Read this: (Part III)

[AK&G]

ENDNOTES
>
> 1 According to some historians, this code, part of Albanian culture for
> centuries and embodied in the Canun of Lek Dukagjeni, incorporates all
> facets of social relations. It is a belief held by some that when the
> Ottomans arrived to Albania in the C15th, several thousand Albanians fled
> across the Straits of Otranto to southern Italy. They took with them their
> code. The notion of besa, or honour [promise], it was believed could have
> been incorporated into the Mezzagione, or men of respect. Cited in Misha
> Glenny's `The Rebirth of History' [London: Penguin, 1990]
> 2. Discussion with New Jersey State Law Enforcement official. [November/95]
> 3. Claire Sterling, `Octopus', (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1991),pp.180-189.
> 4. Claire Sterling, `Thieve's World'(New York: Simon&Schuster,1994), pp.55-60.
> 5. Discussion with Albanian currently serving time for racketeering and drug
> charges. He is believed to have been working with the Lucchese crime family
> of New Jersey.
> 6. Although numbers vary, it is believed that ethnic Albanians make-up 90%
> of the population of Kosovo, Serbs comprise the remaining 10%. The last
> accurate census taken was the 1981 census. Based upon those figures, it is
> assumed approximately two million Albanians live in Kosovo. Patrick Moore,
> `The Albanian Question in the Former Yugoslavia' RFE/RL [3 April, 1992],
> pp.7-15.
> 7. Ibid, p.10., and Branka Magas, `The Destruction of Yugoslavia: Tracking
> the Breakup 1980-1992' [London: Verso Press, 1993], pp.160-161.
> 8. The Economist [1 July, 1989], p.47., Magas, op.cit: p.160., Liam
> McDowall, `Confused Signals in Kosovo', New Statesman and Society [5 March,
> 1993], p.13.
> 9. Illyria vol. 3 #182 [3 April, 1993], p.3.
> 10. Discussion with owner of manufacturing plant outside Tirana who was
> approached by certain people, as he describes them, who wished to rent space
> in his plant to store material. After first agreeing to do so, he was
> subsequently approached by Albanian local authorities who suggested he turn
> down the deal. [November, 1995]
> 11. See, 1993 United States Department of State Human Rights Report,
> [Washington DC: US Government Printing Office, 1993], p.1., and Natasha
> Narayan, `Freedom for Albanians Brings Wave of Crime' The Sunday Times [22
> March, 1992], and Louis Zanga RFE/RL Report [January, 1992]
> 12. Liam McDowall, `Albania Learns the Art of Wrecking', New Statesman and
> Society [13 December, 1991], p.18.
> 13. Brenda Fowler, `Crimewave fills Tirana with Fear', The London Times [17
> February, 1992], `Raiders Grab Food Aid', The London Times [27 February,1992]
> 14. David Binder, `Revamped Police Slow Albanian Slide into Chaos', The
> International Herald Tribune [30 October, 1992]
> 15. James Pettifer, `Dispirited Albania Prepares to Vote', The London Times
> [11 March, 1992], Anne McElvoy, `Ballot Offers no way out for Albania's
> Ills', The London Times [18 March, 1992]
> 16. New Jersey State Law Enforcement Authority [November, 1995]
> 17. See, Magnus Ranstorp and Gus Xhudo, `A Threat to Europe? Middle East
> Ties with the Balkans and the Potential for Terrorist Activity Throughout
> the Region', Terrorism and Political Violence vol. 6 #2 [Summer, 1994]
> 18. Ibid
> 19. Marko Milivijevic, `The Balkan Medellin', Jane's Intelligence Review
> vol. 7 #2 [February, 1995], pp.68-69.
> 20. Mark Galleotti, `The Drug Threat from Eastern Europe', Jane's
> Intelligence Review [November, 1995], pp.486-488.
> 21. Gus Xhudo, `The Balkan Albanians- Biding Their Time?', Jane's
> Intelligence Review vol.7 #5 [May, 1995], pp.208-211.
> 22. For a thorough account of the Albanian social system see, Ramadan
> Marmallaku, `Albania and the Albanians' [London: C. Hurst & Co.:1975]
> 23. Helena Smith, `Lost Land Where Vengeance is Written in Blood', The
> Observer [12 February, 1995]
> 24 Selwyn Raab, `Mafia Defector Says he Lost His Faith', The New York Times
> [2 March, 1994]
> 25 Robert Austin, `Albanian-Greek Relations: The Confrontation Continues',
> RFE/RL [20 August, 1993], pp.30-35., Henry Kamm, `With Nothing to Lose,
> Albanians Invade Greece', The New York Times
> [5 August, 1993], RFE/RL Newsbriefs [28 October, 1993], Illyria [13
> February, 1993], p.1.
> 26. Louis Zanga, `Albanian-Greek Relations Reach a Low Point', RFE/RL [10
> April, 1992], pp.18-21,
> JRS Peckham, `Albanians in Greek Clothing', The World Today [April, 1992],
> pp.58-59.
> 27. Zanga, op.cit. [January, 1992], p.75., Keesings Contemporary Archives,
> [March, 1991], p.38105.
> 28. Discussion with Dr. Elez Biberaj, Head of Albanian Section, VOA
> Washington DC [August, 1993]
> 29. Recollection of discussions with high ranking Executive Branch official
> of the Berisha government. [June, 1993]
