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Huge Ancient Indus/Harappan Civilization's Collapse Explained
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FBInCIAnNSATerroristSlayer
Nov 27, 2019, 2:36:15 AM11/27/19
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Indus/Harappan Civilization in India was the most ancient civilization
and bigger than Egyptian and Mesopotamian civilizations.
==================================================================
https://www.livescience.com/20614-collapse-mythical-river-civilization.html
Huge Ancient Civilization's Collapse Explained
By Charles Q. Choi 2012-05-29T04:35:07Z Human Nature
The Harappan civilization once extended across the plains of the Indus
River from the Arabian Sea to the Ganges.
(Image: © Joseph Borg | Shutterstock)
The mysterious fall of the largest of the world's earliest urban
civilizations nearly 4,000 years ago in what is now India, Pakistan,
Nepal and Bangladesh now appears to have a key culprit — ancient climate
change, researchers say.
Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia may be the best known of the first great
urban cultures, but the largest was the Indus or Harappan civilization.
This culture once extended over more than 386,000 square miles (1
million square kilometers) across the plains of the Indus River from the
Arabian Sea to the Ganges, and at its peak may have accounted for 10
percent of the world population. The civilization developed about 5,200
years ago, and slowly disintegrated between 3,900 and 3,000 years ago —
populations largely abandoned cities, migrating toward the east.
"Antiquity knew about Egypt and Mesopotamia, but the Indus civilization,
which was bigger than these two, was completely forgotten until the
1920s," said researcher Liviu Giosan, a geologist at Woods Hole
Oceanographic Institution in Massachusetts. "There are still many things
we don't know about them." [Photos: Life and Death of Ancient Urbanites]
Nearly a century ago, researchers began discovering numerous remains of
Harappan settlements along the Indus River and its tributaries, as well
as in a vast desert region at the border of India and Pakistan. Evidence
was uncovered for sophisticated cities, sea links with Mesopotamia,
internal trade routes, arts and crafts, and as-yet undeciphered writing.
"They had cities ordered into grids, with exquisite plumbing, which was
not encountered again until the Romans," Giosan told LiveScience. "They
seem to have been a more democratic society than Mesopotamia and Egypt —
no large structures were built for important personalitiess like kings
or pharaohs."
Like their contemporaries in Egypt and Mesopotamia, the Harappans, who
were named after one of their largest cities, lived next to rivers.
"Until now, speculations abounded about the links between this
mysterious ancient culture and its life-giving mighty rivers," Giosan said.
Now Giosan and his colleagues have reconstructed the landscape of the
plain and rivers where this long-forgotten civilization developed. Their
findings now shed light on the enigmatic fate of this culture.
"Our research provides one of the clearest examples of climate change
leading to the collapse of an entire civilization," Giosan said. [How
Weather Changed History]
The researchers first analyzed satellite data of the landscape
influenced by the Indus and neighboring rivers. From 2003 to 2008, the
researchers then collected samples of sediment from the coast of the
Arabian Sea into the fertile irrigated valleys of Punjab and the
northern Thar Desert to determine the origins and ages of those
sediments and develop a timeline of landscape changes.
"It was challenging working in the desert — temperatures were over 110
degrees Fahrenheit all day long (43 degrees C)," Giosan recalled.
After collecting data on geological history, "we could reexamine what we
know about settlements, what crops people were planting and when, and
how both agriculture and settlement patterns changed," said researcher
Dorian Fuller, an archaeologist with University College London. "This
brought new insights into the process of eastward population shift, the
change towards many more small farming communities, and the decline of
cities during late Harappan times."
Some had suggested that the Harappan heartland received its waters from
a large glacier-fed Himalayan river, thought by some to be the
Sarasvati, a sacred river of Hindu mythology. However, the researchers
found that only rivers fed by monsoon rains flowed through the region.
Previous studies suggest the Ghaggar, an intermittent river that flows
only during strong monsoons, may best approximate the location of the
Sarasvati. Archaeological evidence suggested the river, which dissipates
into the desert along the dried course of Hakra valley, was home to
intensive settlement during Harappan times.
"We think we settled a long controversy about the mythic Sarasvati
River," Giosan said.
Initially, the monsoon-drenched rivers the researchers identified were
prone to devastating floods. Over time, monsoons weakened, enabling
agriculture and civilization to flourish along flood-fed riverbanks for
nearly 2,000 years.
"The insolation — the solar energy received by the Earth from the sun —
varies in cycles, which can impact monsoons," Giosan said. "In the last
10,000 years, the Northern Hemisphere had the highest insolation from
7,000 to 5,000 years ago, and since then insolation there decreased. All
climate on Earth is driven by the sun, and so the monsoons were affected
by the lower insolation, decreasing in force. This meant less rain got
into continental regions affected by monsoons over time." [50 Amazing
Facts About Earth]
Eventually, these monsoon-based rivers held too little water and dried,
making them unfavorable for civilization.
"The Harappans were an enterprising people taking advantage of a window
of opportunity — a kind of "Goldilocks civilization," Giosan said.
Eventually, over the course of centuries, Harappans apparently fled
along an escape route to the east toward the Ganges basin, where monsoon
rains remained reliable.
"We can envision that this eastern shift involved a change to more
localized forms of economy — smaller communities supported by local
rain-fed farming and dwindling streams," Fuller said. "This may have
produced smaller surpluses, and would not have supported large cities,
but would have been reliable."
This change would have spelled disaster for the cities of the Indus,
which were built on the large surpluses seen during the earlier, wetter
era. The dispersal of the population to the east would have meant there
was no longer a concentrated workforce to support urbanism.
"Cities collapsed, but smaller agricultural communities were sustainable
and flourished," Fuller said. "Many of the urban arts, such as writing,
faded away, but agriculture continued and actually diversified."
These findings could help guide future archaeological explorations of
the Indus civilization. Researchers can now better guess which
settlements might have been more significant, based on their
relationships with rivers, Giosan said.
It remains uncertain how monsoons will react to modern climate change.
"If we take the devastating floods that caused the largest humanitarian
disaster in Pakistan's history as a sign of increased monsoon activity,
than this doesn't bode well for the region," Giosan said. "The region
has the largest irrigation scheme in the world, and all those dams and
channels would become obsolete in the face of the large floods an
increased monsoon would bring."
The scientists detailed their findings online May 28 in the journal
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
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Feb 1, 2021, 2:50:29 AM2/1/21
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