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* A first impression of Vietnam
MSNBC, 1/6/98
Alan Kaul, NBC News producer based in Los Angeles.
Economic boom is real; so are chronic poverty, health problems
A repairman tests a fan before returning it to its owner in Hanoi last week.
Only a small number of families can afford air-conditioning, so most people
use electric fans to stay cool.
For a few days last month I was a millionaire. I put a $100 bill on the
counter, and received in return 1,293,500 dong — the currency of Vietnam. I
had never been a millionaire before. But then I had never been to Vietnam.
WHAT TOOK ME to Hanoi was “the social event of the season” — the
marriage of U. S. Ambassador Douglas “Pete” Peterson and Vi Le, an Australian
diplomat born in Saigon.
What made the marriage remarkable was not that Peterson had been
married before. Or that Peterson was a former member of Congress. Or that the
bride’s family had fled to Australia before the war ended in 1975. No, what
made this union incredible is that Peterson had lived in Hanoi for 6 1/2
years in the ’60s and ’70s as an American prisoner of war.
He was an Air Force pilot who was shot down Sept. 10, 1966. And now he
was back as the first U. S. ambassador since the resumption of diplomatic
relations last year. His picture is on the wall at the museum inside Maison
Centrale — the former French prison adjacent the now torn-down Hoa Lo POW
camp, the place the Americans called “the Hanoi Hilton.” (Incidentally,
Hilton is building a new hotel in Hanoi — adjacent to the opera house, to be
called the Hanoi Opera Hilton just 25 years after the last American checked
out of the “other one.”)
There have been a lot of changes in Vietnam since the United States
came to diplomatic terms with Hanoi. Many American businesses are locating
plants there. Ford has an auto assembly plant, which isn’t in production yet,
and Philip Morris makes Marlboro Lights. You can buy imported clothes,
appliances, electronics, food and drink. “Vietnam,” the ambassador told his
wedding guests, “is the 14th-most populous country on Earth.” That’s a lot of
consumers.
The Swissair-affiliated Hanoi Horison Hotel, where we stayed, was
deluxe by any standard and at $90 a night, including Delta Frequent Flyer
miles, it was quite a deal. It was a far better bargain than the U.S.-chain
hotel I stayed at in Hong Kong which cost $301 per night.
I was only in Vietnam 42 hours, but I didn’t see a single tractor or
many American-made cars. There were very few water buffalo in the fields and
paddies, and most of the farm labor was done by hand. The streets of Hanoi
were overcome with motor scooters, small motorcycles and bicycles. There were
cars and trucks, and my cameraman even spotted a BMW 5-series, but it’s hard
telling where the driver might find a German-trained mechanic.
YES, EL NIÑO’S IN THE NEWS
The newspapers were filled with Chamber of Commerce kinds of stories —
projects approved, construction started. And, like many Western newspapers,
reports on how El Niño has hurt the local growing season; in Vietnam it’s
causing a lack of rain and near drought conditions.
At one bar fancied by foreigners, the talk was about the weather. Hot
(97 degrees the day of the wedding) and humid (85 percent to 90 percent).
Just before 5:30 in the afternoon the lights flickered, went out for a
few seconds, then came back on.
“Power to the people,” said a Portuguese national working for the
United Nations. “The government cuts off the big hotels every evening and
diverts the power for the residents. The blackout occurs while the hotel
switched to generator power.”
“It’s bad,” echoed the architect who had designed the hotel. “If the
drought continues, they’ll be in real trouble within a couple of weeks.”
Vietnam, I learned, relies on hydroelectric power. No rain, no water
over the dam. No lights and no TV. Worse yet, no air conditioning.
If the newspapers are any indication of what’s going on, there’s a
hint about what the Vietnamese think is important. The English-language daily
newspaper had an interesting article on the new wonder-pill Viagra. The paper
reported there’s a thriving black market where the impotency pills sell for
up to $20 each. And it hinted that counterfeit copies would soon be in the
marketplace as well.
SPECTER OF AIDS
The newspaper also carried a couple of stories on AIDs and HIV. Blood
testing is just beginning in some areas, one article said. But even without
widespread data, the story said that the infection rate among sexually active
teen-agers is becoming a concern. An American doctor I sat next to on the
plane said it was “more than a concern.”
