There should be only one name - THE ORIGINAL NAME. What is it?
> Kosovo sounds a lot better to me and it's easier to pronounce. Wouldn't it
> sound funny if America was spoken as Americo instead?
It's easy to understand if is KosovA or KosovO ?
All Americans people are called "American" not AmericOn" because of
"AmericA" name.
In our point, when people who are called "Kosovars" why you think that their
own place is called KosovO and Not KosovA.
Philip Davies
>
>All Americans people are called "American" not AmericOn" because of
>"AmericA" name.
>In our point, when people who are called "Kosovars" why you think that
their
>own place is called KosovO and Not KosovA.
They may call themselves "Kosovars" but they don't have there own flag or
language or football team or anything really just load of kids who won't
have any houses to live in in the future because they are burning them all
down
payton
and it is Serbian word. Kosova is just how Albanians pronounce that Serbian
word.
Albanians claim that they livedin Kosovo and constituted majority since
ancient times but strangly they dont even have their own name for it.
But it is not more strange than claim that they were opressed and ethnicly
cleansed for century when Kosovo population was 30% Albanian at the begining
of the century and it is 90% now.
gim...@my-deja.com wrote in message <7s10f7$jbu$1...@nnrp1.deja.com>...
>What's going on here? What is the official name of that region anyway? Most
>Americans say Kosovo. Why do Albanians say Kosova when they are speaking in
>English? There should be only one name - THE ORIGINAL NAME. What is it?
>Kosovo sounds a lot better to me and it's easier to pronounce. Wouldn't it
>sound funny if America was spoken as Americo instead?
>
>
>Sent via Deja.com http://www.deja.com/
payton
and it is Serbian word. Kosova is just how Albanians pronounce that Serbian
language but it is stupid to use it in any other language just as stupid it
would be to write Amerique (French for America) in any other language but
French.
Albanians claim that they lived in Kosovo and constituted majority since
ancient times but strangly they dont even have their own name for it.
But it is not more strange than claim that they were opressed and ethnicly
cleansed for century when Kosovo population was 30% Albanian at the begining
of the century and it is 90% now.
Genci Ymeri wrote in message
<7s18cd$l8m$1...@newssvr04-int.news.prodigy.com>...
>
><gim...@my-deja.com> wrote in message news:7s10f7$jbu$1...@nnrp1.deja.com...
>> What's going on here? What is the official name of that region anyway?
>Most
>> Americans say Kosovo. Why do Albanians say Kosova when they are speaking
>in
>> English? There should be only one name - THE ORIGINAL NAME. What is it?
>> Kosovo sounds a lot better to me and it's easier to pronounce. Wouldn't
it
>> sound funny if America was spoken as Americo instead?
>> Share what you know. Learn what you don't.
>
Don Parks
DAP
USA
gim...@my-deja.com wrote:
> What's going on here? What is the official name of that region anyway? Most
> Americans say Kosovo. Why do Albanians say Kosova when they are speaking in
> English? There should be only one name - THE ORIGINAL NAME. What is it?
> Kosovo sounds a lot better to me and it's easier to pronounce. Wouldn't it
> sound funny if America was spoken as Americo instead?
>
> Sent via Deja.com http://www.deja.com/
payton
Don Parks wrote in message <37E4B0C9...@nospam.com>...
>Kosova of course. Its official, even Clinton calls it Kosova.
>
:))))))))))))))))))
It is official, imbecile calls it!
I dont undertend that "even" in your sentence. Is that some geographical and
linguistic expert Clinton or the same old stupid lier and fucker of ugly
women?
payton
Zelko Raznjatovic wrote in message
<1999091903...@berlin.neuropa.net>...
>On Sun, 19 Sep 1999 03:37:29 +0200 "payton" <pay...@eunet.yu> wrote:
>
>>Kosovo polje (which is full name) means Field of Blackbird (Kos=Blackbird)
>>and it is Serbian word. Kosova is just how Albanians pronounce that
Serbian
>>word.
>>ancient times but strangly they dont even have their own name for it.
>
>
Actualy they did not and dont.
>It was Illyria, and now is Albania.
>
Illyria was much larger than Kosovo it was name of whole country not just
that region.
>>But it is not more strange than claim that they were opressed and ethnicly
>>cleansed for century when Kosovo population was 30% Albanian at the
begining
>>of the century and it is 90% now.
>--
>The nationality problems of the Kosovo region, desperately poor despite
>considerable mineral wealth, are centuries old and were exacerbated in
>both world wars. Originally the home of Serbia's founding dynasty in
>the 12th century, Kosovo lost most of its remaining Serbian population
>in the 17th century when the Serbs, Orthodox Christians, fled northward
>to distance themselves from the Ottoman Turks. Albanian tribesmen
>filled the vacuum; they now constitute more than four-fifths of the
>province's population.
>
"Now constitute more than four-fifths (80%) of the province's population."
NOW they constitute more than 95% after they have been ethnicly
cleansed?!?!?!?!?
"Albanians constitute more than three-quarters of the population of Kosovo,
an area that most Serbs consider to be their
cultural hearth. Serbs accounted for almost one-quarter of the population in
1961, but pressures from local Albanians
subsequently caused many to emigrate to Serbia; they now make up about
one-eighth of the people." - 1996 Encyclopaedia Britannica
"The rate of population increase differs markedly by region. Between the
censuses of 1971 and 1981, the total population of
Serbia grew 10 percent. However, within the republic, the Vojvodina had a
net growth of only 4 percent, and Kosovo
expanded by an astounding 27 percent. The latter's predominantly Albanian
population had a birth rate of 31 per 1,000
population in 1984, compared with an average of 14 per 1,000 for the rest of
the Serbian republic. According to the 1981
census, 52 percent of Kosovo's population was under 20 years of age,
compared with 27 percent in the rest of Serbia. A life
expectancy of 70 years is characteristic of all parts of the republic."
1996 Encyclopaedia Britannica
(You can be a good mathematician and count how many Albanians were there
before considering that 27% growt rate between 1971 and 1981)
>When the great powers agreed in 1913 to make Albania independent more
>or less within its present borders, they ceded Kosovo to the Serbian
>monarchy.
Yes, same old bullshit you write over and over. And I tell you all the time
that Kosovo couldnt be ceded to Serbia because it was part of Serbia.
Through history it was part of 5 countries: Roman Empire, Byzantum, Serbia,
Turkish Empire, (Serbia again) and Yugoslavia.
NEVER Albania!
It was a blow the Albanians have never forgotten, the more so
>because their own independence movement had begun in the Kosovo town of
>Prizren in 1878.
Albanian League,
in full LEAGUE FOR THE DEFENSE OF THE RIGHTS OF THE ALBANIAN NATION,
also called LEAGUE OF
PRIZREN, first Albanian nationalist organization. Formed at Prizren, Serbia,
on July 1, 1878, the league, initially supported
by the Turks (my comment: I would rather say created by Turks), tried to
influence the Congress of Berlin, which was formulating a peace settlement
following the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78 and which threatened to partition
Albania (then part of the Ottoman Empire) and transfer some of its districts
to Montenegro, Serbia, and Greece.
1996 Encyclopaedia Britannica
World War II brought more upheavals when Kosovo was
>handed to Mussolini's Italy by Germany and some Albanians enlisted out
>of gratitude on the Italian side. Retribution came when Tito's
>partisans entered the area, massacring suspected collaborators before
>the horrified eyes of their own Albanian Communist comrades in arms.
>
Not many Albanian communist comrades, far more in nazi "balija" death
squads.
Partisans killed far more Serbian and Croatian "suspected collaborators"
than Albanian.
Amigocabal
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>
>
>
>Don Parks wrote in message <37E4B0C9...@nospam.com>...
>>Kosova of course. Its official, even Clinton calls it Kosova.
>>
>
>:))))))))))))))))))
>It is official, imbecile calls it!
>
>I dont undertend that "even" in your sentence. Is that some geographical and
>linguistic expert Clinton or the same old stupid lier and fucker of ugly
>women?
right to insult the independent state of Kosova!
Amigocabal
gim...@my-deja.com
uch...@aol.com (UCHEKE) wrote:
> GRIMEAB, DO YOURSELF A FAVOR AND DON'T ASK STUPID QUESTIONS. THERE IS ONLY ONE
> WAY HOW TO SAY KOSOVA AND THATS WITH AN "A" IT BELONGS TO ALBANIANS AND TO
> CORRECTLY SAY IT IS THE ALBANIAN WAY. KOSOVA
>
hey that's my line.
