Science Feud: Johns Hopkins geneticist Eran Elhaik says his research
debunks the long-held theory that Jews are a single race.
By Rita Rubin
Published May 07, 2013, issue of May 10, 2013.
Related
Jews Are a 'Race,' Genes Reveal
Genes Tell Tale of Jewish Ties to Africa
If Jews Are a Race — Which One?
Scientists usually don’t call each other “liars” and “frauds.”
But that’s how Johns Hopkins University post-doctoral researcher Eran
Elhaik describes a group of widely respected geneticists, including
Harry Ostrer, professor of pathology and genetics at Yeshiva
University’s Albert Einstein College of Medicine and author of the
2012 book “Legacy: A Genetic History of the Jewish People.”
For years now, the findings of Ostrer and several other scientists
have stood virtually unchallenged on the genetics of Jews and the
story they tell of the common Middle East origins shared by many
Jewish populations worldwide. Jews — and Ashkenazim in particular —
are indeed one people, Ostrer’s research finds.
It’s a theory that more or less affirms the understanding that many
Jews themselves hold of who they are in the world: a people who,
though scattered, share an ethnic-racial bond rooted in their common
ancestral descent from the indigenous Jews of ancient Judea or
Palestine, as the Romans called it after they conquered the Jewish
homeland.
But now, Elhaik, an Israeli molecular geneticist, has published
research that he says debunks this claim. And that has set off a
predictable clash.
“He’s just wrong,” said Marcus Feldman of Stanford University, a
leading researcher in Jewish genetics, referring to Elhaik.
The sometimes strong emotions generated by this scientific dispute
stem from a politically loaded question that scientists and others
have pondered for decades: Where in the world did Ashkenazi Jews come
from?
The debate touches upon such sensitive issues as whether the Jewish
people is a race or a religion, and whether Jews or Palestinians are
descended from the original inhabitants of what is now the State of
Israel.
Ostrer’s theory is sometimes marshaled to lend the authority of
science to the Zionist narrative, which views the migration of modern-
day Jews to what is now Israel, and their rule over that land, as a
simple act of repossession by the descendants of the land’s original
residents. Ostrer declined to be interviewed for this story. But in
his writings, Ostrer points out the dangers of such reductionism; some
of the same genetic markers common among Jews, he finds, can be found
in Palestinians, as well.
By using sophisticated molecular tools, Feldman, Ostrer and most other
scientists in the field have found that Jews are genetically
homogeneous. No matter where they live, these scientists say, Jews are
genetically more similar to each other than to their non-Jewish
neighbors, and they have a shared Middle Eastern ancestry.
The geneticists’ research backs up what is known as the Rhineland
Hypothesis. According to the hypothesis, Ashkenazi Jews descended from
Jews who fled Palestine after the Muslim conquest in the seventh
century and settled in Southern Europe. In the late Middle Ages they
moved into eastern Europe from Germany, or the Rhineland.
“Nonsense,” said Elhaik, a 33-year-old Israeli Jew from Beersheba who
earned a doctorate in molecular evolution from the University of
Houston. The son of an Italian man and Iranian woman who met in
Israel, Elhaik, a dark-haired, compact man, sat down recently for an
interview in his bare, narrow cubicle of an office at Hopkins, where
he’s worked for four years.
In “The Missing Link of Jewish European Ancestry: Contrasting the
Rhineland and the Khazarian Hypotheses,” published in December in the
online journal Genome Biology and Evolution, Elhaik says he has proved
that Ashkenazi Jews’ roots lie in the Caucasus — a region at the
border of Europe and Asia that lies between the Black and Caspian seas
— not in the Middle East. They are descendants, he argues, of the
Khazars, a Turkic people who lived in one of the largest medieval
states in Eurasia and then migrated to Eastern Europe in the 12th and
13th centuries. Ashkenazi genes, Elhaik added, are far more
heterogeneous than Ostrer and other proponents of the Rhineland
Hypothesis believe. Elhaik did find a Middle Eastern genetic marker in
DNA from Jews, but, he says, it could be from Iran, not ancient Judea.
Elhaik writes that the Khazars converted to Judaism in the eighth
century, although many historians believe that only royalty and some
members of the aristocracy converted. But widespread conversion by the
Khazars is the only way to explain the ballooning of the European
Jewish population to 8 million at the beginning of the 20th century
from its tiny base in the Middle Ages, Elhaik says.
Elhaik bases his conclusion on an analysis of genetic data published
by a team of researchers led by Doron Behar, a population geneticist
and senior physician at Israel’s Rambam Medical Center, in Haifa.
Using the same data, Behar’s team published in 2010 a paper concluding
that most contemporary Jews around the world and some non-Jewish
populations from the Levant, or Eastern Mediterranean, are closely
related.
Elhaik used some of the same statistical tests as Behar and others,
but he chose different comparisons. Elhaik compared “genetic
signatures” found in Jewish populations with those of modern-day
Armenians and Georgians, which he uses as a stand-in for the long-
extinct Khazarians because they live in the same area as the medieval
state.
“It’s an unrealistic premise,” said University of Arizona geneticist
Michael Hammer, one of Behar’s co-authors, of Elhaik’s paper. Hammer
notes that Armenians have Middle Eastern roots, which, he says, is why
they appeared to be genetically related to Ashkenazi Jews in Elhaik’s
study.
