==>THE TRUE ORIGINS OF ALLAH THE ARCHEOLOGICAL RECORD SPEAKS
Undaunted Infidel
1. The True Origin of 'Allah':
The Archaeological Record Speaks
A. The Name of God in the Bible
The God of the Old Testament is known as YHWH ()or, when pointed with the
correct vowels, Yahweh. This translates as "The Self-Existent One", being
derived from the Hebrew háwáh, meaning "to exist". As Allah is the name of
God on the Muslim Holy Scriptures, the Koran (or Quran), so Yahweh is the
Name of God in the Hebrew Scriptures, the Bible. What is particularly
interesting and significant is the fact that Yahweh never appears as the
name of of any deity outside the Bible. There is no record anywhere of any
other tribe or religion which worhipped Yahweh. The Hebrew Name of God is
unique to the Bible and its chosen people. From this alone we may deduce
that the Name "Yahweh" was not borrowed from some other culture or religion.
It emerged unquely within the Bible revelation.
It is claimed by Muslims that Allah is the God of the Bible and that he is
mentioned in the sacred texts. This is absolutely not true. The name "Allah"
does not appear once in either the Old or New Testaments. The only time God
is referred to by name in the Old Testament is either as YAHWEH (meaning "He
(who) is") or as a contraction, YAH. [Please note that the name "Jehovah" is
not a biblical name of God but was especially 'created' by Jews afraid to
pronounce the Sacred Name by combining the consonants YHWH with the vowels
from adonai, meaning "Lord"].
The word alah does exist in Hebrew but it is not a proper name and it never
refers to God. It has three principal meanings: (a) to curse, swear, or
adjure; (b) to lament (weep); and (c) to arise, ascend, climb, go away,
leap, etc.. It is an indisputable fact that ALLAH does not appear even once
as the Name of God, or even of a man, in the Hebrew Scriptures. There is no
word 'alah' or 'allah' in the Greek New Testament at all. It was, quite
simply, unknown in the Bible world. To therefore claim that 'Allah' was the
name of God in the Bible is without one single shred of evidence. God has
always been known as Yahweh, or (much less frequently) by the contraction
Yah.
Muslim scholars have gone to great lengths to try and prove that the Arabic
"Allah" is, in fact, the same as the Hebrew "Eloah", which is not a proper
name and simply translates as "God". The words "El" and "Elohim" also
translate the same way, appear far more numerously than Eloah, and may be
used to designate either the true God, pagan deities, idols, or even human
judges. It is for this reason that I have heard Muslim apologists get
annoyed when other Muslins talk about "God" instead of "Allah" because the
word "God" can be applied to any religion's god. They recognise that Allah
is a proper name which distinguishes the God of the Muslims from the God of
the Jews and Christians, or the gods of the Hindus and others. "Eloah" is,
in any case, a derivative of "El" and its plural "Elohim" which doesn't
remotely sound like "Allah". You will not find many (if any) Muslims
insisting that they worship the Hebrew Eloah - the only time they ever try
to make a connection is when trying to recruit Jews and Christians to Islam.
If I were confess that "Eloah" were my God and that Mohammed was his prophet
I doubt any Muslim would believe I had converted to Islam!
There is another El-derived word for "God" in the Old Testament which sounds
similar to Allah and that is Elah. It is only used by the prophets Ezra,
Daniel and once by Jeremiah. It is, again, not a proper name, and actually
also means an "oak tree" and was thus also used by pagans as a title for
their tree deities, i.e. idols. I doubt somehow that Muslims would wish
their Allah to be associated with an idol.
Even if the Muslim scholars were right about "Eloah" (which the evidence
strongly repudiates) we would then be faced with the problem that God has
two proper names - Yahweh and Eloah/Allah - which contradicts God's own
testimony in the Old Testament that He is only known as Yahweh.
The Name Yahweh is enshrined in the Third Commandment:
Thou shalt not take the Name of Yahweh () thy Elohim [God] in vain"
(Ex.20:7)
The word "vain" is the Hebrew shoaw, meaning "to rush over, to bring
devastation, uselessness, or ruin". In other words, this is THE Sacred Name
above all names. This Name is not to be blasphemed (Lev.24:16) or
desicrated. It is to be treated with reverential awe because it is the
essence of the True God Himself.