Genci Ymeri
If you don't know nothing or a little about KosovA it's still ok, but when
you don't know and tell us that Kosovars people do not have their language
or their flag this is ridicules.
As one Serb explain to you that KOSOVO means "Black bird" this is because
our flag is with one black Eagle, and this flag had been to Albanians
Princes before Serbs to see KosovA for the first time.(or real name
Dardania)
According to that " football team" how do you think, while KosovA is
occupied by Serbs after WWII, do the Serbs allow that ? when in maintime
Serbs closed even Albanians schools ?
Genci Ymeri
Genci Ymeri
According to Serbs Historians and Bosniak historians always Albanians have
been majority in Dardania (or Kosova official name).
When Slavs came to Dardania Albanians gave to them ground to work, but after
while these emigrants became in number to be comparable with Albanians.
When Serbs and Albanians fought and lost together against Turks and Serbs
half of Turkish army was made by Serbs) they left Dardania (or Kosova)
because they were immigrants !!!!
> Albanians claim that they livedin Kosovo and constituted majority since
> ancient times but strangly they dont even have their own name for it.
firefly
How they can close the albanians schools if they don't exist, according the
mother of the war Albricht.Only one question, if was so much oppression from
the Serbs side, why the Kosovo Albanian not speak Serbs language?why they
speak only Albanian.Because everything is fabricated, lies and lies and lies
from the US and the CNN machine propaganda against the Serbs.If somebody is
oppresing the citizen it is the US, because they force everybody to speak
English, it is a funny, because the English language in the Us isn'ta
official language.Only 27 states addopted the law.
firefly
earth will have 12-19 kids, only the mishuge one!!!!
Genci Ymeri
don't listen CNN, Clinton or whatever you don't like !
Go and read Serbs historians before 1944 (or before nationalist communists
Serbs came)
PS :
Do you know that University of Prishtina were open before 1991 and after
Miloshe+vic came in power they closed that school ?
Genci Ymeri
It's the same size of liar !
firefly
I don't know Albanians with 122-199 children, but I know Albanians with
12-19 one family I know with 23 children they need school in they home.The
women looks like living dead!!!!
bobby davis
ONLY ONE WAY HOW TO SAY KOSOVA AND THATS WITH AN "A" IT BELONGS TO
ALBANIANS AND TO CORRECTLY SAY IT IS THE ALBANIAN WAY. KOSOVA>
UCHEKE, I don't think I'm asking stupid questions since you are now
taking the issue so seriously. Does it really make that much of a
difference? All I'm asking is why Americans still call the
region Kosovo instead of the "correct" way.
bobby davis
make the name official in Washington?
Genci Ymeri
firefly <hvi...@worldnet.att.net> wrote in message
news:7s3eoo$djj$1...@bgtnsc02.worldnet.att.net...
You don't know
>...... Albanians with 122-199 children ????? As a liar you should know
that !
It's amazing but you know everything which is not true for Albanians !
Genci Ymeri
UCHEKE, I don't think I'm asking stupid questions since you are now
taking the issue so seriously. Does it really make that much of a
difference? All I'm asking is why Americans still call the
region Kosovo instead of the "correct" way.>>>>>>>>>>>>>
Because if they say right now "KosovA" in the other hand for Serbs , Russia
& China that means independence of Dardania (or KosovA) witch China doesn't
like because of Taiwan problem & Russia doesn't like because Serb are Rassia
emigrants in Albania territory!
That's why !
PS
Dardania is Kosova Name when Serbs came as emigrants in Albanian territory
!
firefly
For Washington all name are the same.They don't know where is the Kosovo or
kosova, they don't see the differnet between Slovenia and Slovakia on
presconference Sen Biden mixed the two countries together like
mushrooms!!!!
payton
Dardania was in today's FRY Maceodnia.
Kosovo was in Roman times part of province Moesia just like rest of Serbia.
Evidence is below:
I checked Dardania in the Encyclopediae Britannica and I found:
SKOPJE
It became the capital of the district of Dardania (part of the Roman
province of Moesia Superior) under the emperor
Diocletian in the 4th century.
DARDANUS,
in Greek legend, the son of Zeus and the Pleiad Electra, mythical founder of
Dardania on the Hellespont. He was the ancestor
of the Dardans of the Troad and, through Aeneas, of the Romans.
BALKAN STATES
History of Serbia
The Illyrians were finally subdued in AD 9, and their land became the
province of Illyricum.
The area that is now eastern Serbia was conquered in 29 BC and incorporated
into the province of Moesia.
I also checked the maps in the Times Atlas Of World History and I saw just
what I knew: Kosovo was part of province Moesia, just like rest of Serbia.
Genci Ymeri wrote in message
<7s35ht$r82$1...@newssvr03-int.news.prodigy.com>...
>Ha, ha, ha
>
>>
>> >
>>
>> Illyria was much larger than Kosovo it was name of whole country not just
>> that region.
>>
>> >>But it is not more strange than claim that they were opressed and
>ethnicly
>> >>cleansed for century when Kosovo population was 30% Albanian at the
>> begining
>> >>of the century and it is 90% now.
payton
Genci Ymeri wrote in message
>Ok firefly,
>don't listen CNN, Clinton or whatever you don't like !
>
>Go and read Serbs historians before 1944 (or before nationalist communists
>Serbs came)
>
And you will find that they called Kosovo - Old Serbia.
By the way Blackbird is not Eagle. Find some book about the animals and
educate yourself.
>PS :
>Do you know that University of Prishtina were open before 1991 and after
>Miloshe+vic came in power they closed that school ?
>
I think that University of Pristina is still working. One profesor was
killed by Albanians couple of days after NATO came in Pristina.
Did you know that you could graduate on Pristina University on Albanian
language without knowing single word of Serbian???
Great majority of Albanian students boycotted University since 1991. because
it wasnt enough to them that they could graduate on University in foreign
country on their own language but they wanted to write their own program and
not work by state program that was same for all students in Serbia !?!?!
Nikoll A Mirakaj
> Dardania was in today's FRY Maceodnia.
> Kosovo was in Roman times part of province Moesia just like rest of Serbia.
>
> Evidence is below:
>
> I checked Dardania in the Encyclopediae Britannica and I found:
>
> SKOPJE
> It became the capital of the district of Dardania (part of the Roman
> province of Moesia Superior) under the emperor
> DARDANUS,
> in Greek legend, the son of Zeus and the Pleiad Electra, mythical founder of
> Dardania on the Hellespont. He was the ancestor
> of the Dardans of the Troad and, through Aeneas, of the Romans.
>
> BALKAN STATES
> History of Serbia
> The Illyrians were finally subdued in AD 9, and their land became the
> province of Illyricum.
> The area that is now eastern Serbia was conquered in 29 BC and incorporated
> into the province of Moesia.
>
>
> I also checked the maps in the Times Atlas Of World History and I saw just
> what I knew: Kosovo was part of province Moesia, just like rest of Serbia.
Nikoll A Mirakaj
Just go to Kosova and ask the Kosovars.
payton <pay...@eunet.yu> wrote in message
news:7s25f5$e6n$2...@SOLAIR2.EUnet.yu...
>
> Don Parks wrote in message <37E4B0C9...@nospam.com>...
> >Kosova of course. Its official, even Clinton calls it Kosova.
> >
>
> :))))))))))))))))))
> It is official, imbecile calls it!
>
> I dont undertend that "even" in your sentence. Is that some geographical
and
> linguistic expert Clinton or the same old stupid lier and fucker of ugly
> women?
>
> >DAP
> >
> >USA
> >
> >
> >
> >
> >gim...@my-deja.com wrote:
> >
> >> What's going on here? What is the official name of that region anyway?
> Most
> >> Americans say Kosovo. Why do Albanians say Kosova when they are
speaking
> in
> >> English? There should be only one name - THE ORIGINAL NAME. What is it?
> >> Kosovo sounds a lot better to me and it's easier to pronounce. Wouldn't
> it
> >> sound funny if America was spoken as Americo instead?
