roof collapsed
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Thursday, February 23, 2006
RUSSIA
Roof over Moscow market collapses, killing at least 33 people
ASSOCIATED PRESS in Moscow
Next Story
Updated at 7.20pm:
The concave, snow-covered roof of a large Moscow market collapsed on
Thursday, killing at least 33 people and forcing rescuers to clear away
concrete slabs and metal beams to reach possible survivors trapped in
the wreckage, officials said.
Rescue workers used metal cutters and hydraulic lifters to clear the
ruins of steel and concrete pieces. Workers used pickaxes to cut holes
in the wreckage and knelt to call into the holes in search of
survivors.
Mayor Yuri Luzhkov, who went to the site to oversee rescue efforts,
said terrorism was unlikely. "Chances are more than 90 per cent that a
terrorist act can be ruled out," he told reporters. "It was a technical
accident."
Twenty-nine people were injured and most of them were hospitalised,
emergency officials said.
Medical workers inserted an intravenous drip to administer painkillers
and other medications to a man trapped under a slab of concrete that
left only his hand visible. Rescuers used heat guns to blow warm air
into the rubble to try to prevent victims from succumbing to near
freezing temperatures.
Trapped survivors were using mobile phones to call their relatives,
helping rescuers zero in on their location, said Yuri Akimov, deputy
head of the Moscow department of the Emergency Situations Ministry.
The victims were municipal and market workers, and Mayor Yuri Luzhkov
said all the dead were guest workers from outside Moscow. Channel One
said they had spent the night in the Bauman Market, which was not open
for retail business. Ekho Moskvy radio reported that there could also
have been wholesale buyers in the building.
No sounds could be heard from beneath the rubble though sniffer dogs
indicated there were still survivors there, Emergency Situations
Ministry spokesman Viktor Beltsov told reporters.
"There may be people alive under there but time is passing," Mr Beltsov
said, adding that many panels had fallen on top of one another "so it
would be hard for a person to be [alive] there." He said 31 people had
been confirmed dead by early afternoon.
Earlier, Emergency Situations Minister Sergei Shoigu told reporters
that trapped survivors could be heard "knocking and crying out."
Investigators were looking at three possible causes of the collapse:
improper maintenance of the building, a build up of snow and errors in
the building's design, Moscow prosecutor Anatoly Zuyev said.
Five to eight centimetres of wet snow had fallen overnight, on top of
47cm that had fallen since the start of winter, the Russian Weather
Service said.
Ekho Moskvy radio said the entire roof, covering an area of about 2,000
square metrs had fallen onto the market stalls.
"The main task now is not to let the building collapse further," Mr
Akimov said.
Mr Luzhkov said the roof was designed to clear itself of snow.
"The roof was designed to take a large amount of snow cover, and there
was a special gutter pipe that was always left open so the melted snow
could run down, so there was no special need to have the roof cleared
of snow," the mayor told reporters.
Prosecutors have opened a criminal investigation on charges of
negligence leading to the deaths of two or more people, RIA-Novosti
said.
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BAD REICHENHALL, Germany, Jan. 3, 2006
(AP)
(AP) Rescuers struggled against snow and freezing cold Tuesday as they
searched for those feared trapped in the rubble of an ice skating rink
whose roof collapsed, killing at least nine people.
Six people were still missing a day after the disaster in the Bavarian
town of Bad Reichenhall, in Germany's southeastern corner, police and
rescue officials said at a news conference.
Fire official Rudi Zeif said "plenty of hope" remained but he denied
reports of knocking sounds coming from the debris.
Six children were among those killed in the collapse, which happened at
4 p.m. Monday, a school holiday. About 50 people were inside the rink,
including many families.
Fire service officials said the rink's flat roof appeared to have
collapsed under the weight of snow. It was snowing heavily in the area
and there were roughly eight inches on the roof at the time, officials
said.
The snow hampered the recovery effort by clogging roads and delaying
the arrival of equipment used to move the debris. Workers with dogs
were able to search the building only several hours after the accident,
once the remains of the roof were stabilized. Help was called in from
neighboring Austria.
Police said 18 people were hurt _ three of them seriously _ and were
taken to nearby hospitals. Another 16 people escaped without injury,
they said. Some 500 rescue workers were at the scene early Tuesday.