The Catholics and most Protestants have blasphemed this Name by changing it
to "Jehovah" which translated "God is perverse" by mutilating it (as
described above). There is even a whole church called the "Jehovah's
Witnesses" which uses this disgusting name. The Bible teaches from cover to
cover that the true Name of God, Yahweh, is essential to salvation. It is
mentioned right at the beginning of the Bible and is used througout. Yahweh
is the creator "who made the earth and the heavens" (Gen.2:4).
One thing most Muslims and Christians are ignorant of is that the Name of
the True God appears within the Name of Jesus. Most Christians are rather
embarrassed to learn that "Jesus" isn't the real Name of Christ at all. If
you had asked someone in New Testament times who "Jesus" was, nobody would
have known. If you had asked Mary (Miryam) is she had a son called "Jesus"
she would have stared at you blankly. The son of Mary was not called "Jesus"
but Yah'shua ().
Jesus is a Greek word. The letter "J" doesn't even exist in Hebrew. Yet the
angel Gabriel told Mary/Miriyam that the Messiah's Name, which was given by
Almighty God Himself, was of special significance. It has a precise meaning
of prophetic importance. Gabriel said that He would receive this Name
because "He shall save His people from their sins". Every Hebrew scholar
will tell you that the Name given through Gabriel was Y'SHUA or YAH'SHUA.
Literally translated this means, "YAH saves" - and you will remember that
Yah is a contraction of Yahweh.
You see, God's true Name was even preserved in the Name of the Messiah
because it is YAH / Yahweh - who saves. The Name of "Jesus" was "YAHWEH
SAVES".
The Scriptures are therefore consistent not only in preserving the true Name
of God, Yahweh, throughout, but in placing the Sacred Name in the Messiah as
well. This is no accident of of immense prophetic significance. There are
now millions of believers who now no longer use the perverse name "Jehovah"
and who use the correct name of Jesus, Yah'shua, in order to be true to the
Scriptures. I am one of them. Christians have been guilty of obscuring the
truth by adopting perverted or Hellenised Names of Deity.
What has this to do with our discussion of Allah? The reason I have spent so
much time underscoring the Biblical Name of God is to show clearly and
finally that it has been known as Yahweh since the beginning of time. And
whilst there are certain superficial similarities in sound to the Arabic
"Allah" the meaning and historical origin is quite, quite different.
B. Origin of the Name Allah
The word "Allah" comes from the compound Arabic word, al-ilah. Al is the
definite article "the" and ilah is an Arabic word for "god", i.e. the god.
We see immediately that (a) this is not a proper name but a generic name
rather like the Hebrew El (which as we have seen was used of any deity; and
(b) that Allah is not a foreign word (as it would have been if it had been
borrowed from the Hebrew Bible) but a purely Arabic one. It would also be
wrong to compare "Allah" with the Hebrew or Greek for God (El and Theos,
respectively), because "Allah" is purely an Arabic term used exclusively in
reference to an Arabic deity.
The Encyclopedia of Religion says: "'Allah' is a pre-Islamic name ...
corresponding to the Baylonian Bel" (ed. James Hastings, Edinburgh, T. & T.
Clark, 1908, I:326).
I know that Muslims will find this hard to believe so I am now going to make
many citations and present the archaeological evidence to prove conclusively
that is true. Though this data will be painful for many of our readers, it
is necessary to face the truth. Facts and facts, and unless you are willing
to desert all logic, reason and common sense, and the evidence of your eyes,
they must be faced.
a.. "Allah is found ... in Arabic inscriptions prior to Islam"
(Encyclopedia Britannica, I:643)
b.. "The Arabs, before the time of Mohammed, accepted and worshipped,
after a fashion, a supreme god called allah" (Encyclopedia of Islam, eds.
