Algebra, History of mathematics Islamic contribution.
kha...@my-deja.com
mathematics, history of
history of the field from ancient times to the present.
As a consequence of the exponential growth of science most mathematics
has developed since the 15th century AD, and it is a historical fact
that from the 15th century to the late 20th century new developments in
mathematics have been largely concentrated in Europe and North America.
For these reasons the bulk of this article is devoted to European
developments since 1500.
This does not mean, however, that developments elsewhere have been
unimportant. Indeed, to understand the history of mathematics in Europe
it is necessary to know its history at least in Mesopotamia and Egypt,
in ancient Greece, and in Islamic civilization from the 9th to the 15th
centuries. The way in which these civilizations influenced one another,
and the important direct contributions Greece and Islam made to later
developments, are discussed in the first parts of this article.
India's contributions to the development of contemporary mathematics
were made through the considerable influence of Indian achievements on
Islamic mathematics during its formative years. In order to provide a
portrait of the mathematical achievements of one major Asian
civilization, the article contains an overview of some of the principal
periods and achievements of mathematics in China.
It is important to be aware of the character of the sources for the
study of the history of mathematics. The history of Mesopotamian and
Egyptian mathematics is based on the many extant original documents
written by scribes. Although in the case of Egypt these documents are
few, they are all of a type and leave little doubt that Egyptian
mathematics was, on the whole, elementary and profoundly practical in
its orientation. For Mesopotamian mathematics, on the other hand, there
are a large number of clay tablets, which reveal mathematical
achievements of a much higher order than those of the Egyptians. The
tablets indicate that the Mesopotamians had a great deal of remarkable
mathematical knowledge, although they offer no evidence that this
knowledge was organized into a deductive system. Future research may
reveal more about the early development of mathematics in Mesopotamia
or about its influence on Greek mathematics, but it seems likely that
this picture of Mesopotamian mathematics will stand.
From the period before Alexander the Great no Greek mathematical
documents have been preserved except for fragmentary paraphrases, and
even for the subsequent period it is well to remember that the oldest
copies of Euclid's Elements are in Byzantine manuscripts dating from
the 10th century AD. This stands in complete contrast to the situation
described above for Egyptian and Babylonian documents. Although in
general outline the present account of Greek mathematics is secure, in
such important matters as the origin of the axiomatic method, the pre-
Euclidean theory of ratios, and the discovery of the conic sections,
historians have given competing accounts based on fragmentary texts,
quotations of early writings culled from nonmathematical sources, and a
considerable amount of conjecture.
Many important treatises from the early period of Islamic mathematics
have not survived or have survived only in Latin translations, so that
there are still many unanswered questions about the relationship
between early Islamic mathematics and the mathematics of Greece and
India. In addition, the amount of surviving material from later
centuries is so large in comparison with that which has been studied
that it is not yet possible to offer any sure judgment of what medieval
Islamic mathematics did not contain, and this means that it is not yet
possible to evaluate with any assurance what was original in European
mathematics from the 11th to the 15th century.
In modern times the invention of printing has largely solved the
problem of obtaining secure texts and has allowed historians of
mathematics to concentrate their editorial efforts on the
correspondence or the unpublished works of mathematicians. However, the
exponential growth of mathematics means that, for the period from the
19th century on, historians are able to treat only the major figures in
any detail. In addition there is, as the period gets nearer the
present, the problem of perspective. Mathematics, like any other human
activity, has its fashions, and the nearer one is to a given period,
the more likely these fashions are to look like the wave of the future.
For this reason, the present article makes no attempt to assess the
most recent developments in the subject.
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Before you buy.
kha...@my-deja.com
mathematics, history of
Science in Islam
The torch of ancient learning passed first to one of the invading
groups that helped bring down the Eastern Empire. In the 7th century
the Arabs, inspired by their new religion, burst out of the Arabian
peninsula and laid the foundations of an Islamic empire that eventually
rivalled that of ancient Rome. To the Arabs, ancient science was a
precious treasure. The Qur'an, the sacred book of Islam, particularly
praised medicine as an art close to God. Astronomy and astrology were
believed to be one way of glimpsing what God willed for mankind.
