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Re: Authorization for broadcasting past activities as gladiator

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mrliu918

unread,

Dec 17, 2008, 10:03:30 PM12/17/08

Authorization for the board of trustee and person entrusted before
1992 to broadcast past activies as amateur boxer and athlete.

Sincerely
Yu Fung Liu

On Dec 11, 6:52 pm, mrliu918 <mrliu...@gmail.com> wrote:
> Part of the tape recording on yu fung liu knocking out bisons, tigers,
> lions, bears, and other predators has been shown to public and the
> world in 1990 for many purpose including conducting scientific
> research and charity.
>
> The board of trustee and the person entrusted to handle the case
> should address all the public concern.
>
> On Dec 11, 3:24 pm, mrliu918 <mrliu...@gmail.com> wrote:
>
> > On Dec 11, 2:59 pm, mrliu918 <mrliu...@gmail.com> wrote:
>
> > > To whom it may concern:
>
> > >Authorizationfor the board of trustee or the person entrusted to
> > >broadcastpast activities as gladiator.
> > >All agreement with the board of trustee and the person entrusted to handle the case concerning the role of gladiator before 1992 shall remain intact.
> > > Sincerely
> > > Yu Fung Liu

mrliu918

unread,

Dec 17, 2008, 10:35:07 PM12/17/08

Authorization for the board of trustee and person entrusted before

1992 to broadcast how mike tyson was knocked out and knocked down
within one single game.

Interview with military personnels from all over the world are
available to public only if there are legal consent for broadcasting
prior to meeting.

Sincerely
Yu Fung Liu

mrliu918

unread,

Feb 14, 2009, 6:20:31 AM2/14/09

mrliu918

unread,

Feb 14, 2009, 11:52:05 PM2/14/09

My cell phone: 852-93460474

Other identification of yu fung:
The gladiator who defeat tigers, lions, bears, panthers and other
predators with barehanded.
The person who defeated Japanese sumo champions, weightlifters, many
Olympic boxing champions in military exercise around 1990.

On Feb 14, 7:20 pm, mrliu918 <mrliu...@gmail.com> wrote:

> On Dec 18 2008, 11:35 am,mrliu918<mrliu...@gmail.com> wrote:
>
> > Authorization for the board of trustee and person entrusted before
> > 1992 to broadcast how mike tyson was knocked out and knocked down
> > within one single game.
>
> > Interview with military personnels from all over the world are
> > available to public only if there are legal consent for broadcasting
> > prior to meeting.
>
> > Sincerely
> > Yu Fung Liu
>

> > On Dec 17, 7:03 pm,mrliu918<mrliu...@gmail.com> wrote:
>
> > > Authorization for the board of trustee and person entrusted before
> > > 1992 to broadcast past activies as amateur boxer and athlete.
>
> > > Sincerely
> > > Yu Fung Liu
>

> > > On Dec 11, 6:52 pm,mrliu918<mrliu...@gmail.com> wrote:
>
> > > > Part of the tape recording on yu fung liu knocking out bisons, tigers,
> > > > lions, bears, and other predators has been shown to public and the
> > > > world in 1990 for many purpose including conducting scientific
> > > > research and charity.
>
> > > > The board of trustee and the person entrusted to handle the case
> > > > should address all the public concern.
>

> > > > On Dec 11, 3:24 pm,mrliu918<mrliu...@gmail.com> wrote:

mrliu918

unread,

Mar 20, 2009, 3:16:15 AM3/20/09

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liang_Hongzhi
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanking_Massacre
http://newsvote.bbc.co.uk/chinese/simp/hi/newsid_7920000/newsid_7925800/7925857.stm
http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Japan/IC17Dh04.html
http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Mutual_Cooperation_and_Security_between_Japan_and_the_United_States_of_America