> 30. Point made by Claire Sterling in Thieve's World. See also, Selwyn Raab,
> `Influx of Russian Gangsters Troubles FBI in Brooklyn', The New York Times
> [23 August, 1994], and, Judith Ingram, `Riding Shotgun in Capitalist
> Russia', The New York Times [16 February, 1994]
> 31. Milivojevic, op.cit., p.69.
> 32. Xhudo and Ranstorp, op.cit. [Summer, 1994], and, Gus Xhudo, `Macedonia:
> the Trouble from Within', Terrorism and Political Violence vol. 5 #4
> [Winter, 1993], pp.311-335.
> 33. OMRI Digest [10 March, 1995]
> 34. Gazeta Shqiptare [16 March, 1995]
> 35. RFE/RL [ 11 September, 1995]
> 36. See, ATA/ Tirana [ 23 August, 1993], and Macedonian Information Centre
> (hereafter, MIC), [30 November, 1993]
> 37. Milivojevic, op.cit., p.69.
> 38. The following sub-section is based upon a two briefings given by the
> author. The first delivered to representatives of the New Jersey Division of
> Organised Crime and Racketeering, [30 August, 1995], and to representatives
> of Organised Crime, Narcotics, and State Intelligence [19 September, 1995]
> 39. Milivojevic, op.cit., p.69.
> 40. Guy Sterling, `New Jersey Police Departments on Alert for Albanian Crime
> Gangs', The New Jersey Star Ledger [16 August, 1995]
> 41. Discussion with Atlantic and Pacific Stores Inc. Loss Prevention
> Official prior to Fox 5 TV [New York] interview on YACS' [Yugoslavs,
> Albanians, Croatians and Serbs] activities in the Tri-State area. [October,
> 1995- program to be aired mid-to-late November, 1995]
> 42. Brian T. Murray, The Star Ledger [26 September, 1995]
> 43. This in keeping with the Russian Mafia's decentralised command
> apparatus. See, Matthew Purdy, `Police Say Albanian Gangs Make Burglary an
> Art in US', The New York Times [17 December, 1994]
> 44. See, RFE/RL [24 May, 1995], and, Gazeta Shqiptare [19 July, 1995]
> 45. Jorge Fitz-Gibbon, `Albanian Mob Stung', The New York Daily News [14
> September, 1995]
> 46. Unattributable source [November, 1995, New York]
> 47. See, Peter Moses, `Albanian Mafia: Brutal....to put it Mildly', The New
> York Post [vol. 191 #48 1992]
> 48. `Bomb Blast Kills 5 in Albania; 2 Ex-Officers Arrested', The New York
> Times, (27 February, 1996)
> 49. `Dirty Tricks in Albania', Foreign Office Report, #2392, (21 March,
> 1996), p.7.
> 50. `Powerful Bomb Shatters Central Tirana', Albanian Times, Vol. 2 #8 (1
> February, 1996)
> 51. United States Department of State Travel Advisory, issued 12 June, 1992.
> 52. OMRI Digest,[ 1 August, 1995]
> 53. New Jersey State Law Enforcement Official, [November, 1995]
> 54. Speculation on this possibility increased after Macedonian authorities
> seized 37.4 kg. of heroin recently on the Macedonian-Bulgarian border.
> According to police, the man detained was an ethnic Turk, with origins in
> the highly Albanian populated town of Kumanovo. Police believe the shipment
> was bound for Germany where it would have been worth 10 million
> Deutschemarks. See, MIC, [4 August, 1995]
> 55. Macedonian Information Liasion Service [hereafter MILS], [8 August,1995]
> 56. Radio Tirana, [24 October, 1995]
> 57. Milivojevic, op.cit.
> 58. MIC, (5 October, 1995) and, Sasa Pesev, `Bomb Blast Wounds Macedonian
> President', The Associated Press (4 October, 1995)
> 59. Amnesty International/ Yugoslavia Report, Index: Europe 70/06/94, issued
> by Amnesty International [April, 1994]
> 60. OMRI Digest, [6 October, 1995], and, OMRI Digest, [19 October, 1995]
> 61. Reuters, [6 April, 1995], and, Gazeta Shqiptare [7 April, 1995], and,
> RFE/RL [12 April, 1995], and RFE/RL [11 May, 1995]
> 62. OMRI Digest, [3 November, 1995]
> 63. Anthony M. DeStefano, `The Balkan Connection', The Wall Street Journal
> (9 September, 1985)
> 64. Ibid.
> 65. Amy Beth Terdiman, `$120,000 Burgalries Linked', The Record (9 January, 1995)
> 66. Jose Lambiet, `Balkan Ring Looting US', The New York Daily News (19 May, 1993)
> 67. Anne Keegan, `The Yugo Gang', The Chicago Tribune (3 November, 1993)
> 68. Karl Alizade, Head of City Safe Engineering Corporation, Jersey City New
> Jersey; Talk given at the Mid-Atlantic Great Lakes Organized Crime and Law
> Enforcement Network Conference. (Philadelphia: 24 April, 1996)
> 69. Discussion with New Jersey State Law enforcement investigator, (May,1996)
> 70. Marc Carey, `Police Fearful Gangs will keep robbing Stores', The Washington
> Post (4 January, 1995) and, Kristi Nelson, `Immigrant Band Suspected in Break-ins
> The Philadelphia Inquirer (23 March, 1995) and,William Ehart, `Burglars Loot Cape
> ATMs', The Atlantic City Press -26 May'95
> 71. William Sherman and Daniel Goldfarb, `Albanian Gangs Breaking into the
> Big Leagues', The New York Post (11 January, 1996)
> 72. Point made by author at the National Law Enforcement and Intelligence
> Unit Conference, Guest Speaker (Ft. Lauderdale: 15 May, 1996)

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