Contact with Hindu mathematics and the requirements of astronomy
stimulated the study of numbers and of geometry. The writings of the
Hellenes were, therefore, eagerly sought and translated, and thus much
of the science of antiquity passed into Islamic culture. Greek
medicine, Greek astronomy and astrology, and Greek mathematics,
together with the great philosophical works of Plato and, particularly,
Aristotle, were assimilated in Islam by the end of the 9th century. Nor
did the Arabs stop with assimilation. They criticized and they
innovated. Islamic astronomy and astrology were aided by the
construction of great astronomical observatories that provided accurate
observations against which the Ptolemaic predictions could be checked.
Numbers fascinated Islamic thinkers, and this fascination served as the
motivation for the creation of algebra (from Arabic al-jabr) and the
study of algebraic functions
saty...@my-deja.com
Your long article never says what islam ever di precisely for maths or
science. It is just repeatedly saying that is is great. Details please!
Also see below!
Numerical Contradictions:
There are many numerical contradictions in the Koran. God cannot make
an error in doing simple calculations, however Mohammed, as you will
see, being an illiterate was very capable of making such errors.
How Many Days Did It Take To Create Heavens And Earth?
(Koran 7:54)
Your guardian-Lord is Allah. Who created the heavens and the earth in
SIX Days...
(Koran 10:3)
Verily your Lord is Allah, who created the heavens and the earth in SIX
Days...
(Koran 11:7)
He it is Who created the heavens and the earth in SIX days...
(Koran 25:29)
He Who created the heavens And the earth and all that is between, in
SIX days...
The above verses clearly state that God created the heaven and the
earth in 6 days. But the verses stated below contradict the above
verses and imply that it took God 8 days to create the heaven and the
earth. Read carefully and add up the numbers.
(Koran 41:9)
Is it that ye Deny Him who created the earth in TWO days?...
(Koran 41:10)
He set on the (earth). Mountains standing firm,
high above it, and bestowed blessings on the
earth, and measured therein all things to
give them nourishment in due proportion, in FOUR days...
(Koran 41:12)
So He completed them as seven firmaments in TWO days and...
Do the math: 2(for earth) + 4(for nourishment) + 2(for heavens) = 8 NOT
6
This implies that Mohammed did not know how to add integers.
V.C.Vijayaraghavan
Western Philosophy Chapter: Mohammedan Culture and Philosophy
Arabic Philosohy is not important as original thought. Men like Avicenna
and Averroes were essentially commentators. Speaking generally, the views
of the more scienctific philosophers came from Aristotle and neo-Platonists
in logic and Metaphysics, from Galen in medicine, from Greek and Indian
sources in mathematics and astronomy, and among mystics religious
philosophy has also an admixture of old Persian
beliefs.............................................Mohammedan civilization
in it's great days was admirable in arts and in many technical ways, but it
showed no capacity for independent speculation in theoratical matters. It's
importance, which must not be underestimated, is as a transmitter.
kha...@my-deja.com
kha...@my-deja.com
> >
> > mathematics, history of
>
or
> science. It is just repeatedly saying that is is great. Details
please!
Lot of details of Islamic contribution. Please get hold of an
encyclopaedia.
Read the last line in the article, "AL-JABR" that was the topic.
And please tell Brittanica you disagree with them.
>
> Also see below!
>
> Numerical Contradictions:
>
> There are many numerical contradictions in the Koran. God cannot make
> an error in doing simple calculations, however Mohammed, as you will
> see, being an illiterate was very capable of making such errors.
I am no expert on religion. I have not read quran. I hop that will help.
Beter take that up with a christain or muslim scholar.
saty...@my-deja.com
hey! You dont know koran? And u praise islam? U cant ccount either
like ur Mohammad and your God? What the heck man! How did u learn to
read and write? U cant add 2+2+2 ?