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WEB RESULTS梁鸿志_百度百科- Translate
1946年11月6日《新闻报》还以显著版面分别以《梁鸿志仍处死刑,上海监狱刑场布置就绪》、《奸逆归宿地,新刑场一瞥》为题作了报道,并配发照
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当时,日本大阪朝日新闻社企图以举办"东亚建设博览会"的名义,把诗碑运到日本,大汉奸梁鸿志不敢冒此天下之大不韪,逆人民之意把诗碑运出国门,于是就
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名士。特工陈方恪- Translate
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《寒庐茗话图》中"七子"皆着古代衣冠,俯仰异趣大得名士况味;题诗为梁众异(即梁鸿志,日后这也是一个臭名昭著的才子汉奸)所为,亦工丽鲜
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中文姓名|中文译名|外文姓名|参见
本列表列举中文姓名（包括译名）首字的首字母为L的人物以及外语姓名首字母为L的人物。
zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/浜哄悕琛╛(L) - 81k - Cached

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Historical...|The Nanking...|Death toll...|Judgments
The Nanking Massacre, commonly known as the Rape of Nanking, was a
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背景|中支那方面军編成|日军暴行|人道主义救助
南京大屠殺，是第二次世界大戰爆發前兩年，侵华日军于1937年12月13日攻陷中華民国首都南京之后，在南京城及其郊区犯下的大規模屠殺、強姦以及纵
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mrliu918

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Mar 20, 2009, 3:22:24 AM3/20/09

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liang_Hongzhi
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanking_Massacre
http://newsvote.bbc.co.uk/chinese/simp/hi/newsid_7920000/newsid_79258...
http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Japan/IC17Dh04.html
http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Mutual_Cooperation_and_Securi...

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zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/鍗椾含澶у睜鏉 EURO - 155k - Cached

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mrliu918

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http://www.fightingarts.com/ubbthreads/showflat.php?Number=139214
http://www.proelite.com/forums/12345/topics/188509
http://www.mikementzer.com/blee.html

Bruce Lee - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Lee Hoi Chuen would resume his acting career and become even a bigger
star during the ensuing rebuilding years. Bruce Lee's mother Grace had
an even more ...
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Lee - 211k - Similar pages

Ali vs. Bruce Lee [Archive] - Boxing For... Ok Show me a Bruce Lee
fight record, or Proof Of him defeating anyone worth mention... then
tell me logically, in a fight how he would ...
www.boxingscene.com/forums/archive/index.php/t-7212.html [Found on
Google] Refresh Reply Replies: 46 Views: 515 2 months ago

Topic: BRUCE LEE : FIGHT RECORDBRUCE LEE : FIGHT RECORD keithnofear777
(422 posts)send to a friend Bruce Lee's fight record : 12 -0 -11ko's
1submission: 1955 Willam Chung Hong Kong Exibition- 1957 Wong Shun
Leung H. K .E. -- 1958 Pu Chang KO 2rd Referee Wong Shun Leung -- 1958
Yang Haung KO 1rd Amatur Boxing Tourtament -- 1958 Leigh Lo KO1rd
A.B.T -- 1958 Shen Yuen KO1rd A.B.T -- 1958 Gary Elms KO 3rd A.B.T
Finals --1960 unkown fighter Seattle KO by backfist in street fight --
1962 Seattle KO 1rd street fight Refree Jesse Glover --1963 unkown
fighter KO street fight -- 1964 Wong Jack Man Oakland Cali. This fight
is disputed most say it was a win for Lee others say it was a draw ---
1973 bruce won a fight with a 30 sec. KO also in 73 USPK Karate Champ
Bob wall tells of a fight on the set of enter the dragon. bob wall :
The guy was much bigger faster & stronger then bruce the kid was good
trying to punch bruce's brains in bruce methodically took him apart
the kid could not touch bruce the fight ended with bruce lee winning
by armbar . hope you all enjoy this piece of MMA history Bruce Lee was
the best MMA fighter who ever lived he clearly had KO power & was able
to beat a bigger stronger fighters with MMA skill way ahead of his
time .
Lee handed the scroll disdainfully back to their leader. "I'll teach
whomever I choose," he said calmly. "I don't care what color they
are." While Lee's non-racist views are today generally applauded, in
San Francisco's Chinatown in the mid 1960s they were tantamount to
treason -- at least within the Chinese community. Indeed, teaching
Chinese combative "secrets" to non-Chinese races was perceived as the
highest form of treason in the martial arts community. By his words
and demeanor, Lee had effectively thrown the gauntlet back at the feet
of his would-be challenger and, while Lee had many virtues, it is well
known among his friends, family and students that patience in
suffering fools and their ignorance was not one of them.
FightingArts Estore
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medulanet
put up or shut up

