The Sakas (Scythians)
Shahin Malekpour
Dear reader,
I received a kind email from Mr. Arman Tajrobi,
who requested to feature the following article
in SCI website, which is currently under development.
To do better justice to his valuable efforts, I have
further improved the article, and would be delighted
to contribute it to this beneficial project.
Shahin Malekpour
---
The Sakas (Scythians)
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
An abridged history, researched and composed by: Shahin Malekpour,
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Jan 1999
Kourush II (Cyrus the Great), the founder of the Persian Achaemenian
dynasty, (born between 580 - 90) was killed in a skirmish with the
*Massagetae*, a restless Saka tribe, in 529 B.C.
The Indo-European *Saka* people --the Persians called them 'Sakas',
the Greeks 'Scythians'--, together with their kindered tribes: Celts,
Massagetae, Dahae and others, probably emerged from somewhere to the
east of Alti mountains in the 9th century B.C. At one time, they inhabited
an area stretching from Siberian tundra regions, into the spacious steppes
of Central Asia, to the banks of Don, Volga and Amu Daria river (Oxus).
They may have originated from other regions of the pre-historic world,
when their ancestors, possibly hunter gatherers in pursuit of migrating
animals like buffalo, horses, Bakterian camels and probably mammoths,
found their way into the vastness of Central Asia, as the ice sheets of
the last ice age receded.
Sakas were composed of highly mobile nomadic tribes, known to have been
amongst the first horsemen in history. They may have been immortalised in
the early Greek mythology, featuring as 'Centaures': half man half horse
creatures.
They were a communal people, made up of clans who revered nature. There
are evidences of shamanic beliefs, and they may have directly or indirectly
contributed to the spread and growth of cults such as Mithraiism, albeit
in its ealy forms. This is particularly in light of inevitable interactions
with sophisticated Indo-European tribes, who were the ancestors of Persians,
Medes, Parthians, Indo-Aryan-, Celts and other Aryan groups of people in the
region. All their languages clearly have grown from a common root. Their
system of governance was based on clannman chieftains, who formed tribal
councils of varying scales and authority, when appropriate.
Their art forms possess excusite aesthetic quality, almost exclusively
featuring animals such as horses and stags, sometimes at levels of
abstraction capable of being classed as examples of early impressionim.
Even the Greek Orpheic Culture --Cults of Dyanesus, Zagreus, etc.--
appear to have been influenced by them. Further, the plunging of the
pre-Homeric Greek colonies around the Agean sea into the 'Greek Dark
Ages' --over 3 centuries of unaccounted Greek history which lasted from
around 10th to 6th century B.C. --may have been triggered by activities
of these tribes. Sakas penetrated as far as Egypt, where their advance
was checked by Psamtic I (663 - 610), who 'wisely' *purchased* peace
terms from these unstoppable conquerers; invadors who carried their cups,
reputed to have been made of human skull, on their belts everywhere!
Sakas founded an empire that stretched from Aral to southern Russia, only
to be overcome by the Medes in the south in the 6th century, and gradually
supplanted by Sarmatians, a sophisticated association of light worshiping
tribes of Iranian stock, during the 4th century B.C. to 2nd century A.D.
In the wake of Sarmatian, the Huns appear to have contributed to the
westward movement of Goths in the 4th century A.D., who harassed the
Roman Empire. They were later joined by Atilla the Hun, to deal the final
death blow to the crumbling Roman Empire in the 5th century, and speed up
a monumental social transition from slave based economy, to feudalism.
Sakas provided a vigorous conduit to accelerate the transfusion of
Indo-European languages into Europe, advancing as far as Scandinavia,
and givng their name to Scotland. Below, briefly, is how Sakas' epic
migration began:
During the late 9th and early 8th century B.C., a Chinese ruler called
Hsuan Wang sent a force to rid the western fronteers of china from
a fierce Mongloid tribe called Hsiung-nu. In retreating, Husiun-nu
tribes dislodged Massagetea, who occupied a grazing territory north
of Amu Daria. The displaced Massagetea, in turn, assulted their
neighbouring Scythians (Sakas and Celts), thus triggering waves of
migration in every direction: westward into the Russian steppes, the
Volga and Don territories, the Balkans and Danube regions, and beyond,
and southward into India, Iran and Asia Minor. A persisting period of
droughts may also have been another contributing factor in the mass
displacement of these tribes.