Houtsma, Arnold, Basset, Hartman; Leiden: E.J.Brill, 1913, I:302)
c.. "Allah was known to the pre-Islamic Arabs; he was one of the Meccan
deities" (Encyclopedia of Islam, ed. Gibb, I:406)
d.. "Ilah ... appears in pre-Islamic poetry ... By frequency of usage,
al-ilah was contracted to allah, frequently attested to in pre-Islamic
poetry" (Encyclopedia of Islam, eds. Lewis, Menage, Pellat, Schacht; Leiden:
E.J.Brill, 1971, III:1093)
e.. "The name Allah goes back before Muhammed" (Encyclopedia of World
Mythology and Legend, "The Facts on File", ed. Anthony Mercatante, New York,
1983, I:41)
f.. The origin of this (Allah) goes back to pre-Muslim times. Allah is not
a common name meaning "God" (or a "god"), and the Muslim must use another
word or form if he wishes to indicate any other than his own peculiar deity"
(Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics, ed. James Hastings, Edinburgh: T & T
Clark, 1908, I:326)
Scholar Henry Preserved Smith of Harvard University stated:
a.. "Allah was already known by name to the Arabs" (The Bible and Islam:
or, the Influence of the Old and New Testament on the Religion of Mohammed,
New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1897, p.102)
Dr. Kenneth Cragg, former editor of the prestigious scholarly journal Muslim
World and an outstanding modern Western Islamic scholar, whose works were
generally published by Oxford University, comments:
a.. The name Allah is also evident in archaeological and literary remains
of pre-Islamic Arabia" (The Call of the Minaret, New York: OUP, 1956, p.31)
Dr. W. Montgomery Watt, who was Professor of Arabic and Islamic Studies at
Edinburgh University and Visiting Professor of Islamic Studies at College de
France, georgetown University, and the University of Toronto, has done
extensive work on the pre-Islamic concept of Allah. He concludes:
"In recent years I have become increasingly voncinced that for an adequate
understanding of the career of Muhammad and the origins of Islam great
importance must be attached to the existence in Mecca of belief in Allah as
a "high god". In a sense this is a form of paganism, but it is so different
from paganism as commonly understood that it dererves separate treatment"
(Mohammad's Mecca, p.vii. See also his article, "Belief in a High God in
pre-Islamic Mecca", Journal of Scientific Semitic Studies, vol.16, 1971,
pp.35-40)
Caesar Farah in his book on Islam concludes his discussion of the
pre-Islamic meaning of Allah by saying:
"There is no reason, therefore, to accept the idea that Allah passed to
the Muslims from the Christians and Jews" (Islam: Beliefs and Observations,
New York: Barrons, 1987, p.28)
According to Middle East scholar E.M.Wherry, whose translation of the Koran
is still used today, in pre-Islamic times Allah-worship, as well as the
worship of Baal, were both astral religions in that they involved the
worship of the sun, the moon, and the stars (A Comprehensive Commentary on
the Quran, Osnabrück: Otto Zeller Verlag, 1973, p.36).
"In ancient Arabia, the sun-god was viewed as a female goddess and the
moon as the male god. As has been pointed out by many scholars as Alfred
Guilluame, the moon god was called by various names, one of which was Allah
(op.cit., Islam, p.7)
"The name Allah was used as the personal name of the moon god, in addition
to the other titles that could be given to him.
"Allah, the moon god, was married to the sun goddess. Together they
produced three goddesses who were called 'the daughters of Allah'. These
three goddesses were called Al-Lat, Al-Uzza, and Manat.
"The daughters of Allah, along with Allah and the sun goddess were viewed
as "high" gods. That is, they were viewed as being at the top of the
pantheon of Arabian deities" (Robert Morey, The Islamic Invasion, Eugene,
Oregon, Harvest House Publishers, 1977, pp.50-51).
The Encyclopedia of World Mythology and Legend records:
"Along with Allah, however, they worshipped a host of lesser gods and
"daughters of Allah" (op.cit., I:61).
It is a well known fact archaeologically speaking that the cresent moon was
the symbol of worship of the moon god both in Arabia and throughout the
Middle East in pre-Islamic times. Archaeologists have excavated numerous
statues and hieroglyphic inscriptions in which a crescent moon was seated on
the top of the head of the deity to symbolise the worship of the moon-god.
Interestingly, whilst the moon was generally worshipped as a female deity in
the Ancient Near East, the Arabs viewed it as a male deity.
In Mesopotamia the Sumerian god Nanna, named Sîn by the Akkadians, was
worshipped in particular in Ur, where he was the chief god of the city, and
also in the city of Harran in Syria, which had close religious links with
Ur. The Ugaritic texts have shown that there a moon deity was worshipped
under the name yrh. On the monuments the god is represented by the symbol of
the crescent moon. At Hazor in Palestine a small Canaanite shrine of the
late Bronze Age was discovered which contained a basalt stele depicting two
hands lifted as if in prayer to a crescent moon, indicating that the shrine
was dedicated to the moon god.