While Americans are proving that a combination of drugs apparently can
subdue the disease, buying those same drugs in Vietnam is beyond the
purchasing power of most Vietnamese. And the Vietnamese nationals who work
for foreign companies don’t fare much better. Very few of the foreign firms
doing business in Southeast Asia are willing to front the medical expenses
for their employees.
“In fact,” the doctor said, “there’s one prominent U. S. company doing
business in Thailand that’s just going to quit and pull everything out.”
“Why? I asked.”
“Because they’ve sero-tested their lower- and middle-management
employees,” he said. “And the numbers of those infected is overwhelming.
They’ve concluded it isn’t worth spending money either to train or to treat
them.”
The grim reality is without aggressive treatments almost all of them
will be dead within four to five years and the company could lose a
substantial investment.
Still, it gnaws at you. And not even a Vietnamese millionaire could do
much to change things.
* Asian population in southern USA soars
USA Today, 2/6/98
CLARKSTON, Ga. - Southerners are the first to admit that change usually comes
slowly to their part of the country. And even when it happens fast, people
choose to face up to it in their own time.
Georgia State University student BryAnn Chen's parents came to the USA in
the 1960s (USA TODAY).
But one social transformation is sweeping the South and can no longer be
ignored: the growing presence of Asians.
Since 1990, the Asian population in all 16 Southern states and the District
of Columbia has grown faster than any other race. Refugees and immigrants in
search of economic opportunities are pouring in from overseas. Some are
coming from traditional immigrant hubs such as California and New York. This
Asian influx is changing the region's racial profile, which has always been
etched in black and white.
The South is defined by the Census Bureau as a broad region of 16 states and
the District of Columbia. It includes Texas and Oklahoma to the west and
Delaware and West Virginia to the north.
The number of Asians or Pacific Islanders in the South rose 45% from 1990 to
1996, from 1.15 million to 1.67 million, according to the Census. The
increases were the greatest in Georgia (up 70%) and North Carolina (up 62%).
And one of the 10 U.S. counties with the highest number of Asians now is in
the South. Harris County, which includes Houston, had 170,000 Asians in 1996.
That's 5.4% of the county's population. Nationwide, Asians make up only 3.8%
of the population. The South as a whole still lags behind the rest of the
nation, with only 1.8%.
But pockets of the South are becoming as racially mixed as Los Angeles.
In some DeKalb County schools in and around Atlanta, more than 50 languages
and dialects are spoken. In the Dallas suburb of Richardson, Asians are the
largest minority group, prompting one local official to suggest that if a
bilingual ballot were to be offered, it should be in English and Mandarin
Chinese, not English and Spanish. And in Louisiana, an intriguing sound is
emerging: Cajun-Vietnamese music.
Several patterns
The new Southern Asians are as diverse in culture and language as they are in
economic status. They are refugees from Vietnam and Laos, many of whom end up
working in nail salons, restaurants or fisheries. They're Korean, Chinese and
Japanese investors who open businesses and bring friends and relatives over
once they're settled. They're professionals from all parts of Asia who are
lured by the growing demand for high-tech workers. And they're young Chinese,
Koreans and Taiwanese who want to study in the USA. Many of them end up
becoming permanent residents. There are no numbers that show how many fall in
each category.
Most of the refugees - immigrants who have escaped war and political
persecution at home - settle in older suburbs of large cities. Immigrants who
come to the South to fill professional jobs live in mostly white suburbs.
In the Atlanta suburb of Roswell, where locals brag that the antebellum
mansions in their town are so beautiful that not even General Sherman had the
heart to burn them down during the Civil War, Asians are buying expensive new
homes.
Franklin Morris, a black Atlantan, did not realize the extent of this
metamorphosis until he moved to Clarkston, an old railroad town east of
Atlanta, six months ago. Morris turned his ceramics hobby into a business,
Clarkston Ceramics & Designs. He opened the studio to children to give them a
safe and creative outlet after school.
That's when he came face to face with the new face of the South. Most of the
children who came in were neither black nor white, but Vietnamese and Chinese
and Indian and Pakistani.
"I didn't expect it," says Morris, 55. "All my life, it's been black and
white."
Throughout much of this century, most of the South has been untouched by the
waves of Asian immigrants who have settled in the West and Northeast.
