(25) Esperanto: Kellerman
no...@my-dejanews.com
LESSON XXV
THE INTERROGATIVE ADJECTIVE
112. The interrogative adjective related to the interrogative
pronoun KIU is:
KIA, what kind of, what sort of:
1. Kiajn vestojn li portis?
What kind of clothes did he wear?
What sort of clothes did he wear?
2. Kian panon vi preferas?
What kind of bread do you prefer?
3. Mi miras kia persono li estas.
I wonder what sort of a person he is.
4. Kia vetero estas?
What sort of weather is it?
5. Kia plezuro!
What a pleasure!
THE IMPERFECT TENSE
113. The compound tense formed by using the present
active participle with the past tense of ESTI represents an act
or condition as in progress in past time, but not perfected, and
is called the IMPERFECT TENSE.
The conjugation of VIDI in this tense is as follows:
mi estis vidanta I was seeing
vi estis vidanta you were seeing
li (sxi, gxi) he (she, it) was seeing
ni estis vidantaj we were seeing
vi estis vidantaj you were seeing
ili estis vidantaj they were seeing
THE PROGRESSIVE FUTURE TENSE
114. The compound tense formed by using the present
active participle with the future tense of ESTI represents an
act or condition as in progress--or a condition as existing
continuously--at a future time, and is called the PROGRESSIVE
FUTURE TENSE.
The conjugation of VIDI in this tense is as follows:
mi estos vidanta I shall be seeing
vi estos vidanta you will be seeing
li (gxi, sxi) estos vidanta he (she, it) will be seeing
ni estos vidantaj we shall be seeing
vi estos vidantaj you will be seeing
ili estos vidantaj they will be seeing
SALUTATIONS AND EXCLAMATIONS
115. When the word or words expressing a salutation or
exclamation may be regarded as the direct object of of a verb
which is not expressed, these words are put in the accusative
case:
1. Bonan matenon! Good morning!
(I wish you "good morning.")
2.Bonan nokton! Good night!
(I wish you a "good night."
3. Multajn salutojn al via patro! Many greetings to your father!
(I send) many greetings to your father.
4, Dankon! Thanks!
(I give to you"thanks.")
5. Cxielon! Heavens!
(I invoke the "heavens."
WORD FORMATION
116. The majority of roots have such a meaning that
at least two kinds of words, and often three or four, may be
formed from them by use of the general endings for verbs,
nouns, adjectives and adverbs.
Following are examples of word formation from
roots already familiar:
VERB NOUN ADJECTIVE ADVERB
brili brilo brila brile
to shine shine shining brilliantly
brilliance brilliant
flori floro flora flore
to bloom flower floral florally
blossom
gxoji gxojo gxoja gxoje
to rejoice joy joyful gladly
gladness glad
konturi konturo
to bruise bruise
confusion
tuto tuta tute
whole entire entirely
whole
all
KONI AND SCII
117. The verb KONI, which means "to know" in the
sense of "to be acquainted with," is used in speaking of
persons, languages, places, etc.
KONI always has a direct object. It is NEVER followed
by KE, CXU, KIU, or any other interrogative word.
KONI is equivalent to German KENNEN, FRENCH
CONNAITRE and Spanish CONOCER.
SCII means "to know" in the sense of "to be aware," to
have knowledge." It is not used in speaking persons.
SCII is equivalent to German WISSEN, French SAVOIR
and Spanish SABER.
1. Cxu vi konas tiun personon?
Do you know that person?
2. Mi scias ke li estas nia najboro.
I know that he is our neighbor.
3. Mi bone konas Bostonon.
I am well acquainted with Boston.
4. Mi ne scias cxu li konas ilin.
I don't know whether he knows them.
VOCABULARY
avo grandfather
bukedo bouquet
eksameno examination
fermi to close
frapi to strike
geometrio geometry
germana German
hejmo home
kia what kind of (112)
lingvo language
nepo grandson
nu! Well!
papero paper
saluti to greet
scii to know
studi to study
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READING
LA NEPO VIZITAS LA AVINON
1. Hieraux matene mi vizitis la avinon.
2. Sxia hejmo estas apud la granda nova bakejo.
3. Mi vidis sxin tra la fenestro, cxar la kurtenoj
kovrantaj gxin tre maldikaj.
4. Sxi estis sidanta sur la kanapo, kaj skribanta
per plumo sur granda papero.
5. Antaux ol frapi sur la pordo mi vokis sxin
kaj diris" "Bonan matenon, kara avino!"
6. Tuj sxi respondis "Kiu estas tie? Kies vocxon
mi auxdis?
7. Mi respondis "Estas via nepo. Cxu vi ne konas
mian vocxon?"
8. Antaux ol sxi povis veni al la pordo mi estis
malfermanta gxin.
9. Mi iris en la salonon kaj donis al la avino
bukedom da floroj.
10. "La patrino donas cxi tiujn al vi, kun siaj
plej bonaj salutoj," mi diris.
11. La avino respondis "Nu kia plezuro!
Multan dankon al sxi pro la bela bukedo,
kaj ankaux al vi, cxar vi portis gxin cxi
tien por mi."
12. Dum sxi estis metanta la florojn en
glason da akvo la avino diris "Nu,
kiajn lecionojn vi havis hodiaux en la
lernejo?"
13. Mi respondis ke me bone konis la
lecionojn, cxar mi zorge studis ilin.
14. "Ni estas lernantaj la germanan
lingvon," mi diris, "kaj ju pli longe ni
studis gxin, des pli multe mi gxin sxatas,
kvankam gxi estas tre malfacila."
15. Mi rakontis ankaux pri la lecionoj de
geometrio, kaj aliaj lecionoj, sed diris ke
la ekzamenoj estos baldaux komencanta.
16. "Je tiu tempo," mi diris. "Mi estos
skribanta la respondojn al la ekzamenoj,
preskaux la tutan semajnon."
17. La avino demandis kun intereso, "Cxu
la demandoj de la ekzamenoj estos
malfacilaj?"
18. Mi respondis "Mi ne scias, sed mi timas
ke ni estos tre lacaj post tiom da laboro."
19. Post kelke da aliaj demandoj kaj
respondoj, mi oponiis ke estas la horo
por foriri.
20. Dum mi estis foriranta, la avino diris
"Multajn salutojn al la tuta familio!"
21. Mi dankas sxin, diris "Bonan tagon!"
kaj tiam foriris.
SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION
1. What sort of noise do I hear outside the door?
2. Are some of my friends knocking?
3. We were talking yesterday about the examinations
in our school, and these boys came home to study
with me.
4. I shall go to the door to open it and to greet my
friends.
5. Good morning! Did you come to study geometry
or the German language?
6. Which of these is usually more difficult, and in
which will the examination be the longer?
7. Well, we have our German books, because we
prefer to study these.
8. We wish to know this language very well.
9. We shall go into the writing-room. (111),
for (83) some friends of my grandmother are
in the parlor.
10. We can hear their voices here, and we can
not study very well while they are talking.
11. They were carrying many flowers, and gave
a beautiful bouquet to my grandmother.
12. She said "Many thanks for (86) the sweet
violets! In whose garden did they bloom?"
13. Her friends's granddaughter is a friend of
my younger sister.
14. Well, shall we begin to study. Have you
enough paper, and have you a good pen?
15. I shall close this other door, because they
are breaking bread in the kitchen, and cooking
meat.
16. We shall be hearing the voices of so many persons that I know that we
can not study.
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----------------------------------- Posted by Robert E. Nordlander
no...@my-dejanews.com no...@juno.com, no...@powernetonline.com
To: soc.culture.esperanto.
June 19, 1998
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