The worship of stellar deities, instead of Yahweh, was always a temptation
faced by the Israelites (Dt.4:19; Jer.7:18; Am.5:26; Ac.7:43). But Yahweh is
at the zennith of the heavens (Job 22:12).
"The Quraysh tribe into which Mohammad was born was particularly devoted
to Allah, the moon god, and especially to Allah's three daughters who were
viewed as intercessors between the people and Allah.
"The worship of the three goddesses, Al-Lat, Al-Uzza, and Manat, played a
significant rôle in the worship at the Kabah in Mecca. The first two
daughters of Allah had names which were feminine forms of Allah.
"The literal Arabic name of Muhammad's father was Abd-Allah. His uncle's
name was Obied-Allah. These names reveal the personal devotion that
Muhammad's pagan family had to the worship of Allah, the moon god" (op.cit.,
Morey, p.51).
History proves conclusively that before Islam came into existence, the
Sabbeans in Arabia worshipped the moon-god Allah who was married to the
sun-goddess. We have also seen that it was a matter of common practice to
use the name of the moon-god in personal names in Muhammad's tribe. That
Allah was a pagan deity in pre-Islamic times is incontestible. And so we
must ask ourselves the question: why was Muhammad's God named after a pagan
deity in his own tribe?
It is an undeniable fact that an Allah idol was set up at the Kabah along
with all the other idols of the time. The pagans prayed towards Mecca and
the Kabah because that is where their gods were stationed. It made sense to
them to face in the direction of their god and pray since that is where he
was. Since the idol of their moon god, Allah, was at Mecca, they prayed
towards Mecca.
As we have seen, and as is acknowledged amongst all scholars of Middle
Eastern religious history, the worship of the moon-god extended far beyond
Allah-worship in Arabia. The entire fertile crescent was involved in
moon-worship. The data falls neatly in place and we are able therefore to
understand, in part, the early success Islam had amongst Arab groups that
had traditionally worshipped Allak, the moon-god. We can also understand
that the use of the crescent moon as the symbol of Islam, and which appears
on dozens of flags of Islamic nations in Asia and Africa, and surmounts
minerets and mosque roofs, is a throwback to the days when Allah was
worshipped as the moon-god in Mecca.
Educated Muslims understand these facts only too well - better, in fact,
than most Christians. Robert Morey recalls a conversation he once had:
"During one trip to Washington DC I got involved in a conversation with a
Muslim tax driver from Iran. When I asked him, 'Where did Islam obtain its
symbol of the crescent moon?' he responded that it was an ancient pagan
symbol used throughout the Middle East and that adopting this symbol had
helped Muslims to convert people throughout the Middle East. When I pointed
out that the word Allah itself was used by the moon-god cult in pre-Islamic
Arabia, he agreed that this was the case. I then pointed out that the
religion and the Quran of Muhammad could be explained in terms of
pre-Islamic culture, customs, and religious ideas. He agreed with this! He
went on to explain that he was a university-educated Muslim who, at this
point in his life, was attempting to understand Islam from a scholarly
viewpoint. As a result, he had lost his faith in Islam. The significance of
the pre-Islamic source of the name Allah cannot be overestimated" (op.cit.,
pp.52-53).
What is particularly interesting to me personally is seeing the parallels
between the evolution of Islam and the Roman Catholic Church, both of which
absorbed pagan ideas in order to make converts. Muhammad was not alone in
his plagiarisation of other religions. Bogus "Christian" churches have done
it too. Those naming the Name of Christ must accept responsibility for
similar things. And it is for this reason that this author has renounced all
counterfeit forms of Christianity and returned to the original teachings of
the Bible and to the true God, Yahweh-Elohim.
If there is one thing that has been abundantly clear in my study of
comparative religions it is this: all the major religions have different
concepts of deity. Yahweh, Allah, Vishnu and Buddha are absolutely not the
same. In other words, all religions do not worship the same God, only under
different names. That is why the use of the word "God" in describing deity
is so inadequate and why we must return to the names of these deities to
discover what they actually mean in terms of personality and attributes.