Industrialization came late here, and lower-paying jobs usually filled by
immigrants were done by blacks. But the South is catching up. Factories and
high-tech industries have created a thriving job market, luring blacks and
whites from other parts of the country. Asian and Hispanic immigrants
followed.
Emerging awareness
Hosting the 1996 Olympics helped put Atlanta and the rest of the South in the
global consciousness. Korean businessmen who had scored big during the
Olympics in Seoul in 1988 came to Atlanta in the early 1990s in search of
another Olympic windfall.
The South is just starting to deal with its demographic upheaval.
"People here are so fixated on black-and-white issues they haven't noticed
that 10% of the population around here is foreign born," says Deborah Duchon,
an anthropologist with Georgia State University in Atlanta.
That's partly because of the sprawling nature of booming Southern cities.
Most do not have a Chinatown or Koreatown where Asians live and work.
"Asians usually don't get actively involved," says Steve Choi, head of the
Asian-American Coalition in Atlanta. "African Americans are the major players
here."
But young Asian-American Southerners are getting more active and talk of
running for political office. Korean, Vietnamese and Chinese groups are
forming alliances to give Asians a stronger voice. At the University of North
Carolina in Chapel Hill, Asian students prompted the school to require all
undergraduates to take a course in cultural diversity.
"I think we're headed for the same kind of dynamics that you see in Los
Angeles," says Joseph Lowery, president emeritus of the Southern Christian
Leadership Conference. "It's a strange and alien problem to the South. The
black-white issue has monopolized the tensions and attentions. All of a
sudden, we look up and, hey, this problem is black, brown and yellow. We
haven't come to grips with that."
Some Southerners voice concern that immigration - Asian, African and Hispanic
- is threatening the Southern identity and turning this distinct region,
flush with history, into Anywhere, USA.
"What will the South's character be?" asks Charles Wilson, director of the
Center for the Study of Southern Culture at the University of Mississippi. "I
think that the Southern story about people from European and African ancestry
living on the same soil for 350 years is an important history, and I think it
could be forgotten. The region may lose a sense of its character, and some
people worry about it."
No obvious racism
Despite a long history of racial tension, from Civil War to civil rights,
many Asians say they feel more at home in the South than elsewhere in the
USA. The warm climate reminds them of their native lands. The legendary
Southern hospitality makes them feel wanted. The flourishing economy has
allowed them to make money. And conservative, anti-communist Vietnamese
refugees feel very comfortable in a region that supported the U.S. role in
Vietnam longer than any other part of the country.
Baoky Vu came to Atlanta from Vietnam 20 years ago at the age of 10. He is a
stock analyst for a local brokerage firm, and the only nonwhite member of the
14-person firm. Most of his clients are white.
"But the climate here tends to be less polarized," says Vu. "In the
Northeast, you have distinct, de facto segregation of ethnic groups. Down
South, it's less so. There are no Little Italys, no Chinatowns, no Irish
enclaves."
If there is racism, he says, "it's a little more subtle."
The good economy may be the main reason that the South is so welcoming.
Resentment against immigrants is historically low if everyone is making
money. But when jobs dry up, immigrants often are accused of taking jobs away
from the American-born.
That's not an issue in booming areas like Atlanta, Dallas, and Raleigh and
Durham, N.C. The only signs of conflict are in poor, black neighborhoods
where Koreans have opened mom and pop stores. Koreans typically hire family
members, and blacks resent outsiders who make money off of them but won't
give them jobs - a scenario familiar to inner cities in the North and West.
Many Atlantans are barely noticing the dramatic changes in the city's racial
mix, aside from the widening choices of Chinese restaurants (400 vs. four 25
years ago) or Vietnamese nail salons. Asians say some Southerners even
express surprise at their fluency in English.
BryAnn Chen, 27, gets miffed when locals assume that anyone who is Asian has
just come to this country. "One person asked me, 'What's your nationality?' "
says Chen, who was born in Missouri.
Chen's parents are from Taiwan and came to the USA in the 1960s. Chen has
lived in Missouri, Texas and Wisconsin. She came to Atlanta five years ago
and is working on a master's degree in sociology at Georgia State University.
She is becoming active in domestic violence prevention in the refugee and
immigrant communities and is thinking of running for public office some day.
"It's always black-white, black-white, black-white," Chen says. "I've gotten
very used to being the only one (Asian) in many of the establishments that
I'm in. But that's going to change."