> >>
Alan
<7s4kf1$bqc$1...@winter.news.rcn.net>:
>Just go to Kosova and ask the Kosovars.
I suspect that well within the next 5 years, we will all write "Kosova"
the Albanian way). Till then, for those who respect international law, it
remains "Kosovo" (the Serb way).
Amigocabal
Amigocabal
- Excerpts -
Pursuant to the Programme and the Statute, adopted at the founding
convention in Kragujevac on 23 February 1991, and in line with the
traditions of the Serb Radicals and our great ideological founding
father Nikola Pasic as well as the best freedom-loving and patriotic
aspirations of the people it belongs to, the Serb Radical Party, acting
as an expressly democratic political organization under the conditions
of the pluralistic system and opting exclusively for peaceful methods
of the political struggle, announces to the entire Serbhood and the
world at large that our fundamental political goals are as follows:
I - The restoration of the free, independent and democratic Serb State
in the Balkans, to enfold the integral Serbhood, all Serb lands, which
means that within its boundaries it shall have, in addition to the
present granted (octroyee) Serbian federal unit, the Serb Macedonia,
the Serb Montenegro, the Serb Bosnia, the Serb Herzegovina, the Serb
Dubrovnik, the Serb Dalmatia, the Serb Lika, the Serb Kordun, the Serb
Banija, the Serb Slavonia, and the Serb Baranja.(...)
5. The achievement of the full national, spiritual, cultural, economic
and political unity of the Serb people, as well as mutual understanding
and solidarity of the Orthodox Serbs, the Muslim Serbs, the Catholic
Serbs and the Protestant Serbs. This also presumes the final
termination of the civil war, which the communists imposed on Serbia
half a century ago.
6. The reassertion of the traditional role of the Serb Orthodox Church
in the Serb people; the restitution of all property seized from the
Church, and its strengthening as an all-Serb institution, which is
above all the parties and does not interfere in the relations between
the parties. . .
24. The restoration of the Serb national spirituality, based on Saint
Savism, by ensuring all religious freedoms and rights, the principle of
religious tolerance and prevention of the state control over the Church
activities. In line with this, we are pledged to an immediate
elimination of all effects of the communist demolition of the Serb
Orthodox Church, revival of its spiritual and organizational unity,
return of its Macedonian wing, artificially torn away, and overcoming
of the overseas schism.
25. The suppression of the Albanian separatist insurgence in Kosovo and
Metohija by all available means, and in order to the relapse of that
insurgence impossible, we are pledged to an immediate implementation of
the following measures:
- to efficiently preclude the establishment of any form of the Kosovo-
Metohija political territorial autonomy,
- to expel without delay all 360 thousand Albanian emigrants and their
descendants,
- to prevent any state financial subsidies of the Albanian national
minority, and to divert the funds formerly allotted for the purpose, to
the exclusive financing of the Serb return to Kosovo and Metohija,
- to proclaim the state of war in Kosovo and Metohija and institute
military government for not less than ten years,
- to immediately disband the local agencies of civilian authority and
institutions financed from the state budget, which operate in the
Albanian language, such as the University, The Academy of Sciences and
Arts, book and newspaper publishers and the like,
- to immediately shut down and conserve all factories and other
production units, which operate uneconomically because of the
systematic sabotage of employed Shiptars,
- to issue emigration passports to all Shiptars, who express such wish,
- as it has transpired that Albania is a state lastingly hostile to
Serbia, a belt 20 to 50 km wide as the crow flies along the Albanian
border is to be proclaimed an area of strategic importance for our
country, and all members of the Shiptar national minority are to be
moved from it, with a fair financial compensation,
-all Shiptars, who hold Serbian citizenship and reside abroad, acting
from separatist positions there, must be immediately deprived of the
Serbian citizenship and forbidden to return,
- all Shiptar social benefits, notably those stimulating an excessive
birth rate, must be abolished immediately,
- forcible collection of outstanding communal dues must be undertaken
without delay, and tenants, defaulting on their rent, while living in
flats owned by the state, must be evicted,
- the real property of Kosovo-Metohija Serbs, which was seized from
them by the fascist occupier or the Titoist communist regime, is to be
returnedimmediately to its legitimate owners or their heirs,
- to hold no parliamentary elections in that territory until the ethnic
structure of the population is restored to the ratio which existed on c
April 1941,
- all military and police academies and all military institutions which
are not directly connected with the command of individual military
districts, as well as a whole series of other state institutions, need
to be relocated to the territory of Kosovo and Metohija, whereby we
shall provide the conditions for the resettlement of dozens of
thousands of officers, non-commissioned officers, policemen, civil
servants, their family members and the overall accompanying
infrastructure. All Serbs, desirous of living in that territory, need
to be given, free of charge, ownership rights over agricultural land
and lots to build their family houses and industrial facilities. To all
those who move their business headquarters and production units to
these lands of ours, and employ there not less than ten workers, we
shall offer as a crucial benefit, the exemption from all taxes for not
less than ten years,
- to all workers who get jobs in Kosovo and Metohija are to be
guaranteed average salaries, twice as high as the average salary in
other parts of Serbia,
- retired officers, non-commissioned officers, policemen and civil
servants are to be offered as well-furnished and spacious flats as
possible in the territory of Kosovo and Metohija, as the lasting
solution of their housing problems,
- the conditions of the studies in the Serb language at the Pristina
university are to be made as favorable as possible.
In our struggle for an efficient and comprehensive operationalisation
of this programme declaration, we advocate the co-operation and unity
of all Serb national democratic organizations, and we support in
particular the political efforts of the Serb Democratic Party in the
territory of the presentday Croatia, the Serb Democratic Party of
Bosnia and Herzegovina and the National Party of Montenegro,
considering them true and worthy champions of the interests of the Serb
people in the territories in which they operate. We wholeheartedly
support the efforts of the Serb Krajina and the Serb National Council
to take the local Serb people out of the control and tyranny of the
newly-established ustashi authority.
In Belgrade, 3 March 1991
Steering Committee Serb Radical Party
================
From "the Radicalisation of the Serbian Society" book published by the
Helsinki Committee in Serbia in 1997
Submitted by
Nalini Lasiewicz
--
La libertad, o muerto!
Amigocabal
Genci Ymeri
payton <pay...@eunet.yu> wrote in message
Nikoll A Mirakaj
them to affect us it would invalidate your prediction , which I think is a
correct one. Radio Free Europe has already officially adopted the name
Kosova ,and international law was not able to prevent it. Bill Clinton has
already used the Albanian pronunciation as well.
Alan <Al...@skynet.be> wrote in message
news:8E475A181A...@news.skynet.be...
payton
Nikoll A Mirakaj wrote in message <7s4jsr$954$1...@winter.news.rcn.net>...
payton <pay...@eunet.yu> wrote in message
news:7s4epa$ihu$2...@SOLAIR2.EUnet.yu...
> Dardania was not Kosovo. Skoplje was capital of Dardania which means that
> Dardania was in today's FRY Maceodnia.
> Kosovo was in Roman times part of province Moesia just like rest of
Serbia.
>
> Evidence is below:
>
> I checked Dardania in the Encyclopediae Britannica and I found:
>
> SKOPJE
> It became the capital of the district of Dardania (part of the Roman
> province of Moesia Superior) under the emperor
> Diocletian (Another Illyrian) in the 4th century.
Skup (Skopje) was historically part of an Albanian inhabited territory
contiguos to Kosova.
It was inhabited by Illyrians. Illyrians are ancestors of Albanians but that
isnt same. No Irish would be such fool to write that Irish people lived in
Yugoslavia just because Celts did. Celts founded Belgrade. Maybe they should
get it, right?
I was proving a point that Dardania is not Kosovo.
>
> DARDANUS,
> in Greek legend, the son of Zeus and the Pleiad Electra, mythical founder
of
> Dardania on the Hellespont. He was the ancestor
> of the Dardans of the Troad and, through Aeneas, of the Romans.
>
> BALKAN STATES
> History of Serbia
> The Illyrians were finally subdued in AD 9, and their land became the
> province of Illyricum.
> The area that is now eastern Serbia was conquered in 29 BC and
incorporated
> into the province of Moesia.
>
>
> I also checked the maps in the Times Atlas Of World History and I saw just
> what I knew: Kosovo was part of province Moesia, just like rest of Serbia.