While some tribes remained in central Asia, others scattered across vast
regions with astonishing speed. They chased Cimmerians out of Caucusus,
wiped them out in Syria, and established a kingdom around Urmia Lake in
Iran (Urmia is arguably precurser of the name of Rome --a region in ancient
Iran called Rume or Urume since time immemorial). Sakas capital was the
city of Sqqez in Iran's contemporary northern Kurdestan: Saqqez = Sakas.
Meanwhile, by the late seventh century B.C., the mighty Medes empire had
emerged. With better disciplined army, the Medes pushed the Sakas back.
A large portion of Sakas found their way to the eastern frontiers of Iran,
to occupy a region between the east cost of the Caspian sea, and the Aral
mountains. Eventually, the Sakas intermingled with their Dahae kinsmen,
to produce the people, who three centuries later came to be known as the
Parthians.
The inter-tribal skirmishes on the frontiers of Iran continued right
into the ascendency of the Achaemenian, the first Persian dynasty, who
struck one of history's most formidable strategic alliances with the
Medes in the 6th century B.C., and created world's premier Super-Power.
A _benign_ legacy, which left a lastingly influential heritage, and
guranteed Cyrus the Great a distinguished place in the gallery of
mankind's most respected leaders.
This article may be distributed for the purpose of study.
---------------------------------------------------------
Please see below for a comprehensive list of references:
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
A. The Encyclopaedia Britannica;
B. 'False Chronicle', (Kaarnaameh be-doroogh) an intriguing book by
Mrs. Pooraan Farrokhzaad;
C. Further, I have added web references from the internet, which I
recently compiled on the subject for my own study, and gladly
share with you. Please be advised that some of the pages may be
disfunct, incomplete, or downright useless! However, there are
useful hints and references amomngst them. Most of the references
below are compiled using AltaVista search engine, the search
engine which brought me the best results in this case. There are
more links. Should there be interest, I shall post those as well:
1. Arms of the Sakas and other tribes of the Central Asian Steppes: No. 11179
Arms of the Sakas (and other tribes of the Central Asian Steppes)/Burchard
Brentjes. 1996, 164 p., 52
plates, 15 photographs, $120 (less discount 40%)....
URL: http://www.vedamsbooks.com/no11179.htm
Last modified 17-Jul-98 - page size 5K - in English [ Translate ]
2. Images from World History: The Sakas, Kazakh steppe, 2-1st millenium B.C.
Images from World History: The Sakas, Kazakh steppe, 2-1st millenium B.C.
URL: http://www.hartford-hwp.com/image_archive/uce/index.html
Last modified 18-Mar-98 - page size 3K - in English [ Translate ]
3. Parthian Empire
p a r t h i a n e m p i r e. In 247 BC, Arsaces, leader of a Scythian group in
Central Asia called the Parni (a
branch of the Dahae) is crowned king. He...
URL: http://www.grifterrec.com/coins/parthia/parthian.html
Last modified 23-Aug-98 - page size 21K - in English [ Translate ]
4. And the Whole Earth Was of One Language
Dr. S.Diker discovers ancient Turkish civilizations thru deciphering lost
languages including Etruscan,
Sumerian, Achaemenid Elamite and Aramaic, Parthian
URL: http://www.efes.net.tr/lostlanguages/
Last modified 13-Oct-98 - page size 31K - in English (Win-1254) [ Translate ]
5. The Vedas
Languages with more than 30,000,000 Speakers as of 1993. Of the 40 languages
listed, no less than 18 are
spoken in India (including Pakistan and...
URL: http://www.friesian.com/upan.htm
Last modified 7-Aug-98 - page size 37K - in English [ Translate ]
6. Ode to the Scythians, memorial to our distinguished forebears, liturgical mari
Goldworking horse archers who smoked marijuana, the Scythians were a relict
holdover of the Proto-IndoEuropean culture which gave us our languages.
URL: http://www.geocities.com/~jthunderbird/scythian.html
Last modified 10-Mar-98 - page size 8K - in English [ Translate ]
7. The Scythians
The Scythians. The Scythians, wanderers of the EuroAsian steppes , were
Iranian-speaking nomads who
dominated the tribes north of the Black Sea during the.