Reged: 09/03/03
Posts: 2042
Loc: Phoenix, Arizona USA Was Bruce Lee a fighter? And did he make
JKD to actually be a fighting art?
#139214 - 01/17/04 12:07 AM Edit Reply Quote Quick
Reply

I have been recently been reading a lot of articles about Bruce Lee by
Joe Lewis. In his interviews he states that in all of their training
he never sparred with Bruce once. He also stated that most of Bruce
Lee's training did not consist of actual sparring but mainly drills
and theory and he was really not a "fighter." Given the fact that
Bruce Lee has no professional fight record I really see no reason to
discount what Lewis says in these interviews. He then goes on to say
that even one of Bruce Lee's best students, Dan Inosanto, is not a
fighter and did not practice much sparing either. This is certainly
not the way I have seen both Bruce Lee and JKD portrayed. It is just
confusing to me because I thought the whole point of JKD was to create
an effective way to fight where classical martial arts were not
effective. But how can the founder of such an art not base his
training and research on his own experiences in actual fighting. I was
wondering if anybody else has thoughts on this subject.

Post Extras:

joesixpack
Professional Poster

Reged: 02/04/02
Posts: 2282
Loc: Australia Re: Was Bruce Lee a fighter? And did he make JKD to
actually be a fighting art?
#708634 - 01/17/04 03:42 AM Edit Reply Quote Quick
Reply

Did Jow Lewis ever challenge Mr Lee?

Someone with that level of fitness, speed and timing is dangerous.

Not a pro fighter, but who would want to fight Mr Lee (when he was
alive) in a non controlled environment? Not me.

You can tell if people can fight by the way they move, hit, etc in
training. Bruce was one of them.

Benny the Jet may be an "old man" now, but I wouldn't break into his
house...

Lee probably trained nearly entirely on specifocs once he got so
good.

Post Extras:

MuayThai
Professional Poster

Reged: 08/20/03
Posts: 2242
Loc: UK Re: Was Bruce Lee a fighter? And did he make JKD to actually
be a fighting art?
#708635 - 01/17/04 05:10 AM Edit Reply Quote Quick
Reply

[QUOTE]Originally posted by joesixpack:
You can tell if people can fight by the way they move, hit, etc in
training. Bruce was one of them.

.[/QUOTE]

wow! sorry Joe but that is very very wrong. Its usually people who
look good in training but have never fought who look like crap when
actually fighting.... training and fighting are worlds apart mate and
to be honest there are lots of perfect techniques in training,
fighting is a very different thing....

....if Bruce does have a low fight record, if the man had no
experience fighting then i would agree and say he is just a fit
individual who knows martial arts.

You need to fight to be good at fighting, you cannot, or its extremely
rare, be good at fighting without fighting.

Post Extras:

JKogas
wants you to KNOW

Reged: 01/25/03
Posts: 10574
Loc: North Carolina Re: Was Bruce Lee a fighter? And did he make JKD
to actually be a fighting art?
#708636 - 01/17/04 07:03 AM Edit Reply Quote Quick
Reply

Bruce never DID compile a competitive fight record. Bruce was a genius
and a philosopher more so than a fighter, although many do contend
that he did in fact spar, and would spar all out.

I doubt he sparred with Lewis. Lewis WAS a fighter and a champ. Lee
was a movie star. My thinking has it that Lee's status as a martial
arts movie star wasn't to be compromised by sparring with anyone who
might beat him. That's pretty much the case with all martial arts
movie stars -- they rarely ever seem to fight anyone (or spar). Don
Wilson was an exception, although he wasn't much of a movie star
either.