Police spokesman Franz Sommerauer said rescue crews had gained access
to around half the rink by early Tuesday. They were trying to remove
the largest chunks of debris with the help of six cranes but had to use
their hands to remove metal and concrete debris where they feared
victims might be.
Officials clung to hope of finding survivors after a 6-year-old girl
was rescued with no major injuries more than five hours after the
collapse. Rescue officials, however, expressed concern that anyone
still trapped between the debris and the ice was at risk of
hypothermia.
Among the confirmed fatalities were a 13-year-old boy, and two girls
ages 7 and 8, one of whom was killed along with her mother. A
12-year-old boy who was rescued at the scene later died at a hospital.
Police and prosecutors were investigating the collapse. The wreckage of
the roof pointed up from the center of the 1970s building at an angle.
An official with the town's ice hockey club said he had been told by
town authorities 30 minutes before the accident that a regular practice
session for youth players was canceled because there was a risk of the
facility collapsing.
However, "apparently the public skating was still continuing," Thomas
Rumpeltes told The Associated Press.
Mayor Wolfgang Heitmeier said the weight of the snow had been measured
at midday and that it was well below the point at which the rink would
have had to be closed.
Heitmeier told reporters that, following heavy snowfall in the
afternoon, there had been some concern that those levels could be
reached Tuesday, and the planned evening training was canceled as a
precaution. The snow was to have been shoveled off Tuesday morning.
However, he said officials did not see any danger on Monday "because
the levels were significantly below the limit."
Bavarian broadcaster Bayerischer Rundfunk reported that a supervisor
had ordered the last skaters off the ice seconds before the collapse.
It also said loud creaking had been heard just before the accident.
The skating rink measured 200 by 100 feet. The building, with large
glass windows around its sides, was attached to a municipal swimming
pool and tennis court.
Bad Reichenhall, a town of some 15,000 people, is on the border with
Austria and about six miles from the city of Salzburg.
MMV The Associated Press. All Rights Reserved. This material may not be
published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed.
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Race against the cold ... inside the exhibition hall, above, rescuers
search for survivors. Top right: an injured woman leaves the hall
wrapped in a blanket.
Race against the cold ... inside the exhibition hall, above, rescuers
search for survivors. Top right: an injured woman leaves the hall
wrapped in a blanket.
Photo: Reuters
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January 30, 2006
KATOWICE: Rescuers have little hope that more survivors will be found
in the remains of an exhibition hall that collapsed, killing at least
65, including foreigners and children, and injuring more than 105.
The snow-covered roof of the 10,000-square-metre hall in the city of
Katowice, about 300 kilometres south of Warsaw, collapsed on Saturday
while about 500 people were attending an international racing pigeon
show. Thousands had visited the fair earlier in the day.
Rescuers used sniffer dogs and lifting equipment early yesterday to
search for dozens more feared trapped in temperatures that had plunged
to minus 17 during the night. They used heaters to pump warm air into
the ruin, and periodically the teams called for silence so they could
listen for signs of life in the rubble.
Some of those trapped called relatives or emergency services on their
mobile phones, telling them where they were, witnesses at the scene
said. Family and friends anxiously waited for news in a building next
to the site.
One witness, Franciszek Kowal, was inside the building when he saw the
roof starting to buckle. He managed to escape onto a terrace then
jumped four metres to safety.
Police suggested the weight of snow caused the roof to collapse, but
Grzegorz Slyszyk, for the building's managers, said that could not be
so because excess snow was regularly cleared. "Definitely, it's too
early to speculate on a cause," he said.
The Prime Minister, Kazimierz Marcinkiewicz, flew in by helicopter late
on Saturday and spent about 15 minutes at the site with rescue crews.
Associated Press
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Pravda.RU:Russia:More in detail
Prosecutors finish probe into Moscow water park disaster
00:21 2005-12-27
Moscow prosecutors have completed their investigation into a roof
collapse that killed 28 people at awater park nearly two years ago,
blaming the architect and an official who approved the plans, the chief
prosecutor said Monday.
The collapse, which injured more than 100 others, was caused by a
series of design flaws including "crude miscalculations" that made the
concrete-and-glass dome over the Transvaal water park unsafe, chief
prosecutor Anatoly Zuyev said in televised comments.