URL: http://www.harve.com/history/ap-scythians-001.html
Last modified 26-Sep-97 - page size 5K - in English [ Translate ]
8. Scythia and Scythians circa 600BC
Scythia and Scythians circa 600BC. Herodotus is our best source for information
on the Scythians and
the Massagetae a distinct Scythian tribe. Here we see.
URL: http://home.swbell.net/gpmoran/600bc.html
Last modified 13-Sep-97 - page size 1K - in English [ Translate ]
9. Ancient Scythians 700-300 BC by Cernenko, E. N.; Gerneko, E. V. // With Goreli
Ancient Scythians 700-300 BC by Cernenko, E. N.; Gerneko, E. V. // With Gorelik,
M. V.ISBN 0850454786
Order-- click "Add To Cart" below. BOOK TOPICS ...
URL: www.opengroup.com/open/hjbooks/085/0850454786.shtml
Last modified 26-Aug-98 - page size 11K - in English [ Translate ]
10. E. N. Cernenko : Scythians 700-300 B.C. (Men at Arms Series)
author: Scythians 700-300 B.C. (Men at Arms Series)
URL: http://alicen.bennington.vt.us/v/ugate.pl/0850454786/rah/bstq3/av
Last modified 23-Dec-98 - page size 991 bytes - in English [ Translate ]
11. http://www.scythians.da.ru
http://www.scythians.da.ru
URL: http://www.scythians.da.ru/
Last modified 18-Sep-98 - page size 504 bytes
12. Greek Tension Weapons:The Scythians
Tension Weapon in the Greek World. The Scythians. The Scythians section is under
construction.
Thanks for your patience. RETURN TO Tension weapons. RETURN.
URL: http://www.nzp.com/0401scythians.html
Last modified 30-Apr-96 - page size 481 bytes - in English [ Translate ]
13. Indo-Scythians
i n d o - s c y t h i a n s. About Indo-Scythians. Mitchiner ACW = Michael
Mitchiner, Oriental Coins, the
Ancient and Classical World, Hawkins...
URL: http://www.grifterrec.com/coins/indoscythian/indoscythian.html
Last modified 6-Jun-98 - page size 7K - in English [ Translate ]
13. The World of the Scythians
nbsp; THE UNIVERSITY OF California PRESS. No Book Cover Available. Click on price
to purchase:
$45.00. Renate Rolle The World of the Scythians. "A...
URL: http://www-ucpress.berkeley.edu/books/pages/2585.html
Last modified 23-Jun-98 - page size 5K - in English [ Translate ]
15. E. N. Cernenko, et al : Scythians 700-300 B.C. (Men at Arms Series)
author: Scythians 700-300 B.C. (Men at Arms Series)
URL: i4.jody.marinette.wi.us/v/ugate.pl/e/rah...PZ2CQ2FUQ2BMZ0A
Last modified 13-Jan-99 - page size 1004 bytes - in English [ Translate ]
16. Exhibitions - Two Faces of the Hermitage - Scythians Weekend
12/13. April 1997. produced and copyright by kunst- und ausstellungshalle
der bundesrepublik deutschland.
URL: http://www.kah-bonn.de/1/9/s1e.htm
Last modified 12-Aug-98 - page size 5K - in English [ Translate ]
17. Among the Scythians
Among the Scythians. I wandered alone and far for many years, shunning such
little human habitation as
there was, until I came among another people,...
URL: http://www.geocities.com/Paris/5286/PASTSCYT.HTM
Last modified 12-Feb-97 - page size 3K - in English [ Translate ]
18. Scythians
SCYTHIANS. Arriving with dust and thunder, fierce horsemen from the East Burst
upon the European
Steppe Some 700 years before Christ. Invincible for four..
URL: http://www2.uic.edu/~spylaw1/Scythians_intro.html
Last modified 16-May-97 - page size 4K - in English [ Translate ]
19. Scythians - Unknown History
Scythians - Unknown History. There is no point to tell you, my dear reader
(viewer), the well known facts
about Ukraine. You can find them on the Internet.
URL: http://www2.uic.edu/~spylaw1/weblet.html
Last modified 5-May-97 - page size 1K - in English [ Translate ]
20. Scythians of the Middle Don River Basin
Scythians of the Middle Don River Basin. The Don River basin near Ostrogozhska.
For five years
Scythian kurgan and settlements have been investigated by...