But there were no Serbs there then, only Illyrians, the progenitors of
today's Albanians from Albania Kosova and FYROM.
That is not true. Albanians are not and couldnt be descendants of ALL
Illyrian tribes. They are descendants of Illyrian tribes that lived in
Albania. And just like Irish people cant ask to gain France because Celts
lived there, Albanians cant ask for all Illlyrian land. (they cant anyway)
Fact that Serbs have not lived there than is undisputed. I just wrote that
Kosovo was part of same province that Serbia was.
payton
and that it is incorrect to write it in Albanian way unless you are speaking
or writing in Albanian language. It is perfectly correct and OK if Albanians
use it.
Nikoll A Mirakaj wrote in message <7s5pbh$qfa$1...@winter.news.rcn.net>...
Genci Ymeri
payton <pay...@eunet.yu> wrote in message
news:7s4epa$ihu$2...@SOLAIR2.EUnet.yu...
Nikoll A Mirakaj
> Nikoll A Mirakaj wrote in message <7s4jsr$954$1...@winter.news.rcn.net>...
> > Dardania was in today's FRY Maceodnia.
> > Kosovo was in Roman times part of province Moesia just like rest of
> Serbia.
> >
> > Evidence is below:
> >
> > I checked Dardania in the Encyclopediae Britannica and I found:
> >
> > SKOPJE
> > It became the capital of the district of Dardania (part of the Roman
> > province of Moesia Superior) under the emperor
>
> Skup (Skopje) was historically part of an Albanian inhabited territory
> contiguos to Kosova.
>
> It was inhabited by Illyrians. Illyrians are ancestors of Albanians but that
> isnt same. No Irish would be such fool to write that Irish people lived in
> Yugoslavia just because Celts did. Celts founded Belgrade. Maybe they should
> get it, right?
> I was proving a point that Dardania is not Kosovo.
>
> >
> > in Greek legend, the son of Zeus and the Pleiad Electra, mythical founder
> of
> > Dardania on the Hellespont. He was the ancestor
> > of the Dardans of the Troad and, through Aeneas, of the Romans.
> >
> > BALKAN STATES
> > History of Serbia
> > The Illyrians were finally subdued in AD 9, and their land became the
> > province of Illyricum.
> > The area that is now eastern Serbia was conquered in 29 BC and
> incorporated
> > into the province of Moesia.
> >
> >
> > I also checked the maps in the Times Atlas Of World History and I saw just
> > what I knew: Kosovo was part of province Moesia, just like rest of Serbia.
>
Nikoll A Mirakaj
called by the Serb version iinternationally, opposed to the actual
inhabitants of Kosova , in order to honor Serb soveranty at the time, but
things are changing , and soon it will be recognized officially as Kosova,
black birds of yohgurt notwithstanding.
payton <pay...@eunet.yu> wrote in message
Don Parks
The majority of the media still calls it kosovo but that will change in a
matter of time. I think that most of us will eventually realize that Kosova
rightfully belongs (and always did) to Albania, and in the Kosovar's honer
will call it Kosova like it should be called. The fact that President Clinton
calls it this way is a good start. I will point out that CNN was doing a good
job calling the northern Fyrom cities the proper way: Skopyeah, Tetova and
Kumanova. These cities always were Albanian.
DAP
USA
bobby davis wrote:
> <GRIMEAB, DO YOURSELF A FAVOR AND DON'T ASK STUPID QUESTIONS. THERE IS
> ONLY ONE WAY HOW TO SAY KOSOVA AND THATS WITH AN "A" IT BELONGS TO
> ALBANIANS AND TO CORRECTLY SAY IT IS THE ALBANIAN WAY. KOSOVA>
> --------------------------------------------------------------------------
firefly
You are right if the screw up Blythe call Kosova, why not screw up like you,
do the same!!!!! Two of the screw up si better like one screw up!!!!!
Paige
payton wrote in message <7s4epc$ihu$3...@SOLAIR2.EUnet.yu>...
>
>Genci Ymeri wrote in message
>>Ok firefly,
>>don't listen CNN, Clinton or whatever you don't like !
>>
>>Go and read Serbs historians before 1944 (or before nationalist communists
>>Serbs came)
>>
>
>And you will find that they called Kosovo - Old Serbia.
>By the way Blackbird is not Eagle. Find some book about the animals and
>educate yourself.
>
>>PS :
>>Do you know that University of Prishtina were open before 1991 and after
>>Miloshe+vic came in power they closed that school ?
>>
>
>I think that University of Pristina is still working. One profesor was
>killed by Albanians couple of days after NATO came in Pristina.
>
>Did you know that you could graduate on Pristina University on Albanian
>language without knowing single word of Serbian???
HOW MANY ALBANIANS SURVIVED TO GRADUATE?
Paige
firefly wrote in message <7s6mnc$6lg$1...@bgtnsc01.worldnet.att.net>...
Paige
WHY NOT LEAVE IT UP TO THE REAL OWNERS OF KOSOVA, KOSOVARS DECIDE WHAT THEY
WANT TO CALL IT!
payton
Paige wrote in message <2txF3.1326$H62....@news2.mia>...
All Albanian intelectuals from Kosovo.
payton
Serbs existed in their ancestor land whish is somewhere in Russia.
Nis was not full of Albanians.
I dont understend that "of Albania, of Kosovo..."
Are you talking with yourself?
Nikoll A Mirakaj wrote in message <7s69bn$dom$1...@winter.news.rcn.net>...
payton
Zeljko Raznjatovic wrote in message
<1999092022...@berlin.neuropa.net>...
>On Mon, 20 Sep 1999 21:15:43 +0200 "payton" <pay...@eunet.yu> wrote:
>
>>It is not matter of laws, or who use it. Fact is that it ia Serbian word,
>>and that it is incorrect to write it in Albanian way unless you are
speaking
>>or writing in Albanian language. It is perfectly correct and OK if
Albanians
>>use it.
>
>Since the overwhelming majority of the residents use "Kosova", that is
>the most correct usage for outsiders.
>
So why is New Mexico called like that and not Nuovo Mejico?
Why do you write Germany and not Deutchland?
You dont have a clue about what you are writing, right?
There is only one grammaticaly correct way and that is Kosovo since that is
both original word and English translation of that word (you can chose).
Kosova is Albanian translation of that Serbian word and if you dont write or
speak in Albanian language, it is not grammaticaly correct to write or say
Kosova.
I am very sorry that your education was so bad (and that your president is
not educated) so I have to teach you when your teachers failed.
Alan
>So why is New Mexico called like that and not Nuovo Mejico?
>Why do you write Germany and not Deutchland?
>You dont have a clue about what you are writing, right?
>There is only one grammaticaly correct way and that is Kosovo since that
>is both original word and English translation of that word (you can
>chose). Kosova is Albanian translation of that Serbian word and if you
>dont write or speak in Albanian language, it is not grammaticaly correct
>to write or say Kosova.
>I am very sorry that your education was so bad (and that your president
>is not educated) so I have to teach you when your teachers failed.
If we abstain ourselves from getting mixed up in the nationalist issues at
stake behind this semantic debate, it should be possible to agree on the
following:
1. The current name by which that territory is refered to in all
official international documents is "Kosovo";
2. International conventions for naming territories may vary through the
years: some territories radically change names by changing status (check
out what happened to Tchecoslovaquia, to BRD-DDR, etc); some territories
obtain a rewriting of their international denomination following their own
conventions (Moldavia is now refered to as Moldova for example, there are
plenty of others);
3. Each language has its own conventions for naming territories: "Pays-Bas"
has little to do with "Netherlands"(old translation), "Allemagne" has
nothing to do with "Germany" or "Duitsland", etc...;
4. Therefore there is no reason not to admit the fact that the
international convention naming the territory we are discussing here might
very well differ from what it is today. That does not mean that everybody's
writing habits will change overnight. For simple reasons: in French it is
easier to pronounce "Kosovo" than "Kosova", habits are difficult to get rid
of, international conventions do not necessarily impose themselves on
national traditions, etc, etc.
Judging by the objective facts on the ground today, it seems very
reasonable to think that within the coming 5 years there will be an
internationally recognised entity that will be refered to officialy as
"Kosova". I'm sure Mr Clinton is perfectly aware of his language when he
decides to precede that formal change.