He reiterated authorities' statements that no evidence of explosives or
any other attack was found in the ruins of the indoor park in
southwestern Moscow whose roof collapsed on swimmers on Feb. 14, 2004.
The findings will be sent to court for trial.
Zuyev said the design cut corners by calling for concrete in the roof
instead of a more expensive design using lighter materials.
The findings blame Nodar Kancheli, the building's architect, as well as
Anatoly Voronin, the head of a state agency that signed off on the
plans, Mosgosexpertiza, according to reports on Russian television
networks. The prosecution's report accuses them of criminal negligence
causing death.
Prosecutors said in April that they had filed criminal negligence
charges against Kancheli. It was unclear whether the investigation
report completed Monday was in support of those charges or meant the
start of a new case. Russian media predicted it would take a long time
for the case to come to trial.
Defense lawyer Yuri Kostanov said on NTV television that the report was
not sufficiently specific.
Kancheli has rejected allegations of design flaws, reports AP.
O.Ch.
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Collapse
Eight days after the explosion in the Moscow metro, there was a new
tragedy in the capital. On February 14, the C-level roof of the
Transvaal Aquapark collapsed, killing 26 people and injuring 113.
Rescuers found the body of the last victim, a 13-year-old adolescent,
only on February 18. Whereas the metro explosion was clearly an act of
terrorism, there are at least ten theories in the case of Transvaal.
For the most part, they do not contradict one another.
Terrorist Act
This version appeared in media reports only minutes after the tragedy.
Everyone in Moscow, especially recently, expects terrorist attacks
organized by Chechen separatists. However, the police, FSB, and the
Prosecutor General's Office refuted this version almost immediately
after it appeared. Their certainty was based on the fact that Transvaal
had security guards and a video surveillance system, and also that the
Moscow police had increased their vigilance after the terrorist act in
the metro. The explosion theory reappeared when experts examining a
recording from an exterior video surveillance camera spotted a "dark
cloud" that appeared near a column only a second before it collapsed.
However, explosives experts continue to refute the terrorist act
theory. They argue that first, an explosion would cause a visible flash
(which none of the witnesses mentioned) and second, the crash would be
much louder than the "clap" visitors heard just before the tragedy.
It would require a very high level of professional skill to calculate
the precise location and mass of the charge, unlikely among Chechen
fighters who have learned combat engineering in the field.
Nevertheless, the remains of the structure are being examined for
traces of an explosion.
Faulty Building Design
The designers of the complex were OOO Sergei Kiselev and Partners, one
of Moscow's most successful architectural
Photo: Valery Melnikov
firms. The company has constructed and renovated many buildings and
other premises in the capital (including Vladimir Putin's residence
in the Kremlin), and its owner, Sergei Kiselev, has won numerous
architectural awards. The Transvaal design was not particularly novel:
"a bellied reinforced concrete dome" (resembling a whale's tail
fin in plan); there are similar structures at the Cheremushsky and
Danilovsky markets, for example. It is a standard solution that
architects have used time and again. However, this is still one of the
main versions of the tragedy. Its supporters say in particular that due
to an error made by the architects, snow could have accumulated on the
roof, exceeding the critical load. Sergei Kiselev and Partners'
license has been temporarily suspended.
Faulty Dome Design
The designer of the collapsed dome itself was the subcontractor ZAO K,
headed by Nodar Kancheli. Like Sergei Kiselev, he is no newcomer to
architecture. Kancheli designed the roof of Gostiny Dvor and the domes
of the shopping complex in Manezh Square. "Three reputable research
institutes worked on the roof design," says Vladimir Mulev,
Transvaal's former owner. "It had a triple safety margin built into
it, and all temperature drops were taken into consideration." At ZAO
K, they call the assumption that Kancheli could have "forgotten about
the snow" absurd. However, the competent authorities made nearly the
same claims against Kancheli as against Kiselev and temporarily revoked
ZAO K's license.