URL: http://www.upenn.edu/museum/News/CentralAsiaArchy/Scythians.html
Last modified 15-Sep-98 - page size 2K - in English [ Translate ]
21. Early iron in China, Korea, and Japan
Early iron in China, Korea, and Japan. Early iron in China. Digression: Early
iron in Siberia. Early iron in
Korea. Early iron in Japan. References and...
URL: http://coco.ihi.ku.dk/~dbwagner/KoreanFe/KoreanFe.html
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21. A View of the Present State of Ireland
nbsp; Return to ·Renascence Editions ·Spenser Page. A View of the Present State
of Ireland. Edmund
Spenser. A Note on the Renascence Editions text: This...
URL: http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~rbear/veue1.html
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22. The Internet Classics Archive | Euthydemus by Plato
Euthydemus by Plato, part of the Internet Classics Archive
URL: http://classics.mit.edu/Plato/euthydemus.sum.html
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23. Tension Artillery in the Greek World
Tension Artillery in the Greek World. The Greek World, 400 BCE: As communication
channels expanded
and the frequency of travels increased in the ancient...
URL: http://www.nzp.com/0400tensionart.html
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23. Welcome to Iran
Darius The Great. In the middle of the sixth century B.C., Cyrus the Great,
Achaemenid prince, united the Iranian tribes, conquered western Asia, and...
URL: http://www.iranvision.com/darius.html
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24. Ancient Inventions of Ukraine
Ancient Inventions of Ukraine. by Andrew Gregorovich. The oldest house in the
world is this 15,000 year
old one made of mammoth bones found at Mezhirich...
URL: http://www.infoukes.com/history/inventions/
Last modified 16-May-98 - page size 13K - in English [ Translate ]
25. The earliest use of iron in China
The earliest use of iron in China. For publication in Metals in antiquity, ed. by
Suzanne Young, 1998. 12
July 1996 / minor corrections 30.11.96, 18.11.97.
URL: http://coco.ihi.ku.dk/~dbwagner/EARFE/EARFE.html
Last modified 10-Aug-98 - page size 60K - in English [ Translate ]
26. Explore Turkey: Van
General information on historical sites/places in Turkey with many pictures.
URL: http://www.exploreturkey.com/van.htm
Last modified 10-Sep-98 - page size 14K - in English [ Translate ]
27. *Gog & Magog*
Bible Prophecy, Jesus is coming soon!
URL: http://www.harpazo.net/magog.html
Last modified 4-May-98 - page size 17K - in English [ Translate ]
28. The Legend of the Stag
A Stag of Scythian Gold from the Hungarian National Museum. The Legend of the
Stag Fred Hámori. The
Hungarian Legend of the Wondrous Stag is one of the...
URL: http://pinetreeweb.com/stag.htm
Last modified 1-Sep-97 - page size 33K - in English [ Translate ]
29. No Title
from USENET) Have heard Gene Scott teach that celts are the lost tribes. Is this
true? Long Message!!
The messengers may be off the wall, but..
URL: http://www.wlu.edu/~jsorens/celticmiasma.html
Last modified 14-Aug-98 - page size 11K - in English [ Translate ]
30. The Wind on the plain...
CDXXX. The Wind on the plain. of Steadfast Darkness sloughs off so calmly
th'sunshine's rain. and we
swim off a Sadness enough. profoundly enough to pass..
URL: http://members.aol.com/mrealms/430.htm
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31. The Internet Classics Archive | The History of Herodotus by Herodotus
The History of Herodotus by Herodotus, part of the Internet Classics
Archive
URL: http://classics.mit.edu/Herodotus/history.vii.html
Last modified 3-Jul-98 - page size 286K - in English [ Translate ]
32. World Civilization 2321, Page 2
WORLD CIVILIZATION: HISTORY 2321, Page 2. Click on Chapters for This
Page: To Chapter 2: The Rise of Civilization in the Middle East and Africa To
Chapter.
URL: http://pw2.netcom.com/~wandaron/world2.html
Last modified 13-Sep-98 - page size 27K - in English [ Translate ]
33. History of Jews in Great Britain, review
A Review of an important 1846 work authored by historian and theologian DR. MOSES
MARGOLIOUTH:
'THE HISTORY OF THE JEWS IN GREAT BRITAIN' ANCIENT ISRAEL...