Not pretending this is good or bad or that it means black bird or eagle or
nothing.....
Nikoll A Mirakaj
> Serbs existed in their ancestor land whish is somewhere in Russia.
> Nis was not full of Albanians.
> I dont understend that "of Albania, of Kosovo..."
> Are you talking with yourself?
>
Goran
contiguos to Kosova.
G: Says you.....
But there were no Serbs there then, only Illyrians, the progenitors of
today's Albanians from Albania Kosova and FYROM.
G: First, you have to prove Albanians are descendants of Illyrians. And then
we will give you back your land. After USA gives back land to Indians and
after you pay us all investments we had in the land for last 1200 years.
Goran
be civilized. They also do not hide who is responsible for the troubles.
Am I only one that minds it?
Genci Ymeri <joh...@prodigy.net> wrote in message
news:7s63rq$smk$2...@newssvr03-int.news.prodigy.com...
Nikoll A Mirakaj
The Illyrians, bearers of the Hallstatt culture (see Hallstatt ), were divided into tribes, each a self-governing community with a council of elders and a chosen leader. A strong tribal chieftain, however, could unite several tribes into a kingdom. The last and best-known Illyrian kingdom had its capital at Scodra (modern Shkodër, Albania). One of its most important rulers was King Agron (second half of the 3rd century BC), who, in alliance with Demetrius II of Macedonia, defeated the Aetolians (231). Agron, however, died suddenly, and during the minority of his son, his widow, Teuta, acted as regent. Queen Teuta attacked Sicily and the Greek colonies of the coast with part of the Illyrian navy. Simultaneously, she antagonized Rome, which finally sent a large fleet to the eastern shores of the Adriatic. Although Teuta submitted in 228, the Illyrian kingdom of the interior was not destroyed, and a second naval expedition was sent against Illyria in 219. Philip V of Macedonia aided his Illyrian neighbours and thus started a protracted war that ended with the conquest of the whole Balkan Peninsula by the Romans. The last Illyrian king, Genthius, surrendered in 168 BC. (see also Index: Roman Republic and Empire)
The Roman province of Illyricum stretched from the Drilon River (the Drin, in modern Albania) in the south to Istria (modern Slovenia and Croatia) in the north and to the Savus (Sava) River in the east; its administrative centre was Salonae (near present-day Split) in Dalmatia. With the extension of the Roman Empire along the Danube River valley, Illyricum was divided between the provinces of Dalmatia and Pannonia (qq.v.).
Under the empire Illyria enjoyed a high degree of prosperity. It was traversed by a Roman road, and Illyria's ports served as important trade and transit links between Rome and what is now eastern Europe. Copper, asphalt, and silver were mined in parts of the region, and Illyrian wine, oil, cheese, and fish were exported to Italy.
Since the semiautonomous clansmen of the Illyrian highlands were hardy warriors, it was inevitable that the emperors should recruit them to serve with the Roman legions and even the Praetorian Guard. When in the 3rd century BC the empire began to be threatened by the barbarian peoples of what are now eastern and central Europe, Illyricum became a principal military bulwark of Rome and its culture in the ancient world. Several of the most outstanding emperors of the late Roman Empire were of Illyrian origin, including Claudius II Gothicus, Aurelian, Diocletian, and Constantine the Great, most of whom were chosen by their own troops on the battlefield and later acclaimed by the Senate.
In AD 395 the empire was finally divided, and Illyria east of the Drinus River (the Drina, in modern Yugoslavia) became part of the Eastern Empire. Between the 3rd and the 5th century it was devastated by the Visigoths and the Huns, who, however, left no lasting mark on Illyria. But the Slavs, who started their incursions into the Balkan Peninsula in the 6th century, had by the end of the 7th century transformed the ethnic structure of all the Illyrian-speaking territories. Croatia, Serbia, Dalmatia, Bosnia, Montenegro, and parts of Macedonia lost their Illyrian language and were thoroughly Slavonized, so that only the Albanians remain as direct descendants of the ancient Illyrians. For the later history of the region, "
"Roughly parallel with the rise of Greek colonies, Illyrian tribes began to evolve politically from relatively small and simple entities into larger and more complex ones. At first they formed temporary alliances with one another for defensive or offensive purposes, then federations and, still later, kingdoms. The most important of these kingdoms, which flourished from the 5th to the 2nd century BC, were those of the Enkalayes, the Taulantes, the Epirotes, and the Ardianes.
After warring for the better part of the 4th century BC against the expansionist Macedonian state of Philip II and Alexander the Great, the Illyrians faced a greater threat from the growing power of the Romans. Seeing Illyrian territory as a bridgehead for conquests east of the Adriatic, Rome in 229 BC attacked and defeated the Illyrians, led by Queen Teuta, and by 168 BC established effective control over Illyria. (see also Index: Roman Republic and Empire)
The Roman Empire.
The Romans ruled Illyria--which now became the province of Illyricum--for about six centuries. Under Roman rule Illyrian society underwent great change, especially in its outward, material aspect. Art and culture flourished, particularly in Apollonia, whose school of philosophy became celebrated in antiquity. To a great extent, though, the Illyrians resisted assimilation into Roman culture. Illyrian culture survived, along with the Illyrian tongue, though many Latin words entered the language and later became a part of the Albanian language. "
The Byzantine Empire.
"From Illyria to Albania."
"When the Roman Empire divided into east and west in 395, the territories of modern Albania became part of the Byzantine Empire. As in the Roman Empire, some Illyrians rose to positions of eminence in the new empire. Three of the emperors who shaped the early history of Byzantium (reigning from 491 to 565) were of Illyrian origin: Anastasius I, Justin I, and--the most celebrated of Byzantine emperors--Justinian I.
In the first decades under Byzantine rule (until 461), Illyria suffered the devastation of raids by Visigoths, Huns, and Ostrogoths. Not long after these barbarian invaders swept through the Balkans, the Slavs appeared. Between the 6th and 8th centuries they settled in Illyrian territories and proceeded to assimilate Illyrian tribes in much of what is now Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Serbia. The tribes of southern Illyria, however--including modern Albania--averted assimilation and preserved their native tongue.
In the course of several centuries, under the impact of Roman, Byzantine, and Slavic cultures, the tribes of southern Illyria underwent a transformation, and a transition occurred from the old Illyrian population to a new Albanian one. As a consequence, from the 8th to the 11th century, the name Illyria gradually gave way to the name, first mentioned in the 2nd century AD by the geographer Ptolemy of Alexandria, of the Albanoi tribe, which inhabited what is now central Albania. From a single tribe the name spread to include the rest of the country as Arbëri and, finally, Albania. The genesis of Albanian nationality apparently occurred at this time as the Albanian people became aware that they shared a common territory, name, language, and cultural heritage. (Scholars have not been able to determine the origin of Shqipëria, the Albanians' own name for their land, which is believed to have supplanted the name Albania during the 16th and 17th centuries. It probably was derived from shqipe, or "eagle," which, modified into shqipëria, became "the land of the eagle.")
Long before that event, Christianity had become the established religion in Albania, supplanting pagan polytheism and eclipsing for the most part the humanistic world outlook and institutions inherited from the Greek and Roman civilizations. But, though the country was in the fold of Byzantium, Albanian Christians remained under the jurisdiction of the Roman pope until 732. In that year the iconoclast Byzantine emperor Leo III, angered by Albanian archbishops because they had supported Rome in the Iconoclastic Controversy, detached the Albanian church from the Roman pope and placed it under the patriarch of Constantinople. When the Christian church split in 1054 between the East and Rome, southern Albania retained its tie to Constantinople while northern Albania reverted to the jurisdiction of Rome. This split in the Albanian church marked the first significant religious fragmentation of the country. "
"Medieval culture."
"In the latter part of the Middle Ages, Albanian urban society reached a high point of development. Foreign commerce flourished to such an extent that leading Albanian merchants had their own agencies in Venice, Ragusa (modern Dubrovnik, Croatia), and Thessalonica (now Thessaloníki, Greece). The prosperity of the cities also stimulated the development of education and the arts.
Albanian, however, was not the language used in schools, churches, and official government transactions. Instead, Greek and Latin, which had the powerful support of the state and the church, were the official languages of culture and literature.