V.C.Vijayaraghavan
Between Brittanica's politcally correct, anonymous author and Bertrand
Russell , the latter is any day preferable.
Brittanica's articles are not many times incisive and many times they
don't show a deep understanding of their subject. I suspect they tend to
be politically correct, customer-oriented and don't want to trouble rich
and powerful nations. Basically their principle to 'give what the market
bears'
kha...@my-deja.com
Brittanica was compiled/written/researched by 10 thousand professionals
from around the world. There are other sources confirming Algebra was
an Arab invention BUT I don't see any point believe their credibility
will be as good as Brittanica.
>
> Brittanica's articles are not many times incisive and many times they
> don't show a deep understanding of their subject. I suspect they tend
to
> be politically correct, customer-oriented and don't want to trouble
rich
> and powerful nations. Basically their principle to 'give what the
market
> bears'
>
>
kha...@my-deja.com
saty...@my-deja.com wrote:
> In article <8j30pr$7ah$1...@nnrp1.deja.com>,
> kha...@my-deja.com wrote:
> > I am no expert on religion. I have not read quran. I hop that will
> help.
> >
>
> hey! You dont know koran? And u praise islam? U cant ccount either
> like ur Mohammad and your God? What the heck man! How did u learn to
> read and write? U cant add 2+2+2 ?
Can someone please translate what the hell is this Indian genius
talking about.
Thanks.
V.C.Vijayaraghavan
> Brittanica was compiled/written/researched by 10 thousand professionals
> from around the world.
Brittania is market driven, customer driven, even though not as bad as
Microsoft Encarta. They would rather bend the truth to satisfy their large
markets than give unvarnished truth. They would rather cut out unpalatable
truths than lose a market worth millions of pounds.
In contrast , Bertrand Russell panders to nobody
> There are other sources confirming Algebra was
> an Arab invention BUT I don't see any point believe their credibility
> will be as good as Brittanica.
Yes the word Algebra came from Arabic, but most of it was Hindu stuff in
arab packagiing.
>
> >
> > Brittanica's articles are not many times incisive and many times they
> > don't show a deep understanding of their subject. I suspect they tend
> to
> > be politically correct, customer-oriented and don't want to trouble
> rich
> > and powerful nations. Basically their principle to 'give what the
> market
> > bears'
> >
> >
>
kha...@my-deja.com
"V.C.Vijayaraghavan" <00...@vvan.fsnet.co.uk> wrote:
> kha...@my-deja.com wrote:
>
> > Brittanica was compiled/written/researched by 10 thousand
professionals
> > from around the world.
>
> Brittania is market driven, customer driven, even though not as bad as
> Microsoft Encarta. They would rather bend the truth to satisfy their
large
> markets than give unvarnished truth. They would rather cut out
unpalatable
> truths than lose a market worth millions of pounds.
10000 scolars V B. Russell you are right there too.
>
> In contrast , Bertrand Russell panders to nobody
>
> > There are other sources confirming Algebra was
> > an Arab invention BUT I don't see any point believe their
credibility
> > will be as good as Brittanica.
>
> Yes the word Algebra came from Arabic, but most of it was Hindu stuff
>in arab packagiing.
And hindus invented physics, chemistry, maths, biology. You are right.
carry on.
saty...@my-deja.com
kha...@my-deja.com wrote:
> In article <39552C9D...@vvan.fsnet.co.uk>,
> "V.C.Vijayaraghavan" <00...@vvan.fsnet.co.uk> wrote:
> > kha...@my-deja.com wrote:
> >
> > > Brittanica was compiled/written/researched by 10 thousand
U r totally unaware that Arabs who were traders merely took the maths
genius from Hindus to Europe. Just that. That is history. Correct ur
self. Since islam started arts and all good things went down in all
muslim countries. Face it bud!
kha...@my-deja.com
Ashok Jingar
Arabs devised "Al-jabr", which is called Algebra nowadays. The way they
actually write their numbers, look remarkable like numbers used in modern
English. However, did you know that the Arabs, in turn, got their influence
from Ancient India? The way we write numbers come from Indian Sanskrit
writing, (India also invented the concept of "zero" and decimalisation),
then the Arabs modified the way numbers are written slightly, and then
Europe copied this in turn again. So that's how numbers on a PC look the way
they do.