Ignoring the essential differences which divide world religions is an insult
to the uniqueness of world religions. Yahweh, the God of the Bible, is not
Allah the god of the Koran, is not Vishnu the god of the Vedas, is not the
god of the Buddhists, etc.. As we shall see in a later article, there are
fundamental differences between Yahweh and Allah in terms of personal
attributes, theology, morals, ethics, soteriology, eschatology, theocracy,
and in almost every other respect. They represent two different spiritual
worlds. And when we discover even more of the nature of Yahweh through the
revelation of Yah'shua (Jesus) we see that the gap between the Bible and the
Koran is even wider.
I shall conclude this article with more evidence concerning the true origin
of the deity which has been incorporated into Islam as Allah.
C. Archaeology of the Moon-God
Muslims worship a deity called Allah and claim that the Allah in pre-Islamic
times was the biblical God, Yahweh, of the patriarchs, prophets, and
apostles.
Ahmed Deedat, well-known Muslim apologist, argues that Allah is a biblical
name for God on the basis of "Allelujah" which he convolutes into
"Allah-lujah" (What is His Name?, Durban, SA: IPCI, 1990, p.37). This only
reveals that he does not understand Hebrew, for haleluyah is the contracted
form of Yahweh, YAH, preceeded by the verb "to praise" (literally, Praise
Yah(weh)!). His other "biblical" arguments are equally absurd. he also
claims that the word "Allah" was never corrupted by paganism. "Allah is a
unique word for the only God ... you cannot make a feminine of Allah", says
Deedat. But what he does not tell his readers is that one of Allah's
daughters was named "Al-Lat", which is the feminine form of "Allah"!
The issue here is therefore seen to be one of CONTINUITY for the Muslim's
claim of continuity (from Judaism to Christianity to Islam) is essential in
their attempt to convert Jews and Christians. If "Allah" is part of the flow
of divine revelation in Scripture, then it is the next step in biblical
religion. Thus we should all become Muslims. But, on the other hand, if
Allah was a pre-Islamic pagan deity, then its core claim is refuted.
Religious claims often come to grief as a result of solid scientific,
archaeological evidence. Sp, instead of endlessly speculating about the
past, we can look to science to see what the evidence reveals. As we shall
see, the hard evidence demonstrates that the god Allah was a pagan deity. In
fact, he was the moon-god who was married to the sun-goddess and the stars
were his daughters.
Archaeologists have uncovered temples to the moon-god throughout the Middle
East. From the mountains of Turkey to the banks of the Nile, the most
widespread religion of the ancient world was the worship of the moon-god. It
was even the religion of the patriarch Abraham before Yahweh revealed
Himself and commanded him to leave his home in Ur of the Chaldees and
migrate to Canaan.
A scene from the time of Abraham. A merchant, his wife and daughter at the
ziggurat of Ur, prayerfully watching parading
priests and musicians restore a gilded statue of the moon-god Sîn to his
temple atop the "Hill of Heaven"
Archaeologists have uncovered temples to the moon-god throughout the Middle
East (see the artistic reconstruction above based on museum artifacts, wall
paintings found in ruined cities, etc. in ancient Mesopotamia). From the
mountains of Turkey to the banks of the Nile, the most widespread religion
of the ancient world was the worship of the moon-god.
The Sumerians, in the first literate civilisation, left thoudands of clay
tablets describing their religious beliefs. As demonstrated by Sjöberg and
Hall, the ancient Sumerians worshipped a moon-god who was called by many
different names. The most popular names were Nanna, Suen, and Asimbabbar
(Mark Hall, A Study of the Sumerian Moon-god, Sin, PhD., 1985, University of
Pennsylvania). His symbol was the crescent moon. Given the amount of
artifacts concerning the worship of this moon-god, it is clear that this was
the dominant religion in Sumeria. The cult of the moon-god was the most
popular religion throughout ancient Mesopotamia. The Assyrians, Babylonians,
and Arkkadians took the word Suen and transformed it into the word Sîn as
their favourite name for this deity (Austin Potts, The Hymns and Prayers to
the Moon-god, Sin, PhD., 1971, Dropsie College, p.2). As Professor Potts
pointed out, "Sîn is a name essentially Sumerian in origin which had been
borrowed by the Semites" (op.cit., p.4).