The new administrative system of the themes, or military provinces created by the Byzantine Empire, contributed to the eventual rise of feudalism in Albania, as peasant soldiers who served military lords became serfs on their landed estates. Among the leading families of the Albanian feudal nobility were the Thopias, Balshas, Shpatas, Muzakas, Aranitis, Dukagjinis, and Kastriotis. The first three of these rose to become rulers of principalities that were practically independent of Byzantium."
"The decline of Byzantium."
"Owing partly to the weakness of the Byzantine Empire, Albania, beginning in the 9th century, came under the domination, in whole or in part, of a succession of foreign powers: Bulgarians, Norman crusaders, the Angevins of southern Italy, Serbs, and Venetians. The final occupation of the country in 1347 by the Serbs, led by Stefan Dusan, caused massive migrations of Albanians abroad, especially to Greece and the Aegean islands. By the mid-14th century, Byzantine rule had come to an end in Albania, after nearly 1,000 years.
A few decades later the country was confronted with a new threat, that of the Turks, who at this juncture were expanding their power in the Balkans. The Ottoman Turks invaded Albania in 1388 and completed the occupation of the country about four decades later (1430). But after 1443 an Albanian of military genius--Gjergj Kastrioti (1405-68), known as Skanderbeg--rallied the Albanian princes and succeeded in driving the occupiers out. For the next 25 years, operating out of his stronghold in the mountain town of Krujë, Skanderbeg frustrated every attempt by the Turks to regain Albania, which they envisioned as a springboard for the invasion of Italy and western Europe. His unequal fight against the mightiest power of the time won the esteem of Europe as well as some support in the form of money and military aid from Naples, the papacy, Venice, and Ragusa. After he died, Albanian resistance gradually collapsed, enabling the Turks to reoccupy the country by 1506.
Skanderbeg's long struggle to keep Albania free became highly significant to the Albanian people, as it strengthened their solidarity, made them more conscious of their national identity, and served later as a great source of inspiration in their struggle for national unity, freedom, and independence. "
" The Ottoman Empire "
The nature of Turkish rule.
"The Turks established their dominion over Albania just as the Renaissance began to unfold in Europe, so that, cut off from contact and exchanges with western Europe, Albania had no chance to participate in, or benefit from, the humanistic achievements of that era. Conquest also caused great suffering and vast destruction of the country's economy, commerce, art, and culture. Moreover, to escape persecution by their conquerors, about one-fourth of the country's population fled abroad to southern Italy, Sicily, and the Dalmatian coast.
Although the Turks ruled Albania for more than four centuries, they were unable to extend their authority throughout the country. In the highland regions Turkish authorities exercised only a formal sovereignty, as the highlanders refused to pay taxes, serve in the army, or surrender their arms--although they did pay an annual tribute to Constantinople.
Albanians rose in rebellion time and again against Ottoman occupation. In order to check the ravages of Albanian resistance--which was partly motivated by religious feelings, namely, defense of the Christian faith--as well as to bring Albania spiritually closer to Turkey, the Ottomans initiated a systematic drive toward the end of the 16th century to Islamize the population. This drive continued through the following century, by the end of which two-thirds of the people had converted to Islam. A major reason Albanians became Muslims was to escape Turkish violence and exploitation, an instance of which was a crushing tax that Christians would have to pay if they refused to convert.
Islamization aggravated the religious fragmentation of Albanian society, which had first appeared in the Middle Ages and which was later used by Constantinople and Albania's neighbours in attempts to divide and denationalize the Albanian people. Hence leaders of the Albanian national movement in the 19th century used the rallying cry "The religion of Albanians is Albanianism" in order to overcome religious divisions and foster national unity.
The basis of Ottoman rule in Albania was a feudalmilitary system of landed estates, called timars, which were awarded to military lords for loyalty and service to the empire. As Ottoman power began to decline in the 18th century, the central authority of the empire in Albania gave way to the local authority of autonomy-minded lords. The most successful of these lords were three generations of pashas of the Bushati family, who dominated most of northern Albania from 1757 to 1831, and Ali Pasa Tepelenë; of Janina (now Ioánnina, Greece), a colourful Oriental-type despot who ruled over southern Albania and northern Greece from 1788 to 1822. These pashas created separate states within the Ottoman state until they were overthrown by the sultan.
After the fall of the pashas, in 1831 Turkey officially abolished the timar system. In the wake of its collapse, economic and social power passed from the feudal lords to private landowning beys and, in the northern highlands, to tribal chieftains called bajraktars, who presided over given territories with rigid patriarchal societies that were often torn by blood feuds. Peasants who were formerly serfs now worked on the estates of the beys as tenant farmers.
Ottoman rule in Albania remained backward and oppressive to the end. In these circumstances, many Albanians went abroad in search of careers and advancement within the empire, and an unusually large number of them, in proportion to Albania's population, rose to positions of prominence as government and military leaders. More than two dozen grand viziers (similar to prime ministers) of Turkey were of Albanian origin. "
"Albanian nationalism".
"By the mid-19th century Turkey was in the throes of the "Eastern Question," as the peoples of the Balkans, including Albanians, sought to realize their national aspirations. To defend and promote their national interests, Albanians met in Prizren, a town in Kosovo, in 1878 and founded the Albanian League. The league had two main goals, one political and the other cultural. First, it strove (unsuccessfully) to unify all Albanian territories--at the time divided among the four vilayets, or provinces, of Kosovo, Shkodër, Monastir, and Janina--into one autonomous state within the framework of the Ottoman Empire. Second, it spearheaded a movement to develop Albanian language, literature, education, and culture. In line with the second program, in 1908 Albanian leaders met in the town of Monastir (now Bitola, Macedonia) and adopted a national alphabet. Based mostly on the Latin script, this supplanted several other alphabets, including Arabic and Greek, that were in use until then. (see also Index: Latin alphabet)
The Albanian League was suppressed by the Turks in 1881, in part because they were alarmed by its strong nationalistic orientation. By then, however, the league had become a powerful symbol of Albania's national awakening, and its ideas and objectives fueled the drive that culminated later in national independence.
When the Young Turks, who seized power in Istanbul in 1908, ignored their commitments to Albanians to institute democratic reforms and to grant autonomy, Albanians embarked on an armed struggle, which, at the end of three years (1910-12), forced the Turks to agree, in effect, to grant their demands. Alarmed at the prospect of Albanian autonomy, Albania's Balkan neighbours, who had already made plans to partition the region, declared war on Turkey in October 1912, and Greek, Serbian, and Montenegrin armies advanced into Albanian territories.
To prevent the annihilation of the country, Albanian national delegates met at a congress in Vlorë. They were led by Ismail Qemal, an Albanian who had held several high positions in the Ottoman government. On Nov. 28, 1912, the congress issued the Vlorë proclamation, which declared Albania's independence. "
"Independent Albania."
Creating the new state.
"Shortly after the defeat of Turkey by the Balkan allies, a conference of ambassadors of the Great Powers (Britain, Germany, Russia, Austria-Hungary, France, and Italy) convened in London in December 1912 to settle the outstanding issues raised by the conflict. With support given to the Albanians by Austria-Hungary and Italy, the conference agreed to create an independent state of Albania. But, in drawing the borders of the new state, owing to strong pressure from Albania's neighbours, the Great Powers largely ignored demographic realities and ceded the vast region of Kosovo to Serbia, while, in the south, Greece was given the greater part of Çamëria, a part of the old region of Epirus centred on the Thíamis River. Many observers doubted whether the new state would be viable with about one-half of Albanian lands and population left outside its borders, especially since these lands were the most productive in food grains and livestock. On the other hand, a small community of about 35,000 ethnic Greeks was included within Albania's borders. "
"Thereafter, Kosovo and the Greek minority remained troublesome issues in Albanian-Greek and Albanian-Yugoslav relations.
The Great Powers also appointed a German prince, Wilhelm zu Wied, as ruler of Albania. Wilhelm arrived in Albania in March 1914, but his unfamiliarity with Albania and its problems, compounded by complications arising from the outbreak of World War I, led him to depart from Albania six months later. The war plunged the country into a new crisis, as the armies of Austria-Hungary, France, Italy, Greece, Montenegro, and Serbia invaded and occupied it. Left without any political leadership or authority, the country was in chaos, and its very fate hung in the balance. At the Paris Peace Conference after the war, the extinction of Albania was averted largely through the efforts of U.S. President Woodrow Wilson, who vetoed a plan by Britain, France, and Italy to partition Albania among its neighbours.