URL: http://www.restoring.org/c8margsb.htm
Last modified 4-May-97 - page size 18K - in English [ Translate ]
34. Catecheses 60-64
Catecheses 60-64. [ Home ] [ Up ] [ Catecheses 50-56 ] [ Catecheses 57-59 ] [
Catecheses 60-64 ] [
Catecheses 68-70 ] [ Catecheses 72-73 ] INTRODUCTION....
URL: http://www.orthodox.org.uk/ths60-64.htm
Last modified 10-Aug-98 - page size 25K - in English [ Translate ]
35. Ukrainian History - Black Sea Region Geographic History
WayCool - A WayCool place to be!
URL: http://www.waycool.net/blacksea.htm
Last modified 5-Jul-98 - page size 11K - in English [ Translate ]
36. The Real Diaspora
The Mystery of the. Missing Bible Tribes! THE REAL DIASPORA. A CRYPTIC
INTRODUCTION IS
GIVEN BY THE APOSTLE JAMES IN HIS EPISTLE, WHICH BEGINS WITH THE...
URL: http://www.restoring.org/c1diaspr.htm
Last modified 19-May-97 - page size 28K - in English [ Translate ]
37. THE RUSSIAN and MOSLEM INVASION of ISRAEL
Back][Contents Page][How to become a Christian][Order Form][Copyright
Policy][Next] 87. THE
RUSSIAN and MOSLEM. INVASION of ISRAEL. Bible Reading: Ezekiel.
URL: http://www.users.on.net/mec/answers/87_rus.htm
Last modified 30-Nov-97 - page size 59K - in English [ Translate ]
38. Anglo-Israel: England of the lost ten tribes
ENGLAND, OF THE TEN TRIBES OF ISRAEL. CHAPTER XVII. "The Saxons were a Gothic or
Scythian
Tribe; and of the various Scythian nations which have been...
URL: http://207.158.224.31/glover17.htm
Last modified 7-Aug-98 - page size 17K - in English [ Translate ]
39. Herodotus On The Cimmerians
Quotes from Herodotus on the Cimmerians. "Croesus, son of Alyattes, by
birth a Lydian, was lord of all the nations to the west of the river Halys.
This...
URL: http://hrothgar.com/cimmerian.html
Last modified 11-Aug-98 - page size 12K - in English [ Translate ]
40. Historial Interpretations
Historial Interpretations of the Amazons. Herodotus. It is reported of the
Sauromatae, that when the Greeks fought with the Amazons, whom the
Scythians...
URL: http://www.speakeasy.org/~music/amazon7.html
Last modified 3-Jan-96 - page size 6K - in English [ Translate ]
41. Horse Sport: Online
Saddles Then, Now and Beyond 2000. While the Greeks and Romans are often credited
with originating
most of our modern-day riding equipment, it was...
URL: http://www.horse-canada.com/feature_story.html
Last modified 17-Aug-98 - page size 10K - in English [ Translate ]
42. Kirakos' History of the Armenians
61] The king marvelled and praised the beliefs of the Christians. He said to the
blessed one: "Ask of me
what you will and I will grant it to you". The...
URL: http://www.virtualscape.com/rbedrosian/kg4.htm
Last modified 17-Oct-97 - page size 42K - in English [ Translate ]
43. The Crystal Skulls
Messengers of Ancient Wisdom! "Baby Luv": Rose Quartz, offered to me in March
1993 by the Courts
Executor Testamentary of a Russian Estate where minors...
URL: http://www.onlinegcs.com/skulls16/skulls3.htm
Last modified 11-Aug-98 - page size 2K - in English [ Translate ]
44. History of the Anglo-Israel belief
ADAPTED FROM A COLOR SLIDE PRESENTATION. ON THE OCCASION OF OUR 60th
ANNIVERSARY SERVICE. THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE CHRISTIAN-ISRAEL BELIEF. In the
8th...
URL: http://www.restoring.org/g3histci.htm
Last modified 23-May-97 - page size 19K - in English [ Translate ]
45. Chapter I: The Beginning of the World
Go to Chapter 2. Go to the Pseudodoxia Epidemica page. Go to Sir Thomas Browne
Page. Chap. I.
Concerning the beginning of the World, that the time thereof.
URL: http://penelope.uchicago.edu/pseudo61.html
Last modified 10-Jul-98 - page size 40K - in English [ Translate ]
46. Poke's Fifteen Decisive Battles
FIFTEEN DECISIVE BATTLES OF THE WORLD. FROM MARATHON TO WATERLOO. ACCORDING
TO EDWARD SHEPHERD CREASY Chapter III. THE BATTLE OF ARBELA, B.C. 331. "...