* A 30-Year-Old Mystery Revealed
Family Demands Killer Complete Sentence
ABC 20/20, 29/5/98
(This is an unedited, uncorrected transcript.)
BARBARA WALTERS There was a shooting 30 years ago. A teenager was killed. A
man was convicted and sentenced to prison. But he escaped. And that’s where
our story takes an unexpected turn. As we told you once before, for the next
two decades, this fugitive lived a productive life, surrounded by family and
friends and obeying the law. So should he be sent back to prison after so
many years, or should his past be erased? Deborah Roberts looked for answers
inside the mind of this fugitive.
DEBORAH ROBERTS, ABC NEWS (VO) His name is Robert Lee Corliss, and depending
on who you believe, he’s either a manipulative, cold—blooded killer or a
decent, honest man who has twice suffered injustice. Corliss is in a
Nashville, Tennessee, courtroom facing prison escape charges that go back
nearly 30 years, when he was serving a murder sentence for the shooting death
of a teenage boy. The victim’s family is determined to see Corliss fully pay
for his crime.
DEANNIE EDWARDS, PHILIP EDWARDS’ SISTER I’m doing this for love. I’m doing it
for the love of Philip. I loved him when we were kids. I loved him when we
were teenagers, and I loved him for 30 years after his death. And I don’t
think it’s too much to ask for a person to pay for something that they did.
DEBORAH ROBERTS (on camera) The shooting happened here off Highway 41 in
Greenbrier, Tennessee, just a short distance from Nashville. It was August
11, 1967, and this building at the time was a teenage social club. Late that
night, Philip Edwards, a local high school football player who had just
graduated, and Robert Corliss, an Army private who had deserted the military
after a tour in Vietnam, each came here with their friends. At some point,
there was a confrontation here in the parking lot involving the two men. When
it ended, Philip Edwards had been shot three times. He died a few minutes
later. (VO) Philip Edwards was the pride of his family. Handsome and
athletic, he was the fourth of five children, the first to graduate from high
school. His family remains devastated by his death. His sister Deannie was 20
at the time, his brother Dennis, only seven.
DENNIS EDWARDS, PHILIP EDWARDS’ BROTHER I’d go to football practice with him
and watch him practice ball with the other kids there, but—come out and play
with me and stuff like that.
DEBORAH ROBERTS (on camera) So he made you feel special.
DENNIS EDWARDS I lost my hero, man. I lost my hero. I didn’t lose just a
brother. I lost everything I ever looked up to.
DOTTIE EDWARDS LUKE, PHILIP EDWARDS’ SISTER It was cold—blooded murder is all
you can say about it.
DEBORAH ROBERTS (VO) Dottie Edwards Luke was 21 when her brother was killed.
Like the rest of her family, she believes Philip was gunned down by Robert
Corliss, shot in the back while walking in the parking lot. (on camera) Now,
this was 30 years ago. But you seem to recall it clearly.
DOTTIE EDWARDS LUKE You don’t forget a nightmare. That’s what it was. That
somebody took his life.
DEBORAH ROBERTS (VO) Corliss was charged with the murder but claimed then,
and still insists today, that the shooting was an accident, that his gun went
off in a scuffle while he was trying to protect a friend. (on camera) The
family of Philip Edwards didn’t believe this was an accident. They felt that
you deliberately shot him in the back.
ROBERT CORLISS I did not.
DEBORAH ROBERTS Even though you came to the club with a gun?
ROBERT CORLISS I didn’t go there to do anything. If nobody had attacked us,
nothing would have happened.
DEBORAH ROBERTS (VO) A jury didn’t believe Corliss and sentenced him to
prison for 10 years and one day. The Edwards family struggled to put the
horror behind them. Then, three years later, they say they were told that
Corliss had died in prison. That seemed to be the end of their nightmare
until this past January, when a local paper ran a story about inmates who’d
escaped from prison. Among the names—Robert Corliss. (on camera) So when you
saw that in the paper in black and white, what went through your mind?
DEANNIE EDWARDS You know, you just say, “God. That man is living. He’s been
living all these years, and we didn’t know it.” So I called Dottie. And I
said, “Sis, you might as well hold on, because I got something to tell you.”
And she said, “What?” And I said, “Robert Corliss is living.” She said, “Oh,
my God.”