Faulty Construction
Like the two preceding versions, this is also a main theory. The
builder of the aquapark, the Turkish firm Kocak
Photo: Dmitry Azarov
Yatirim Insaat Sanai Turizm Nakliyat ve Ticaret A.S., has had its
license revoked. Ismail Kocak, the company's director and owner, has
stated that skilled Turkish workers were involved in the construction
and that he personally supervised the work and there were no deviations
from standards. The only interruption during construction of the
complex was an eight-hour break in pouring concrete on the roof because
of a pump failure. However, both the builders and the architects have
attested that "this section of the roof was under special control"
and "there were no cracks in the monolith." Andrei Zvedov, director
of the Scientific Research Institute for Concrete and Reinforced
Concrete (NIIZhB), confirmed that his institute had supervised the
construction of Transvaal and "there were no serious complaints about
the builder."
Low-Quality Building Materials
This theory was already being talked about on TV by the evening of
February 14. A rescuer with the Ministry for Emergency Situations said
in an interview that "the reinforcement and ceilings crumbled into
sand before our eyes,"
Photo: Sergei Shakhidzhanyan
and showed a disintegrating structural element. Nikolai Koshman, the
head of the State Construction Administration (Gosstroi), supported
this theory: "Subjectively speaking, the cause of the collapse of the
aquapark's roof could have been failure of the hardness and
reliability of the reinforced concrete structures." The media
immediately recalled the history of a metro bridge in Moscow that had
collapsed for exactly the same reason. Kondor Company had shipped the
concrete to the Turkish builders, and Tekhnonikol Group had supplied
the roofing and waterproof materials. Law enforcement agencies are
already occupied with the building material suppliers. However,
Aleksandr Kosovan, head of the federal commission investigating the
reasons for the tragedy, said in an interview with Ekho Moskvy radio
station that the concrete used in the construction conformed to the
design: "There are no doubts about the strength of the columns; their
strength exceeded the rated net load capacities by 15 times."
Improper Building Operation
The improper ventilation has been identified as the principal mistake
that might have been made during building operation. Concrete absorbs
moisture, and if this turns into ice, the material fails from within.
Metal structures, including reinforcement, are prone to rapid corrosion
from chlorine. Since the humidity in the pool area is high to begin
with and chlorine is added to the water as a disinfectant, the
ventilation in these complexes must be especially reliable. According
to Transvaal employees, the temperature and humidity were rigorously
controlled with the use of a Honeywell air conditioning system that
included hundreds of sensors and a computer-assisted control system.
Ismail Kocak also maintains that the roof was "securely protected
from rain and vapor rising from the pool." In an interview with
Kommersant newspaper he stated that, "The reinforced concrete
structures had an outer covering of titanium-zinc plates and an inner
coating of silicone paint. This is one of the most effective systems
for protecting buildings from the adverse effects of moisture."
Ground Movement
Reports that the aquapark was built "on a swamp" and that
groundwater could have eroded its foundation appeared in nearly all
media. Officials of the Prosecutor General's Office expressed their
support for this theory: "After
Photo: Dmitry Azarov
digging up the foundation, we discovered huge cracks nearly all along
the perimeter. It was quite obvious that these cracks had not appeared
yesterday, but several months ago." Damage to the foundation could
indeed have led to warping and collapse of the entire structure,
especially since the Turkish builders did not construct a pile
foundation, which is considered the most reliable, for the simple
reason that they had no piledrivers. However, both the builders and
aquapark employees have categorically denied the theory of foundation
failure. According to Kocak, there actually were problems with the
soil, but it was completely cut away by digging an 8-m foundation pit
and pouring concrete into the pit. As a result, the complex rested on a
foundation consisting of a monolithic reinforced concrete slab half a
meter thick. "You could put even an eight-story apartment building on
this foundation," the director of the Turkish company said. According
to Vladimir Mulev, the construction site was "filled with very firm
soil to a depth of 15 m many years ago and there was no ground
water." Minister for Emergency Situations Sergei Shoigu also joined
the opponents of this theory on February 17, saying that, "If there
had been any tectonic soil movements, there would have been cracks in
the foundation. We have already cleared away the debris up to the
pools, where there is also a large underground section. We didn't
find any cracks during the first inspection of the cleared site."
However, there has still been no full-fledged geological survey of the
area, so soil subsidence is still a distinct possibility.