URL: http://www.standin.se/fifteen03a.htm
Last modified 4-May-98 - page size 66K - in English [ Translate ]
47. A Black Sea Story: To Russia with Love
A Black Sea Story: To Russia with Love. by. Jerry Farlow. The story begins ...
First, it was the mythical Jason, who crossed the Black Sea leading the...
URL: http://aardvarkpress.com/blacksea.htm
Last modified 9-May-98 - page size 2K - in English [ Translate ]
48. Untitled
Selections from... HISTORY OF THE ANGLO-SAXONS. by Sharon Turner,
1836. Book II, Chapter I. "The Origin Of The Saxons" Pages 98-102. It will be...
URL: http://www.restoring.org/h2turner.htm
Last modified 14-May-97 - page size 12K - in English [ Translate ]
49. Literaturliste Münzenhandlung Künker
nbsp; Literaturliste - Online. INHALT: Geschäfts- & Lieferbedingungen ALLGEMEINE
NUMISMATIK
FESTSCHRIFTEN PERIODIKA ANTIKE Kreuzfahrer siehe auch..
URL: http://www.kuenker.de/lit_liste.html
Last modified 18-May-98 - page size 201K - in German [ Translate ]
50. No Title
INTRODUCTION. I have entered this history under the following headings. Irish
Names. Records.
Ancient Origins. The O'Cahans. The McCloskey Name. The...
URL: http://www.hinet.net.au/~tedmac/irishis.htm
Last modified 3-Aug-98 - page size 85K - in English [ Translate ]
51. The Lengend of the Stagg
The Legend of the Wonderous Hind Fred Hámori. Scythian Stagg found in Hungary.
The Hungarian
Legend of the Wondrous Stag is one of the oldest legends of...
URL: http://www2.4dcomm.com/millenia/stagg.htm
Last modified 18-Mar-97 - page size 19K - in English [ Translate ]
52. Untitled
Chronological Historical References to the dynamic history of the horsemen of
Western Asia. Early
prehistoric background references to the history of the..
URL: http://www2.4dcomm.com/millenia/1000ad.htm
Last modified 27-May-97 - page size 65K - in English [ Translate ]
53. Parthian empire
This page hosted by. Get your own Free Home Page. Parthian empire 247 BC-AD 224.
Map of Parthia -
120 AD. Language and culture. According to tradition,...
URL: http://www.geocities.com/Athens/5246/Parthia.html
Last modified 26-Jan-97 - page size 7K - in English [ Translate ]
54. History
Early days. Human beings have lived in the Ukraine region for about 300,000
years. One of the earliest
cultures was that of the Trypillians, who lived in..
URL: http://www.ua.uar.net/history/
Last modified 19-Aug-98 - page size 11K - in English [ Translate ]
55. AWM: Roads to the Heart of Ukraine
Looking for the Herodotus's Golden Plow![in English]
URL: http://www.awm.kiev.ua/plug_e.html
Last modified 1-Jul-98 - page size 18K - in English [ Translate ]
56. QUESTIONS ON ISRAEL'S HERALDRY
QUESTIONS ANSWERED ON THE IDENTITY AND TRIBAL SYMBOLS OF ISRAEL. Following are a
summary of four interesting questions received from a visitor to our...
URL: www.restoring.org/c10quebi.htm
Last modified 16-Jun-97 - page size 8K - in English [ Translate ]
57. Migrations of Israel tract, booklet form
THE STORY OF THE TEN LOST TRIBES OF ISRAEL, THEIR DISPERSION FROM PALESTINE, AND
THEIR IDENTIFICATION IN THE WORLD TODAY! AN HISTORICAL SUMMARY. OF THE...
URL: http://www.restoring.org/c7migrat.htm
Last modified 4-May-97 - page size 11K - in English [ Translate ]
58. Early Eurasian Nomads - Bibliography by Markus Mode
FRÜHE REITERNOMADEN DER EURASISCHEN STEPPEN. - Bibliographische Notizen - mit
Ausblick
auf die früh- und hochmittelalterliche Zeit und Angaben zur...