Just some thoughts

-John

Post Extras:

ninja-raiden
Enthusiast

Reged: 03/13/03
Posts: 922
Re: Was Bruce Lee a fighter? And did he make JKD to actually be a
fighting art?
#708637 - 01/17/04 01:18 PM Edit Reply Quote Quick
Reply

I think that Bruce's understanding of martial arts would make him an
extremely deadly fighter i.e. he knows what works.

Post Extras:

Shotokan
Unregistered

Re: Was Bruce Lee a fighter? And did he make JKD to actually be a
fighting art?
#708638 - 01/17/04 02:55 PM Edit Reply Quote Quick
Reply

What made Lee amazing was his training methods...running what 6 miles
a day, weight lifting...heavy bag training, Wing Chung dummy training
etc...

In terms of the art he form JKD (his JKD has feats ony he could do e.g
sliding side kicks) and so the techniques he choose would only work
for him and would not necessarily work for anyone else...

I understand that each JKD fighter has to for his own art...using the
principles Bruce layed out...

Bruce was Chinese and he was influenced by Chinese philosophy.

In Bhuddism (a religion that influence the original arts) you are
encouraged to read what is written in the holy book, think about it
and see if it is true in your life. If you don't agree with it you
leave it and move on to another reading.

This is the principle behind JKD you look at an art and see if it is
useful. If it is not useful you leave it...

Therefore what is useful to me will not be useful to you...it depends
on personal attributes like opinions, knowledge level etc.

I don't know JKD but I understand the philosopy...

Post Extras:

Ender
Professional Poster

Reged: 04/29/03
Posts: 2253
Loc: Burlington, Ontario, Canada Re: Was Bruce Lee a fighter? And
did he make JKD to actually be a fighting art?
#708639 - 01/17/04 03:43 PM Edit Reply Quote Quick
Reply

What is a sliding side kick?

Post Extras:

nekogami13
Unregistered

Re: Was Bruce Lee a fighter? And did he make JKD to actually be a
fighting art?
#708640 - 01/17/04 03:58 PM Edit Reply Quote Quick
Reply

You are standing to my right side,I am standing in horse stance
(simpler to explain,not necessary to be in horse stance).I decide I
want to kick you, but you are slightly out of range.I slide my left
foot over to my right,side kick you with right leg.

Post Extras:

joesixpack
Professional Poster

Reged: 02/04/02
Posts: 2282
Loc: Australia Re: Was Bruce Lee a fighter? And did he make JKD to
actually be a fighting art?
#708641 - 01/17/04 04:34 PM Edit Reply Quote Quick
Reply

[QUOTE]Originally posted by MuayThai:

....if Bruce does have a low fight record, if the man had no
experience fighting then i would agree and say he is just a fit
individual who knows martial arts.

You need to fight to be good at fighting, you cannot, or its extremely
rare, be good at fighting without fighting.[/QUOTE]

You, kind Sir, are rambling.

Post Extras:

Shotokan
Unregistered

Re: Was Bruce Lee a fighter? And did he make JKD to actually be a
fighting art?
#708642 - 01/17/04 06:33 PM Edit Reply Quote Quick
Reply

Rambling? Come one JKogas does this all the time....

beside it was JKogas himself who first said that you cannot learn to
fight with out fighting...now when someone else says it they are
rambling...

Post Extras:

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Chen Zen
former moderator

Reged: 02/09/03
Posts: 6876
Loc: Ms Re: Was Bruce Lee a fighter? And did he make JKD to actually
be a fighting art?
#708643 - 01/17/04 08:46 PM Edit Reply Quote Quick
Reply

Bruce might not have had a Professional fight record but he did fight
plenty. Before he moved to the U.S it was common to fight on the
streets of Hong Kong. He also had to fight to be able to teach here
and He fought numerous times on his sets by would be movie stars out
to steal the spotlight. Also due to the fact that he was teaching
three different champions at the same time it must be assumed that he
was an excellent fighter because why would someone who was already a
champ learn anything from someone who could not beat them?