Anatolian mural from Karum - notice the boxed pre-Islamic Crescent-and-Star
glyph
Another pre-Islamic crescent moon and star from the same location
Pre-Islamic and Islamic Crescent-and-Star Glyphs
Anatolian (left), Islamic (centre), Ancient Persian Moon-goddess (right)
In ancient Syria and Canna, the moon-god Sîn was usually represented by the
moon in its crescent phase. At times, the full moon was placed inside the
crescent moon to emphasise all the phases of the moon. Tne sun-goddess was
the wife of Sîn and the stars were their daughters. For example, Ishtar was
the daughter of Sîn (Ibid., p.7).
Sacrifices to the moon-god are described in the Ras Shamra texts (see Ras
Shamra stele from North Syria to the right). In the Ugaritic texts, the
moon-god was sometimes called Kusuh. In Persia (above right), as well as in
Egypt (left), the moon-god is depicted on wall murals and on the heads of
statutes. He was the judge of men and gods.
As a matter of fact, everywhere in the ancient world the symbol of the
crescent moon can be found on seal impressions, steles, pottery, amulets,
clay tablets, cylinders, weights, earrings, necklasses, wall murals, and so
on. In Tell-el-Obeid, a copper calf was found with crescent moon on its
forehead, the same idol the children of Israel worshipped in the Desert of
Sîn (Sînai) during the apostacy whilst Moses was on top of the mountain
getting the Ten Commandments from Yahweh. While God's prophet (Moses) was
conversing with the true God, Yahweh, the Israelites were descending into
idolatry worshipping the moon-god, Sîn! An idol with the body of a bull and
the head of a man has a crescent inlaid on its forehead with shells. In Ur,
the Stela of Ur-Nammu has the crescent symbol placed at the top of the
register of gods because the moon god was the head of the gods. Even bread
was baked in the form of a crescent as an act of devotion to the moon-god
(Ibid, pp.14-21).
Ur of the Chaldees was so devoted to the moon-god that it was sometimes
called Nannar in tablets from that time period. A temple of the moon-god was
excavated in Ur by Sir Leonard Woolley. He dug up many examples of
moon-worship that are now displayed in the British Museum. Harran was
likewise noted for its devotion to the moon-god. An example of the
Babylonian moon-god is shown to the right. Note the presence of the
crescent.
In the 1950's a major temple to the moon-god was excavated at Hazor in
Palestine. Two idols of the moon-god were found. Each was a statue of a man
sitting upon a throne with a crescent moon carved into his chest (below
left). The accompanying inscriptions make it clear that these were idols of
the moon-god (below right). The worship tablet found at the same sight
(left) shows arms outstretched towards the Moon-god here represented by the
full moon within the crescent moon. Several smaller statues were also found
which were identified by their inscriptions as the daughters of the
moon-god. These are illustrated in the collection of photographs (below
right).
What about Arabia? As pointed out by Professor Coon, "Muslims are
notoriously loathe to preserve traditions of earlier paganism and like to
garble what pre-Islamic history they permit to survive in anachronistic
terms" (Carleton S. Coon, Southern Arabia, Washington DC, Smithsonian, 1944,
p.398).
During the 19th century, Arnaud, Halevy, and Glaser went to southern Arabia
and dug up thousands of Sabean, Minaean, and Qarabanian inscriptions which
were subsequently translated.
In the 1940's, archaeologists G. Caton Thompson and Carleton S. Coon made
some amazing discoveries in Arabia. During the 1950's, Wendell Phillips,
W.F.Albright, Richard Bower, and others excavated sites Qataban, Timna, and
Marib (the ancient capital of Sheba).
Thousands of inscriptions from walls and rocks in northern Arabia have also
been collected. Reliefs and votive bowls used in worship of the "daughters
of Allah" have also been discovered. The three daughters, Al-Lat, Al-Uzza,
and Manat are sometimes depicted together with Allah the moon-god
represented by a crescent moon above them (North Arabian archaeological
finds concerning Al-Lat are discussed in: Isaac Rabinowitz, Aramaic
Inscriptions of the Fifth Century, JNES, XV, 1956, pp.1-9; Another Aramaic
Record of the North Arabian goddess Han'Llat, JNES, XVIII, 1959, pp.154-55;
Edward Linski, The Goddess Atirat in Ancient Arabia, in Babylon and in
Ugarit: Her Relation to the Moon-god and the Sun-goddess, Orientalia
Lovaniensia Periodica, 3:101-9; H.J.Drivers, Iconography and Character of
the Arab Goddess Allat, found in Études Preliminaries Aux Religions
Orientales Dans L'Empire Roman, ed. Maarten J. Verseren, Leiden, Brill,
1978, pp.331-51).