DEBORAH ROBERTS (VO) What the Edwards never knew is that Corliss had escaped
from prison in 1971 but had never been recaptured. Stunned by the news, they
began their own search for him and soon turned to Ted Emery, their local
sheriff in Greenbrier. Using information from Corliss’ old Army file, he ran
a simple driver’s license check in New Hampshire, where Corliss had grown up.
Within hours, he had a match.
SHERIFF TED EMERY, ROBERTSON COUNTY, TN POLICE DEPT. It was obvious that it
was him. I mean it was the same address, same area, same place he came from,
same name.
DEBORAH ROBERTS (VO) This is where Emery traced Corliss to—Barnstead, New
Hampshire. A small, picturesque New England town of just over 3,000, where
Corliss’ three brothers still live along with his parents. For 20 years,
Robert Corliss had been right here, too, living freely. That’s because he
thought he was a free man after what happened back in 1977. That year,
Corliss, still on the run, returned to Barnstead and hid out in these woods.
He desperately wanted to see his parents, but they refused to see him as a
fugitive. So Corliss decided it was finally time to stop running.
ROBERT CORLISS I knew if I was going to have a life and everything that I was
going to have to turn myself in and get straightened out if I ever wanted to
live at home again and be with my family. So I did.
DEBORAH ROBERTS (VO) Corliss says he called the FBI office in nearby Boston
and was sent to a military base in New Jersey, since he was still wanted as a
deserter. A few weeks later, he was dishonorably discharged from the Army. He
then rejoined his family in Barnstead and says he again offered to surrender
to the FBI. But this time, the agent he talked with gave him some incredible
news.
ROBERT CORLISS He said Tennessee has marked the warrant dead. I think that
was the word, that they’d marked the warrant dead. That I had had such a
short time left to serve on it, they were going to let it go for time served.
And I said, “Well, what am I supposed to do?” And he said, “Well, stay home
and stay out of trouble.” He says, “And stay out of Tennessee.”
DEBORAH ROBERTS (VO) If the story sounds unbelievable, there were witnesses,
including Corliss’ family members. His sister—in—law says she heard his phone
calls with the FBI and his brother, Tom, says he took Robert to the military
base to turn himself in. But perhaps the most important evidence comes from
this man. Steve Byers, a former police chief of Barnstead, says he recalls
one day in 1977 when an FBI agent and an Army official called him to this
roadside to say that Robert Corliss was no longer wanted.
STEVE BYERS, FORMER POLICE CHIEF. BARNSTEAD, NH He said, “Well, Chief, if you
see him, don’t arrest him.” And I said, “Excuse me?” And he said, “If you see
him, don’t arrest him.”
So I said, “What’s going on?” And they said, “Well, due to time served and
for being cost prohibitive, we’ve withdrawn the warrant.”
DEBORAH ROBERTS (on camera) Why would they seek you out to say, “Do not
arrest him?”
STEVE BYERS They chose, for whatever reason, and had the authority to
withdraw the warrant, to make a deal with Bobby, to do whatever they wanted
to. And they wanted better and bigger things than Bobby Corliss, I suspect.
HUGH DOWNS Was the fact that Robert Corliss was living in the open proof that
the FBI had set him free? When we come back, Deborah Roberts continues with
this bizarre tale. What was he doing all those years? And does he now deserve
to be free? After this.
(Commercial Break)
ANNOUNCER From ABC News, 20/20 continues. Once again, Barbara Walters.
BARBARA WALTERS Robert Corliss says he believed he was a free man. Yes, he
had shot and killed a teenager, and yes, he had escaped from prison. But he
says when he tried to turn himself in to the FBI, he was told to go home and
to stay out of trouble. As Deborah Roberts picks up his story, that’s just
what Robert Corliss was determined to do.
DEBORAH ROBERTS (VO) So Corliss began a new life as a law—abiding citizen. He
took a job as a machinist in a small shop owned by Georgia and Gary Perry.
They say he was a reliable and honest worker who did not seem to be hiding
anything.
GEORGIA PERRY, ROBERT CORLISS’ FORMER EMPLOYER He came to work. I mean, no
one would make up a story and then put themselves back on the surface again,
using your real name and your Social Security number, having a residence and
having a job and having a whole life again.