A Broken Column
The aquapark's dome was a segment of a sphere with a 108º angle,
supported by an administrative building in the center and 22 hollow
columns (each 45 cm in diameter) in an arc. The columns were not
rigidly connected with the rest of the structure: the lower ends simply
stood in special "pans" and the tops were joined to the roof with
hinges. The structure achieved stability by means of a heavy reinforced
concrete roof. As a result, the columns effectively supported a
vertical load (compressive) and, far worse, a horizontal load
(bending). Therefore, even a slight mistake in calculations or abnormal
stress could have caused column #11 to buckle (which was recorded by a
video camera, as already mentioned above), triggering a domino effect
and the reinforced concrete structures simply fell in a heap. Sergei
Shoigu is also among the opponents of this theory. At a press
conference on February 17, he asked, "Which column? I saw all the
recordings. First, there was no video camera in the aquapark itself.
They were installed at the entrances and in the corridors, but not in
the pool area. Second, there were no columns or walls there. The dome
rose right from the floor on 18 arched supports" (nevertheless, there
were columns and walls in the building; this was the so-called tension
ring of the dome, which is clearly visible in the photographs).
Resonance
This was the last theory to be advanced, four days after the tragedy.
The point is that on February 14 there was a Valentine's Day party
going on at Transvaal, and several speakers with a total power of up to
25 kW were mounted between the pool and the outer wall of the building.
This sound pressure was certainly too weak to affect the structural
elements. However, the acoustic vibrations could have entered into
resonance with the vibrations of the building's walls and been
amplified many times. This physical phenomenon is well known, but it is
still not fully understood. If the resonance theory is confirmed, the
aquapark incident will replace the example of soldiers marching in step
across a bridge in school textbooks.
Weather Conditions
A number of media maintain that heavy snowfalls between February 10 and
13 might have increased the load on the roof of the building beyond all
conceivable limits. This is the least likely theory. First, aquapark
employees have attested that they cleared the roof every day. Second,
last year's snowfalls were considerably heavier, but nothing happened
to Transvaal. However, a unique coincidence of unfavorable weather
conditions cannot be completely ruled out.
The tragedy may well have occurred for a combination of reasons: design
errors combined with soil subsidence and weather effects could have
caused the column to collapse and the roof to fall. Five commissions
are currently working on this intricate web of theories. These are the
Moscow Prosecutor General's Office, the city government, Gosstroi, a
scientific commission, which includes representatives of construction
research institutes, and an independent foreign commission set up by
Ismail Kocak. The first results of the expert commissions will not be
known until at least March 9. So far, the Moscow Prosecutor General's
Office has commenced legal action under Article 109 part 2 of the
Criminal Code, "Infliction of death by negligence by a person as a
result of carrying out his professional duties."
by Mikhail Lukin
All the Article in Russian as of Feb. 23, 2004
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Moscow has become an architectural boomtown, capital of the new Wild
East. Catherine Cooke pulls on her fur coat to survey developments -
View
Architectural Review, The, April, 2003 by Catherine Cooke
new
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>From its historic centre out to the wooded periphery, Russia's capital
is awash with new buildings and as locals say, more rise constantly
'like mushrooms after rain' in any available space. Any student of the
city's twentieth-century planning history inevitably recalls the
preamble to Stalin's great modernizing plan of 1935. 'In contrast to
cities of the capitalist world', it declared, 'Moscow must not permit
the extreme concentration on small sites of great masses of population,
enterprises, clubs, shops, eating places and so on.' Stalin opened up
its ancient fabric with six-lane highways which traffic engineers still
cannot tame and the eighty-year absence of a land market has left
central areas of charming low-rise Classicism highly vulnerable. As
capitalism returns, very big money, Russian and foreign, is panting to
exploit them to a degree commensurate with the 'global city'
aspirations of Mayor Luzhkov and his planners.
'Population' and its multifarious 'enterprises' are now fighting over
every cubic metre of the fabric. Their entertainments are less decorous
than socialism would have approved and their eating places are
excellent beyond the dreams of that time. But they all demand building
work on a scale that has made construction very profitable. Techniques
have undergone a much-needed diversification and finishing skills have
been revived to create a healthy basis for the next and perhaps more
mature stage. Everywhere the energy is palpable; architects and
developers complain about the bureaucratic permissions needed to get on
site, but maybe that barrier has merit if it applies some brakes to the
pace of change.