URL: http://www.orientarch.uni-halle.de/nomads.htm
Last modified 10-Jun-98 - page size 306K - in German [ Translate ]
59. Images from World History: The Sakas, Kazakh steppe, 2-1st millenium B.C.
Images from World History: The Sakas, Kazakh steppe, 2-1st millenium B.C.
URL: http://www.hartford-hwp.com/image_archive/uce/index.html
Last modified 18-Mar-98 - page size 3K - in English [ Translate ]
60. The Internet Classics Archive | On Airs, Waters, and Places by Hippocrates
On Airs, Waters, and Places by Hippocrates, part of the Internet Classics
Archive
URL: http://classics.mit.edu/Hippocrates/airwatpl.18.18.html
Last modified 3-Jul-98 - page size 11K - in English [ Translate ]
61. Saddam Hussein Testing Clinton's Support of Kurd Safe Zones?
THE REAGAN INFORMATION INTERCHANGE. SEARCH TERMS: www.reagan.com. Background on
the Iraqi invasion of Kurd towns Saddam Hussein Testing Clinton's Support..
URL: http://www.reagan.com/HotTopics.main/HotMike/do...9.3.1996.0.html
Last modified 11-Aug-98 - page size 20K - in English [ Translate ]
62. HISTORY
HISTORY. 440 B.C. Herodotos described the SCYTHIANS, inhabiting the "lands East
and North of the
Danube river" . "Scythian" is the collective name of a...
URL: http://www.debrecen.com/kvar.html
Last modified 14-Aug-98 - page size 52K - in English [ Translate ]
63. Contents of Diplomat's Magazine from Peshawar NWFP Pakistan
Diplomat's Main Objective is to highlight Business, Politics,Paintings & Arts,
Tour &Travel, Archeology,
History and Cultural activities of Pakistan,
URL: http://diplomat.com.pk/jun1.html
Last modified 14-Jun-98 - page size 11K - in English [ Translate ]
64. Herodotus on the Amazons
Some facts on the Amazons as quoted from Herodotus: "It is reported of the
Sauromatae, that when the
Greeks fought with the Amazons, whom the Scythians...
URL: http://hrothgar.com/amazon1.html
Last modified 12-Sep-98 - page size 8K - in English [ Translate ]
65. Crimea
CRIMEA. Encyclopedia Britannica. 11th edition, vol VII, 1910. by Prince Peter
Alexeivitch Kropotkin. and
John T. Bealby. CRIMEA (ancient Tauris or Tauric..
URL: http://members.aol.com/AACTchJS/crimhist.htm
Last modified 9-Mar-98 - page size 12K - in English [ Translate ]
66. Prophecy Central: World War III
World War III. This is the war of Ezekiel 38 and 39. We relate it to the war of
the Second Seal in
Revelation 6:3-4, but some respected scholars apply it..
URL: http://www.bible-prophecy.com/ww3.htm
Last modified 8-Sep-98 - page size 19K - in English [ Translate ]
67. THE ROYAL HOUSE OF BRITAIN
THE ROYAL HOUSE. OF. BRITAIN. ______________________________
_________________________ England's Coat of Arms Royal Ties to Jesus' Family
David Forever...
URL: http://asis.com/~stag/royalty.html
Last modified 9-Sep-98 - page size 20K - in English [ Translate ]
Arman
Shahin Malekpour wrote:
>
> ---
>
> Dear reader,
>
> I received a kind email from Mr. Arman Tajrobi,
> who requested to feature the following article
> in SCI website, which is currently under development.
>
> To do better justice to his valuable efforts, I have
> further improved the article, and would be delighted
> to contribute it to this beneficial project.
>
> Shahin Malekpour
>
[...]
Dear Shahin,
Thank you very much for your generosity. I know
that you are probably even busier than me!
As soon as I find the time necessary, I will
have a look at the complementary information
that you sent me by e-mail concerning
suggestions for the page layout that I had
requested. I will then serve Iran, Iranians,
Iran friends, SCI community and myself by
publishing your very valuable article in the SCI
Website. Also, let me please thank you for
accepting to eventually publish some of your
other articles at our site.
Best regards,
Arman
F Ashkey
Thanks for your valuable brief history
of a branch of Indo-Iranians, the Scythians.
I hope you will puruse this line of research
and provide us and the SCI site with brief
history of other Indo-Iranian branches such
as the Sarmatians, Alans, etc.
F Ashkey