A national congress, held in Lushnje in January 1920, laid the foundations of a new government. In December of that year Albania, this time with the help of Britain, gained admission to the League of Nations, thereby winning for the first time international recognition as a sovereign nation and state. "
"Bishop Noli and King Zog."
"At the start of the 1920s, Albanian society was divided by two apparently irreconcilable forces. One, made up mainly of deeply conservative landowning beys and tribal bajraktars who were tied to the Ottoman and feudal past, was led by Ahmed Bey Zogu, a chieftain from the Mat region of north-central Albania. The other, made up of liberal intellectuals, democratic politicians, and progressive merchants who looked to the West and wanted to modernize and Westernize Albania, was led by Fan S. Noli, an American-educated bishop of the Orthodox church. In the event, this East-West polarization of Albanian society was of such magnitude and complexity that neither leader could master and overcome it.
In the unusually open and free political, social, and cultural climate that prevailed in Albania between 1920 and 1924, the liberal forces gathered strength, and, by mid-1924, a popular revolt forced Zogu to flee to Yugoslavia. Installed as prime minister of the new government in June 1924, Noli set out to build a Western-style democracy in Albania, and toward that end he announced a radical program of land reform and modernization. But his vacillation in carrying out the program, coupled with a depleted state treasury and a failure to obtain international recognition for his revolutionary, left-of-centre government, quickly alienated most of Noli's supporters, and six months later he was overthrown by an armed assault led by Zogu and aided by Yugoslavia.
Zogu began his 14-year reign in Albania--first as president (1925-28), then as King Zog I (1928-39)--in a country rife with political and social instability. Greatly in need of foreign aid and credit in order to stabilize the country, Zog signed a number of accords with Italy. These provided transitory financial relief to Albania, but they effected no basic change in its economy, especially under the conditions of the Great Depression of the 1930s. Italy, on the other hand, viewed Albania primarily as a bridgehead for military expansion into the Balkans. On April 7, 1939, Italy invaded and shortly after occupied the country. King Zog fled to Greece.
The social base of Zog's power was a coalition of southern beys and northern bajraktars. With the support of this coalition--plus a vast Oriental bureaucracy, an efficient police force, and Italian money--King Zog brought a large measure of stability to Albania. He extended the authority of the government to the highlands, reduced the brigandage that had formerly plagued the country, laid the foundations of a modern educational system, and took a few steps to Westernize Albanian social life. On balance, however, his achievements were outweighed by his failures. Although formally a constitutional monarch, in reality Zog was a dictator, and Albania under him experienced the fragile stability of a dictatorship. Zog failed to resolve Albania's fundamental problem, that of land reform, leaving the peasantry as impoverished as before. In order to stave off famine, the government had to import food grains annually, but, even so, thousands of people migrated abroad in search of a better life. Moreover, Zog denied democratic freedoms to Albanians and created conditions that spawned periodic revolts against his regime, alienated most of the educated class, fomented labour unrest, and led to the formation of the first communist groups in the country. "
"World War II."
"Using Albania as a military base, in October 1940, Italian forces invaded Greece, but they were quickly thrown back into Albania. After Nazi Germany defeated Greece and Yugoslavia in 1941, the regions of Kosovo and Çamëria were joined to Albania, thus creating an ethnically united Albanian state. The new state lasted until November 1944, when the Germans--who had replaced the Italian occupation forces following Italy's surrender in 1943--withdrew from Albania. Kosovo was then reincorporated into the Serbian part of Yugoslavia, and Çamëria into Greece.
Meanwhile, the various communist groups that had germinated in Zog's Albania merged in November 1941 to form the Albanian Communist Party and began to fight the occupiers as a unified resistance force. After a successful struggle against the fascists and two other resistance groups--the National Front (Balli Kombëtar) and the pro-Zog Legality Party (Legaliteti)--which contended for power with them, the communists seized control of the country on Nov. 29, 1944. Enver Hoxha, a college instructor who had led the resistance struggle of communist forces, became the leader of Albania by virtue of his post as secretary-general of the party. Albania, which before the war had been under the personal dictatorship of King Zog, now fell under the collective dictatorship of the Albanian Communist Party. The country became officially the People's Republic of Albania in 1946 and, in 1976, the People's Socialist Republic of Albania. "
"Socialist Albania"
The Stalinist state.
"The new rulers inherited an Albania plagued by a host of ills: pervasive poverty, overwhelming illiteracy, blood feuds, epidemics of disease, and gross subjugation of women. In order to eradicate these ills, the communists drafted a radical modernization program intended to bring social and economic liberation to Albania, thus completing the political liberation won in 1912. The government's first major act to "build socialism" was swift, uncompromising agrarian reform, which broke up the large landed estates of the southern beys and distributed the parcels to landless and other peasants. This destroyed the powerful class of the beys. The government also moved to nationalize industry, banks, and all commercial and foreign properties. Shortly after the agrarian reform, the Albanian government started to collectivize agriculture, completing the job in 1967. As a result, peasants lost title to their land. In addition, the Hoxha leadership extended the new socialist order to the more rugged and isolated northern highlands, bringing down the age-old institution of the blood feud and the patriarchal structure of the family and clans, thus destroying the semifeudal class of bajraktars. The traditional role of women--namely, confinement to the home and farm--changed radically as they gained legal equality with men and became active participants in all areas of society. (see also Index: collectivization)
In order to obtain the economic aid needed for modernization, as well as the political and military support to enhance its security, Albania turned to the communist world: Yugoslavia (1944-48), the Soviet Union (1948-61), and China (1961-78). Economically, Albania benefited greatly from these alliances: with hundreds of millions of dollars in aid and credits, and with the assistance of a large number of technicians and specialists sent by its allies, Albania was able to build the foundations of a modern industry and to introduce mechanization into agriculture. As a result, for the first time in modern history, the Albanian populace began to emerge from age-old backwardness and, for a while, enjoyed a higher standard of living. Politically, Hoxha was disillusioned with his communist allies and patrons and broke with each one, charging that they had abandoned Marxism-Leninism and the cause of the proletariat for the sake of rapprochement with the capitalist West. Alienated from both East and West, Albania adopted a "go-it-alone" policy and became notorious as an isolated bastion of Stalinism. (see also Index: industrialization)
Hoxha's program for modernization aimed at transforming Albania from a backward agrarian country into a modern industrial society, and, indeed, within four decades Albania had made respectable--in some cases historic--strides in the development of industry, agriculture, education, the arts, and culture. A notable achievement was the drainage of coastal swamplands--until then breeding grounds for malarial mosquitoes--and the reclamation of land for agricultural and industrial uses. Also symbolic of the change was a historic language reform that fused elements of the Geg and Tosk dialects into a unified literary language.
Political oppression, however, offset gains made on the material and cultural planes. Contrary to provisions in the constitution, during Hoxha's reign Albania was ruled, in effect, by the Directorate of State Security, known as the Sigurimi. To eliminate dissent, the government resorted periodically to purges, in which opponents were subjected to public criticism, dismissed from their jobs, imprisoned in forced-labour camps, or executed. Travel abroad was forbidden to all but those on official business. In 1967 the religious establishment, which party leaders and other atheistic Albanians viewed as a backward medieval institution that hampered national unity and progress, was officially banned, and all Christian and Muslim houses of worship were closed. "
"Collapse of communism."
"After Hoxha's death in 1985, his handpicked successor, Ramiz Alia, sought to preserve the communist system while introducing gradual reforms in order to revive the economy, which had been declining steadily since the cessation of aid from former communist allies. To this end he legalized some investment in Albania by foreign firms and expanded diplomatic relations with the West. But, with the fall of communism in eastern Europe in 1989, various segments of Albanian society became politically active and began to agitate against the government. The most alienated groups were the intellectuals and the working class--traditionally the vanguards of a communist movement or organization--as well as Albania's youth, which had been frustrated by years of confinement and restrictions. In response to these pressures, Alia granted Albanian citizens the right to travel abroad, curtailed the powers of the Sigurimi, restored religious freedom, and adopted some free-market measures for the economy. In December 1990 Alia endorsed the creation of independent political parties, thus signaling an end to the communists' official monopoly of power.