Gradually initiatives of the 1999 Structure Plan are kicking in. A
conservation area now protects the historic centre around the Kremlin
as far as such edicts can: infill, updating and change-of-use produce
the same dilemmas everywhere. A new 'Third Ring Road' is already under
construction as the generator of redevelopment in the disused
industrial areas of what were once the city's north-eastern out-skirts.
Here textile and metal industries were established in the eighteenth
century and remained through Soviet times. Jumped over by the explosion
of mass housing under Khrushchev and since, this vast arc will be the
site of new sub-centres with retail, office, education and other
services to unload the historic core. Le Corbusier told the city in
1931 that no metropolis could operate with all its government
functions, retailing, higher education, medical facilities and
monuments overlaid in one tiny central area. This is now to be unpacked
as Moscow becomes genuinely polycentric at last. As this work takes off
and a new spatial framework for investment is established, the building
opportunities of the next decade will be even vaster than those since
1991.
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So far, investment zones like the much advertised 'Moscow City' just up
river of the historic core have not proved the honeypots to foreign
capital the planners had hoped. In December, the results of a
competition were announced which they hope may turn the tide. Part of
the new 'Siti' is to become a $250 million governmental quarter
unifying the scattered bureaucracy. A vast city hall complex combining
Council (Duma) functions and administrators went to open competition
and attracted an international field of 147 entries, Conducted in
proper anonymity, it was eventually won by 'The Stool', a 52-storey
complex of four cylindrical towers linked by a complex of bridges and
atria for occupation, as Mayor Luzhkov demands, by the end of 2004.
In several respects this event shows how the wind is blowing. The
Rossiiskaya Gazeta headline insisted that 'The achievements of the
competition are more important than the future "Stool"'. As Moscow
Chief Architect Kuzmin stressed, 'For the first time in 70 years we
have at last conducted a genuine competition to the highest
professional standards. This means that our capital is now open for
masters of architecture from across the entire world'. Alexander
Kudriavtsev, President of the Academy of Architecture (and Rector of
the Moscow School) added, 'We'd like to believe that this competition
will be the model for many more that will bring a genuinely
twenty-first century architecture to Moscow'. In light of the detailed
decisions that statement is interesting, as a significant minority of
the jury preferred a scheme by Israeli architects Michael Walma, Daniel
Mintz and Leonardo Kelijman that replicated elements of the Kremlin
walls and this rhetorical scheme was retained 'for use elsewhere in the
Moscow City site'.
It is cheering that the entirely unrhetorical 'Stool' proved to come
from a trio of quite young Russians, Mikhail Khazanov, Anton Nagavitsyn
and Nodar Kancheli. Their leader, Mikhail Khazanov, was one of the
so-called Paper Architects whose protest schemes of the early 1980s
exerted powerful pressure for change on the stagnant Soviet profession.
Many of his colleagues have prosperous practices in private residential
work for clients whose business success can buy them homes as
unconstrained and un-Soviet as the design talent of their
contemporaries can produce. Reviving the historic name of the Moscow
Architectural Society, MAO, some of these offices like Dmitri
Velichkin's have formed an alliance of practices to share experience as
a new profession shapes itself. Others like Alexander Asadov are
tackling the housing stock elsewhere, in pioneering projects to update
the legacy of five-storey Stalinist blocks.
Dissidents of an earlier phase are also prolific. The elderly Abdulla
Akhmedov was famed in the early 1970s for his radical regionalism in
Turkmenia. Now in Moscow, his work brings that ebullience to the use of
historical references which has characterized Russian building over the
centuries. The historical motifs of Boris Tkhor's theatre for the
School of Dramatic Art are quieter, but all this new work shows a surer
handling of scale and complexity than the first-wave attempts at a
Moscow style in the mid-1990s. As Khazanov knows, because his mother is
a famous historian of it, Modernism is equally a Moscow style. In that
spirit, the buoyant little Anglo-Russian office of James McAdam and
Tanya Kalinina, former directors of Will Alsop's Moscow operation, has
a major new department store about to go on site between the famous
complexes of Le Corbusier's Tsentrosoyuz and Shchusev's Agriculture
Ministry. Not far away its miniature predecessor, the Vesnin brothers'
elegant Mostorg department store of 1927, has b een boldly but
sympathetically updated by Benetton. Notions of the mass consumer have
changed over the intervening decades but the vigour of Moscow
architecture is genuinely the same.
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