DEBORAH ROBERTS (VO) Corliss seemed to be living the clean life of a
rehabilitated criminal. Then suddenly, this past January, while driving home
from town, he was pulled over and arrested. (on camera) What did you think,
what happened? What went through your mind?
ROBERT CORLISS That it was a mistake.
DEBORAH ROBERTS After all these years.
ROBERT CORLISS Yeah.
DEBORAH ROBERTS (VO) Robert Corliss was brought back to Tennessee to face
charges he believed had been dropped 20 years ago. At the preliminary
hearing, Dennis Edwards for the first time came face—to—face with the man who
had shattered his family.
DENNIS EDWARDS I hate him. I hate him since the last 30 years, and I’ll hate
him for the next 30. I can’t put him past me. I can’t put it behind me and go
on. Just no way. He’ll always be part of me, and I despise him.
DEBORAH ROBERTS (on camera) You say you were prepared to go back to prison in
1977, you wanted to do the right thing. Why not do the right thing now and
accept whatever the state gives you?
ROBERT CORLISS I think the right thing is to go home and get on with my life.
DEBORAH ROBERTS You don’t think the right thing would be finishing out your
sentence, paying for your escape charge by serving time?
ROBERT CORLISS No, ma’am. I think I’ve served enough time.
DEBORAH ROBERTS (VO) While Corliss awaited trial, contradictory details
emerged about the last 20 years. It turns out the state of Tennessee had
failed to actively search for him. But contrary to Corliss’ story, the FBI
has no record of him turning himself in, and no one remembers a meeting with
Steve Byers about the arrest warrant being dropped.
STEVE BYERS Well, all I can tell you is it happened. I’ve got no reason to
fabricate it. I’ve got no reason to lie. Nobody’s ever, ever questioned my
credibility.
DEBORAH ROBERTS (VO) But the Edwards family does. They suspect Byers and the
entire Corliss family have been protecting Robert Corliss all these years.
(on camera) I mean, they believe that he never turned himself in, that you
all have tried to hide him. The town has tried to hide him, and now you’re
trying to cover for him.
MARY CORLISS, ROBERT CORLISS’ SISTER—IN—LAW Then that would mean that the
federal government also tried to hide him ...
TOM CORLISS, ROBERT CORLISS’ BROTHER Tried to hide him ...
MARY CORLISS ... because of his income tax returns having been filed and the
state of New Hampshire would have to have been hiding him because they—
because of his driver’s license. And the Fish and Game Department must have
been hiding him because of his fishing license. And so, this must be a very
large conspiracy of everybody in the country trying to hide this man. Because
he was out there, he was very visible, and he was living as if he was a free
man, which we believed he was.
DEBORAH ROBERTS (VO) But Corliss is no longer free. In June, 26 years after
breaking out of prison, he finally went to trial on escape charges and was
sentenced to six months in prison. And that’s not the end of it. In the next
few months, a parole board will decide just how much of the 10 years and one—
day murder sentence Robert Corliss still must serve. (on camera) When you see
Robert Corliss today, what do you think? What do you feel?
DEANNIE EDWARDS Hatred. Scum. How can you forgive somebody that would take
the life of another human being? That’s a hideous crime. You can do anything
but that. That’s God’s gift. He’s the only one who can take your life.
DEBORAH ROBERTS But isn’t it possible that he is rehabilitated now after
living 20 years pretty much trouble—free?
DOTTIE EDWARDS LUKE I don’t care what he is. He needs to come back and serve
his time for killing Philip. I want him to sit over in that penitentiary. He
don’t deserve no leniency. He took my brother’s life. He don’t deserve
nothing.
HUGH DOWNS What’s happened since our first report, Deborah? Is he likely to
get out of prison anytime?
DEBORAH ROBERTS Well, Hugh, it’s up to a parole board. Robert Corliss is
scheduled for a parole hearing this fall. Even if he was awarded parole, he
probably wouldn’t be released until next February. But even then, he wouldn’t
be free. He would still have another six—month sentence in a local jail on
the escape charges.
HUGH DOWNS And what about the two families. Have their perspectives changed
at all?
DEBORAH ROBERTS Not at all. Corliss’ family is still trying to have him
released. The Luke family is trying desperately to make sure he serves every
day of his sentence.
HUGH DOWNS Thank you, Deborah.
DEBORAH ROBERTS Sure.
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