Hammer, who also co-wrote the first paper that showed modern-day
Kohanim are descended from a single male ancestor, calls Elhaik and
other Khazarian Hypothesis proponents “outlier folks… who have a
minority view that’s not supported scientifically. I think the
arguments they make are pretty weak and stretching what we know.”
Feldman, director of Stanford’s Morrison Institute for Population and
Resource Studies, echoes Hammer. “If you take all of the careful
genetic population analysis that has been done over the last 15 years…
there’s no doubt about the common Middle Eastern origin,” he said. He
added that Elhaik’s paper “is sort of a one-off.”
Elhaik’s statistical analysis would not pass muster with most
contemporary scholars, Feldman said: “He appears to be applying the
statistics in a way that gives him different results from what
everybody else has obtained from essentially similar data.”
Elhaik, who doesn’t believe that Moses, Aaron or the 12 Tribes of
Israel ever existed, shrugs off such criticism.
“That’s a circular argument,” he said of the notion that Jews’ and
Armenians’ genetic similarities stem from common ancestors in the
Middle East and not from Khazaria, the area where the Armenians live.
If you believe that, he says, then other non-Jewish populations, such
as Georgian, that are genetically similar to Armenians should be
considered genetically related to Jews, too, “and so on and so forth.”
Dan Graur, Elhaik’s doctoral supervisor at U.H. and a member of the
editorial board of the journal that published his paper, calls his
former student “very ambitious, very independent. That’s what I like.”
Graur, a Romanian-born Jew who served on the faculty of Tel Aviv
University for 22 years before moving 10 years ago to the Houston
school, said Elhaik “writes more provocatively than may be needed, but
it’s his style.” Graur calls Elhaik’s conclusion that Ashkenazi Jews
originated to the east of Germany “a very honest estimate.”
In a news article that accompanied Elhaik’s journal paper, Shlomo
Sand, history professor at Tel Aviv University and author of the
controversial 2009 book “The Invention of the Jewish People,” said the
study vindicated his long-held ideas.
”It’s so obvious for me,” Sand told the journal. “Some people,
historians and even scientists, turn a blind eye to the truth. Once,
to say Jews were a race was anti-Semitic, now to say they’re not a
race is anti-Semitic. It’s crazy how history plays with us.”
The paper has received little coverage in mainstream American media,
but it has attracted the attention of anti-Zionists and “anti-Semitic
white supremacists,” Elhaik said.
Interestingly, while anti-Zionist bloggers have applauded Elhaik’s
work, saying it proves that contemporary Jews have no legitimate claim
to Israel, some white supremacists have attacked it.
David Duke, for example, is disturbed by the assertion that Jews are
not a race. “The disruptive and conflict-ridden behavior which has
marked out Jewish Supremacist activities through the millennia
strongly suggests that Jews have remained more or less genetically
uniform and have… developed a group evolutionary survival strategy
based on a common biological unity — something which strongly
militates against the Khazar theory,” wrote the former Ku Klux
Klansman and former Louisiana state assemblyman on his blog in
February.
“I’m not communicating with them,” Elhaik said of the white
supremacists. He says it also bothers him, a veteran of seven years in
the Israeli army, that anti-Zionists have capitalized on his research;
not least because “they’re not going to be proven wrong anytime soon.”
But proponents of the Rhineland Hypothesis also have a political
agenda, he said, claiming they “were motivated to justify the Zionist
narrative.”
To illustrate his point, Elhaik swivels his chair around to face his
computer and calls up a 2010 email exchange with Ostrer.
“It was a great pleasure reading your group’s recent paper, ‘Abraham’s
Children in the Genome Era,’ that illuminate[s] the history of our
people,” Elhaik wrote to Ostrer. “Is it possible to see the data used
for the study?”
Ostrer replied that the data are not publicly available. “It is
possible to collaborate with the team by writing a brief proposal that
outlines what you plan to do,” he wrote. “Criteria for reviewing
include novelty and strength of the proposal, non-overlap with current
or planned activities, and non-defamatory nature toward the Jewish
people.” That last requirement, Elhaik argues, reveals the bias of
Ostrer and his collaborators.
Allowing scientists access to data only if their research will not
defame Jews is “peculiar,” said Catherine DeAngelis, who edited the
Journal of the American Medical Association for a decade. “What he
does is set himself up for criticism: Wait a minute. What’s this guy
trying to hide?”
Despite what his critics claim, Elhaik says, he was not out to prove
that contemporary Jews have no connection to the Jewish people of the
Bible. His primary research focus is the genetics of mental illness,
which, he explains, led him to question the assumption that Ashkenazi
Jews are a useful population to study because they’re so homogeneous.
Elhaik says he first read about the Khazarian Hypothesis a decade ago
in a 1976 book by the late Hungarian-British author Arthur Koestler,
“The Thirteenth Tribe,” written before scientists had the tools to
compare genomes. Koestler, who was Jewish by birth, said his aim in
writing the book was to eliminate the racist underpinnings of anti-
Semitism in Europe. “Should this theory be confirmed, the term ‘anti-
Semitism’ would become void of meaning,” the book jacket reads.
Although Koestler’s book was generally well reviewed, some skeptics
questioned the author’s grasp of the history of Khazaria.
Graur is not surprised that Elhaik has stood up against the “clique”
of scientists who believe that Jews are genetically homogeneous. “He
enjoys being combative,” Graur said. “That’s what science is.”
Contact Rita Rubin at
feed...@forward.com