The archaeological evidence demonstrates that the dominant religion in
Arabia was the cult of the moon-god. The Old Testament consistenly rebuked
the worship of the moon-god (e.g. Dt.4:19; 17:3; 2 Ki.21:3,5; 23:5; Jer.8:2;
19:13; Zeph.1:5). When Israel fell into idolatry, it was usually to the cult
of the moon-god. In Old Testament times, Nabonidus (555-539 BC), the last
King of Babylon, built Tayma, Arabia, as a centre od moon-god worship.
Segall stated: "South Arabia's stellar religion has always been dominated by
the Moon-god in various variations" (Berta Segall, The Iconography of Cosmic
Kingship, the Art Bulletin, vol.xxxviii, 1956, p.77). Many scholars have
also noticed that the moon-god's name, Sín, is a part of such Arabic words
as "Sinai", the "wilderness of Sîn", and so forth.
When the popularity of the moon-god waned elsewhere, the Arabs remained true
to their conviction that the moon-god was the greatest of all gods. While
they worshipped 360 gods at the Kabah in Mecca, the moon-god was the chief
deity. Mecca was in fact built as a shrine for the moon-god. This is what
made it the most sacred site of Arabian paganism.
In 1944, G. Caton Thompson revealed in her book, The Tombs and Moon Temple
of Hureidah, that she had uncovered a temple of the moon-god in southern
Arabia (see map above). The symbols of the crescent moon and no less than 21
inscriptions with the name Sîn were found in this temple (s, that she had
uncovered a temple of the moon-god in southern Arabia (see map above). The
symbols of the crescent moon and no less than 21 inscriptions with the name
Sîn were found in this temple (see above left). An idol which is probably
the moon-god himself was also discovered (see above right). This was later
confirmed by other well-known archaeologists (See Richard Le Baron Bower Jr.
and Frank P. Albright, Archaeological Discoveries in South Arabia,
Baltimore, John Hopkins University Press, 1958, p.78ff; Ray Cleveland, An
Ancient South Arabian Necropolis, Baltimore, John Hopkins University Press,
1965; Nelson Gleuck, Deities and Dolphins, New York, Farrar, Strauss and
Giroux, 1965).
The temple reveals that the temple of the moon-god was active even in the
Christian era. Evidence gathered from both North and South Arabia
demonstrate that moon-god worship was clearly active even in Muhammad's day
and was still the dominant cult.
According to numerous inscriptions, while the name of the moon-god was Sîn,
his title was al-ilah, "the deity", meaning that he was the chief of high
god among the gods. As Coon pointed out, "The God Il or Ilah was originally
a phase of the Moon-God" (Coon, Southern Arabia, p.399).
The moon-god was called al-ilah, the god, which was shortened to Allah in
pre-Islamic times. The pagan Arabs even used Allah in the names they gave to
their children. For example, both Muhammad's father and uncle has Allah as
part of their names. The fact that they were given such names by their
parents proves that Allah was the title for the moon-god even in Muhammad's
day. Professor Coon says, "Similarly, under Muhammad's tutelage, the
relatively anonymous Ilah, became Al-Ilah, The God, of Allah, the Supreme
Being" (Ibid.).
This fact answers the questions: "Why is Allah never defined in the Quran?"
and "Why did Muhammad assume that the pagan Arabs already knew who Allah
was?"
Muhammad was raised in the religion of the moon-god Allah. But he went one
step further than his fellow pagan Arabs. While they believed that Allah the
moon-god was the greatest of all gods and the supreme deity in the pantheon
of deities,Muhammad decided that Allah was not only the greatest god but the
only God.
In effect he said, "Look, you already believe that the moon-god Allah is the
greatest of all gods. All I want you to do is accept the idea that he is the
only god. I am not taking away the Allah you already worship. I am only
taking away his wife and his daughters and all the other gods."
This is seen from the fact that the first point of the Muslim creed is not
"Allah is great" but "Allah is the greatest" - he is the greatest among the
gods. Why would Muhammad say that Allah is the greatest except in a
polytheistic (many gods) context? The Arabic word is used to contrast the
greater from the lesser.