<kha...@my-deja.com> wrote in message news:8j19rm$3o5$1...@nnrp1.deja.com...
> From Encyclopaedia Britannica.
>
> mathematics, history of
>
kha...@my-deja.com
"Ashok Jingar" <Aji...@btinternet.com> wrote:
> So what did Islam contribute? Stop waffling and get to the point.
http://users.erols.com/zenithco/Introl1.html
>
> Arabs devised "Al-jabr", which is called Algebra nowadays. The way
they
> actually write their numbers, look remarkable like numbers used in
modern
> English. However, did you know that the Arabs, in turn, got their
influence
> from Ancient India?
rubbish, read above.
M. Ranjit Mathews
kha...@my-deja.com wrote:
> In article <8j3h1r$i78$1...@nnrp1.deja.com>,
> saty...@my-deja.com wrote:
> > In article <8j3cs9$fes$1...@nnrp1.deja.com>,
> > kha...@my-deja.com wrote:
> > > In article <39552C9D...@vvan.fsnet.co.uk>,
> > > "V.C.Vijayaraghavan" <00...@vvan.fsnet.co.uk> wrote:
> > > > kha...@my-deja.com wrote:
> > > >
> > > > > Brittanica was compiled/written/researched by 10 thousand
> >
> > U r totally unaware that Arabs who were traders merely took the
> > maths genius from Hindus to Europe. Just that. That is history.
> > Correct ur self. Since islam started arts and all good things went
> > down in all muslim countries. Face it bud!
>
> http://users.erols.com/zenithco/Introl1.html
Thanks. Just one little observation. Joseph Hellis wrong. The
Aryabhatiya (5th century) contains a table of sines and versines. The
other things that he attributes to Arabs also predate Arab mathematics.
saty...@my-deja.com
M. Ranjit Mathews <ranjit_...@my-deja.com> wrote:
> In article <8j3hpo$il0$1...@nnrp1.deja.com>,
> kha...@my-deja.com wrote:
> > In article <8j3h1r$i78$1...@nnrp1.deja.com>,
> > saty...@my-deja.com wrote:
> > > In article <8j3cs9$fes$1...@nnrp1.deja.com>,
The sad thing is hindus never bothered with history. We can still cull
from what is left a history that is true to events better than the
muslim falsification. Aryabhata's contribution was great.
Ashok Jingar
If you bother to look at respectable journals, then you WILL know that
Hindus made deciamlisation and that modern numbers come from Arabic, which
in turn (numerically) comes from Sanskrit. Sanskrit is one of the oldest
languages in the world. Why don't you look up and see what Gujarati numbers
look like and see the resemblance of it with modern European numbers.
Just because you bury yours heads in sand like na Ostrich doesn't make the
truth go away !
Why don't you grow up and pose serious debates, and stop filling this site
with pure bullshit !
<kha...@my-deja.com> wrote in message news:8j7vgk$hbu$1...@nnrp1.deja.com...
> In article <8j5pda$42j$1...@neptunium.btinternet.com>,
> "Ashok Jingar" <Aji...@btinternet.com> wrote:
> > So what did Islam contribute? Stop waffling and get to the point.
>
> http://users.erols.com/zenithco/Introl1.html
> >
> > Arabs devised "Al-jabr", which is called Algebra nowadays. The way
> they
> > actually write their numbers, look remarkable like numbers used in
> modern
> > English. However, did you know that the Arabs, in turn, got their
> influence
> > from Ancient India?
>
> rubbish, read above.
kha...@my-deja.com
don't blame them its their history books.
kha...@my-deja.com
don't blame them its their history books.
Just to make your day I say hindus invented every thing,(hehe)