With each concession to the opposition, the state's absolute control over Albanian society weakened. Continuing economic, social, and political instability led to the fall of several governments, and in March 1992 a decisive electoral victory was won by the anticommunist opposition led by the Democratic Party. Alia resigned as president and was succeeded by Sali Berisha, the first democratic leader of Albania since Bishop Noli.
Albania's progress toward democratic reform enabled it to gain membership in the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe, formally bringing to an end its notorious isolation. Efforts to establish a free-market economy caused severe dislocations, but they also opened the road for Albania to obtain vast amounts of aid from developed countries. Albania was thus well on its way toward integrating its politics and institutions with the West, which Albanians have historically viewed as their cultural and geographic home. "
Copyright 1994-1999 Encyclopædia Britannica
Nikoll A Mirakaj
after them, and still Serbs did not exist. You were not even Raskians yet.
Probably roaming somwhere in the Carpathians.
payton <pay...@eunet.yu> wrote in message
news:7s8vcb$rgo$4...@SOLAIR2.EUnet.yu...
> Albanians didnt knew from who they descend untill our and Greek historians
> told them although they never moved from there.
> That is LOL!
>
> Nikoll A Mirakaj wrote in message <7s7usj$8h2$1...@winter.news.rcn.net>...
payton
told them although they never moved from there.
That is LOL!
Nikoll A Mirakaj wrote in message <7s7usj$8h2$1...@winter.news.rcn.net>...
Anonymous
>On Tue, 21 Sep 1999 20:01:54 +0200 "Goran" <bos...@beotel.yu> wrote:
>
>>G: First, you have to prove Albanians are descendants of Illyrians. And then
>>we will give you back your land. After USA gives back land to Indians and
>>after you pay us all investments we had in the land for last 1200 years.
>
>
>*You* must prove to KFOR that you should be allowed to occupy Kosova.
Not so, read the agreement. The Serbian Army is coming back to enforce the law
and order and to police the borders at least for starters. It's KFOR which
will be going out and with the change of leadership in the West, very soon. By
the way how are the social democrats, the Billy Boy ass suckers, doing in the
elections in Germany these days? I hear one defeat after another. Your media are
not telling you why is that yet? Okay, they will, in time, in time....
>After elections are held there, you'll have to apply to the new
>government of Kosova.
The new government of Kosovo will be just like in the past a part of Yugo
government. Anything they want they'll be able to vote for in the federal
parliament. After all, Kosovo is a small province in Serbia which is part
of FRY. We have the same structure here in the States. It's called democracy.
Zeljko Razjantovic
________________________________________________________
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Anonymous
>On Tue, 21 Sep 1999 06:32:19 +0200 "payton" <pay...@eunet.yu> wrote:
>
>>>Outsiders generally use the word used by the residents of the region.
>>>Since the overwhelming majority of the residents use "Kosova", that is
>>>the most correct usage for outsiders.
>
>
Nonsense. Are you sucking this out of your little toe?
>When the Germans write in English, they write "Germany".
But the U.S. Government in its official documents must call Kosovo by its
official name, so does the media:
Cohen: Kosovo lesson is restraint
Friday, 10 September 1999 3:06 (GMT)
(UPI Spotlight)
Cohen: Kosovo lesson is restraint
WASHINGTON, Sept. 9 (UPI) - The United States must resist the
temptation to send its military to every conflict "that catches our eye
and emotion," although he considers Kosovo a just and right war,
Defense Secretary William Cohen said (Thursday) in a speech reviewing
some of the lessons to be learned from the Kosovo war.
>>There is only one grammaticaly correct way and that is Kosovo since that is
>>both original word and English translation of that word (you can chose).
>
>If the current inhabitants of the region prefer to use Kosova when
>writing or speaking English, that's what I'll use. I don't care what
>outsiders living in Serbia call it.
Outsiders in Serbia? Kosovo is just a little part of Serbia. Albanian immigrants
are the real outsiders, most of them are citizens of Albania. You are giving
legal advice here and you don't even know that it is the government of a country
which specifies which name will be designated to describe a place which is a
part of its territory and definitely not the people who of course call it their
own way according to how much they like or dislike the place or whatever. But
that's not the official name and they cannot use any other names in official
documents.
>>I am very sorry that your education was so bad (and that your president is
>>not educated) so I have to teach you when your teachers failed.
>
>Kettle. Pot. Black.
Blabber. Nonsense. Fool.
remc
Montenegro is known as Crna Gora throughout ex-Yugoslavia...yet you don't hear
the rest of the world calling it Crna Gora, just like Croatia in Yugoslavian is
Hrvatska, and Macedonia is Makedonija. The Russians don't tell the world to
call Moscow "Moskva" or Italians'way of calling Rome "Roma", etc. There are
countless comparisons but the bottomline is that Kosovo is the proper way.
gim...@my-deja.com wrote:
> What's going on here? What is the official name of that region anyway? Most
> Americans say Kosovo. Why do Albanians say Kosova when they are speaking in
> English? There should be only one name - THE ORIGINAL NAME. What is it?
> Kosovo sounds a lot better to me and it's easier to pronounce. Wouldn't it
> sound funny if America was spoken as Americo instead?
>
> Sent via Deja.com http://www.deja.com/
> Share what you know. Learn what you don't.
Lvlaisav
serbs,macedonians, and rest of Europe say Kosovo,
take your pick
muqt...@my-deja.com
The last three decades have been marked by a cold and sometimes hot war
between the US and Muslims. Many hawkish commentators have interpreted
these wars as clashes between the WEstern and Islamic civilizations.
But things are changing. American foreing policy may begin to reflect
these developments. Bosnia, Kosova and the Peace process, are they
indications of a new US foreign policy that may actually build rather
than bomb civilizational bridges?
For the full article goto:
http://www.ijtihad.org/glocaleye.htm
Sent via Deja.com http://www.deja.com/
Before you buy.
Besq
Nikoll A Mirakaj wrote in message <7s69bn$dom$1...@winter.news.rcn.net>...
I thought "Dardania" was named after "Darda", a grandson of Judah, one of the Israelite tribes who are known as "Jews". Also, I have learned that Spartans were of the tribe of Dan, also Israelites. It looks like Israel was there before any of you. Who founded Argos? Greeks are part oriental and part semite, its anyone's guess what Serbs, Albanians, etc. who live there now, are. They don't even know themselves, claiming they are this or that.
Besq
>On Mon, 20 Sep 1999 21:15:43 +0200 "payton" <pay...@eunet.yu> wrote:
>
>>It is not matter of laws, or who use it. Fact is that it ia Serbian word,
>>and that it is incorrect to write it in Albanian way unless you are
speaking
>>or writing in Albanian language. It is perfectly correct and OK if
Albanians
>>use it.
>
>Since the overwhelming majority of the residents use "Kosova", that is
>the most correct usage for outsiders.
>
could shorten it to "Koso" so one will be offended but no one really cares.
In another year, we'll be arguing about how to spell "Dilly/Dili". Better
enjoy the attention you're getting while you're getting it. Soon you'll be
forgotten history. Get all the US $$$ before we get boggged in Timor or
somewhere else. But then you'll be on the Timor ng demanding US/NATO
intervention again.
>
>
>
Warren Eckels
Besq wrote in message ...
>Zeljko Raznjatovic wrote in message
>>>It is not matter of laws, or who use it. Fact is that it ia Serbian word,
>>>and that it is incorrect to write it in Albanian way unless you are
>speaking
>>Outsiders generally use the word used by the residents of the region.
>>Since the overwhelming majority of the residents use "Kosova", that is
>>the most correct usage for outsiders.
>You are the only ones it matters to. We know what we're talking about. We
>could shorten it to "Koso" so one will be offended but no one really cares.
For what it's worth, to my non-Balkan ears, the Serbian and Albanian
pronunciations that I've heard sound similar, in that the middle syllable is
accented and the last syllable is very quiet. This indicates that Kosovo
and Kosova are the same word, but with different orthography. Also, in
Albanian, the province's name is written with an umlauted e, which gets
translated into English as "a". The evidence is that the name Kosovo/a is a
Serbian name adapted into Albanian (without prejudice to whoever was there
first, nationality was not such a big deal before 1600 and "Kosovo/a" is
shorter than "vilayets of Prizren and Pristina").
Warren Eckels