Post Extras:

joesixpack
Professional Poster

Reged: 02/04/02
Posts: 2282
Loc: Australia Re: Was Bruce Lee a fighter? And did he make JKD to
actually be a fighting art?
#708644 - 01/18/04 05:18 AM Edit Reply Quote Quick
Reply

My point was, how the hell would MT know wether how well I can judge a
person's fighting ability by the way I analyse their training methods,
fitness and "style" (game, if you prefer)?

Bruce was known for his street brawling, admitted stuff on camera was
too flashy, was fast, very fit, had a good theory and could hit hard.

Would you break into his house?

Post Extras:

medulanet
put up or shut up

Reged: 09/03/03
Posts: 2042
Loc: Phoenix, Arizona USA Re: Was Bruce Lee a fighter? And did he
make JKD to actually be a fighting art?
#708645 - 01/18/04 09:27 AM Edit Reply Quote Quick
Reply

[QUOTE]Originally posted by Chen Zen:
Bruce might not have had a Professional fight record but he did fight
plenty. Before he moved to the U.S it was common to fight on the
streets of Hong Kong. He also had to fight to be able to teach here
and He fought numerous times on his sets by would be movie stars out
to steal the spotlight. Also due to the fact that he was teaching
three different champions at the same time it must be assumed that he
was an excellent fighter because why would someone who was already a
champ learn anything from someone who could not beat them?[/QUOTE]

So you would never learn from a teacher that you could beat in a
fight? What if a muay thai boxer can beat one of the best bjj guys in
the world. Does that mean he should not learn bjj from him? Fighting
"actors" on a set is one thing, but fighting professional fights is
another. If I told you I beat a lot of actors would you give me
respect, I hope not. I have met many people who have fought on the
streets, I have even done a small amount of it from time to time, but
that does not always mean that you can fight, and no everybody in
China does not know kung fu so the question is were any of these
"street fighters" and "actors" truly skilled. Theory is a wonderful
thing. You first need a game plan before you actually do something. So
what if Bruce was more about theory than actual application in an
alive environment. Does that mean I cannot take his theory and apply
it effectively. Hell no. There are many fighters who recieve training
from people who have never fought. If you notice the champions that
Bruce Lee trained already knew how to fight. They did not need him to
teach them that, but he was able to give them that little extra to
propel them to the next level. I have never heard of Bruce training
anybody from "scratch" and making them into a fighting machine, but
his principles can do wonders when someone is already versed in a
"delivery system." It is that system where you learn to "fight," and
it is Bruce's teaching that helps one put it altogether.

Post Extras:

JKogas
wants you to KNOW

Reged: 01/25/03
Posts: 10574
Loc: North Carolina Re: Was Bruce Lee a fighter? And did he make JKD
to actually be a fighting art?
#708646 - 01/18/04 11:17 AM Edit Reply Quote Quick
Reply

Great post. My sentiments exactly.

-John

Post Extras:

Shotokan
Unregistered

Re: Was Bruce Lee a fighter? And did he make JKD to actually be a
fighting art?
#708647 - 01/18/04 11:52 AM Edit Reply Quote Quick
Reply

You guys are only capitalizing on Chen Zen last sentence.

But the rest of it is true not because Bruce didn't have a fight
record didn't mean that he didn't actually fight. Who knows who he was
before he came from Hong Kong...his fight record may be in Hong Kong
for all you know.

-Just some thoughts...

Post Extras:

Chen Zen
former moderator

Reged: 02/09/03
Posts: 6876
Loc: Ms Re: Was Bruce Lee a fighter? And did he make JKD to actually
be a fighting art?
#708648 - 01/18/04 03:11 PM Edit Reply Quote Quick
Reply

Exactly my point. And for the record, no I would not train under
someone I can beat. If I can beat you its because your technique is
flawed and I do not intend to add flawed technique to my training
regimen.