That this is true is seen from the fact that the pagan Arabs never accused
Muhammad of preaching a different Allah than the one they already
worshipped. Thus "Allah" was the moon-god according to the archaeological
evidence.
Muhammad thus attempted to have it both ways. To the pagans, he said that he
still believed in the moon-god Allah. To the Jews and the Christians he said
that Allah was their God, too. But both the Jews and the Christians, who
worshipped Yahweh, knew better and they rejected his god Allah as a false
god.
Al-Kindi, one of the early Christian apologists against Islam, pointed out
that Islam and its god Allah did not come from the Bible but from the
paganism of the Sabeans. They did not worship the God of the Bible but the
moon-god and his daughters al-Uzza, al-Lat, and Manat (Three Easly
Christian-Muslim Debates, ed. by N.A.Newman, Hatfield, PA, IBRI, 1994,
pp.357, 413, 426).
Dr. Newman concludes his study of the early Christian-Muslim debates by
stating, "Islam proved itself to be ... a separate and antagonistic religion
which had sprung up from idolatry" (Ibid., p.719). Islamic scholar Caesar
Farah concluded, "There is no reason, therefore, to accept the idea that
Allah passed to the Muslims from the Christians and the Jews" (Caesar Farah,
Islam: Beliefs and Observances, New York, Barrons, 1987, p.28).
The Arabs worshipped the moon-god as a supreme deity. But that was not
biblical monotheism. While the moon-god was greater than all the other gods
and goddesses, this was still a polytheistic pantheon of deities. Now that
we have the actual idols of the moon-god, it is no longer possible to avoid
the fact that Allah was a pagan god in pre-Islamic times.
Is it any wonder that the symbol of Islam is the crescent moon? That a
crescent moon sits on top of their mosques and minarets? That a crescent is
found on the flags of Islamic nations? That the Muslims fast during the
month which begins and ends with the appearance of the crescent moon in the
sky?
Conclusion
The pagan Arabs worshipped the moon god Allah by praying toward Mecca
several times a day; making a pilgrimage to Mecca; running around the temple
of the moon-god called the Kabah; kissing the black stone; killing an animal
in sacrifice to the moon-god; throwing stones at the devil; fasting for the
month that begins and ends with the crescent moon; giving alms to the poor,
and so on.
The fact that the Muslims worship only one god - are monotheism - does not
prove that the god they worship is the True God. A similar pagan
"reformation" occurred in ancient Egypt when Pharaoh Akhenaton decided to
become a monotheist by making the sun-god Aton the one and only true god of
Egypt, persecuting and outlawing worship of all the other gods of his
nation.
There are four interesting parallels with Islam here: (a) Akhenaton made the
male sun-god the one and only god of Egypt, while (b) Muhammad made the male
moon-god the one and only god of the Arabs. Neither god remotely resembled
Yahweh, the God of the Bible, both being pagan deities borrowed from
polytheistic religions. And there is a third parallel: (c) Though
technically monotheistic, in practice Akhenaton remained a god himself.
Though never calling himself a "god", Muhammad certainly accrued many of the
attributes of godly power as we shall see in subsequent articles. Finally,
(d) Akhenaton used as a symbol for his god the Ankh Cross consisting of a
solar disk atop a Tau cross, whilst Muhammad retained for Islam the pagan
crescent moon symbol of the moon-god Allah.
Is this all a fanciful, far-fetched conclusion? Is all the vast array of
scholarly information available on Allah simply a conspiracy by evil
Westerners to discredit Islam? Or might what you have read be the truth? Are
you honest enough to continue researching the origins of Islam further? And
most importantly, are you honest enough to admit that you might be wrong and
that the truth about God lies elsewhere?
My purpose in this article has not been to prove Christianity but simply to
examine Islam's roots and to see if the "official version" is believable.
What we myst not do is try to cover up the deficiencies of our own religion
by attacking another one. The two issues muct be kept separate so as not to
confuse the issue. This requires self-control above all else. It means
keeping passions checked whilst we calmly investigate the facts. Hot-headed
people do not tend to find the truth because they are too blinded by their
own chaotic feelings.
May Yahweh, the God of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob, and all the biblical
prophets, and of Yah'shua (Jesus) Himself, bless and you guide you in the
way of truth. Amen.