Post Extras:

medulanet
put up or shut up

Reged: 09/03/03
Posts: 2042
Loc: Phoenix, Arizona USA Re: Was Bruce Lee a fighter? And did he
make JKD to actually be a fighting art?
#708649 - 01/18/04 05:14 PM Edit Reply Quote Quick
Reply

[QUOTE]Originally posted by Chen Zen:
Exactly my point. And for the record, no I would not train under
someone I can beat. If I can beat you its because your technique is
flawed and I do not intend to add flawed technique to my training
regimen.[/QUOTE]

So are you saying that the only reason a person loses a fight is
because his technique is not as good as his opponent. What about
heart, timing, speed, strength, power, etc. I have seen people with
bad technique, but are naturally fast. Although they can not hit as
hard as they could if they possesed better technique, they have enough
power to knock somebody out and enough speed and timing to connect. I
would rather learn from somebody who has excellent knowledge of their
style and can teach rather than someone who is simply a good fighter.
Just because you can fight does not mean that you can teach and
viceversa. For instance Mark Kerr trained with and studied under Bass
Ruten for a while, and was better for it. If he could have beaten Bas
(which is a possiblity) should he have refused to study under him?
That does not make any sense to me. Does that mean an undefeated
champion should not learn from anyone since nobody can defeat him?
Mike Tyson would have killed Cus Demato, but he was his trainer and he
was great when he was being trained from Cus.

Post Extras:

joesixpack
Professional Poster

Reged: 02/04/02
Posts: 2282
Loc: Australia Re: Was Bruce Lee a fighter? And did he make JKD to
actually be a fighting art?
#708650 - 01/18/04 07:55 PM Edit Reply Quote Quick
Reply

That's garbage Chen. I think of myself as an average 2nd Dan in a good
style, for being a 21 yo man, but I know I am a much better teacher
than a figher...etc

Post Extras:

JohnL
clearly not an idiot

Reged: 03/24/03
Posts: 4285
Loc: NY, NY, USA Re: Was Bruce Lee a fighter? And did he make JKD to
actually be a fighting art?
#708651 - 01/19/04 06:27 AM Edit Reply Quote Quick
Reply

Would I learn from someone I could beat. Certainly.

He may be better than me at some things, and I at others. As such I
have no problem learning from him.

Also, look at boxers. All the best boxers learn from people they can
beat. They have trainers they can beat, sparring partners they can
beat etc.

Taking the subject back to it's original topic though;

As far as I am aware, Bruce Lee had no documented fight record. As
such, I find it interesting that a lot of BL fans quote him as saying
would you learn swimming from someone who can't swim.

Seems like people provide quotes with a slight bias to justify their
own arguments.

JohnL

Post Extras:

Chen Zen
former moderator

Reged: 02/09/03
Posts: 6876
Loc: Ms Re: Was Bruce Lee a fighter? And did he make JKD to actually
be a fighting art?
#708652 - 01/19/04 10:48 AM Edit Reply Quote Quick
Reply

The conversation about learning from someone you can beat stemmed from
the example of Bruce lee teaching other champs like joe lewis and
chuck norris. Obviously Bruce was fast, had much power and technique
so on and etc. Now given that he possessed these attributes if he
could have been beaten by Chuck or Joe then it was because of flawed
technique. Also I think any good teacher should be able to fight
better than his students because he has more experience and a better
understanding of the system. Shoalin Monks fight even in their late
sixties and probably even older and are quite confident in doing so.

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Bruce lee
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Who would win in a fight? Bruce Lee at his Prime, or a jujitsu master?
3 months ago
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no chuck norris involved.
3 months ago
A BRAZILIAN JU JITSU MASTER! AND BRUCE LEE AT HIS VERY BEST!
3 months ago
a street fight with no rules, just their bodies, no weapons. yes, a
black belt ju jitsu master. freestyle.
3 months ago
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by eoh418
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Zachary displayed a fine example of having no clue what Brazilian Jiu-
Jitsu (bjj) is...

BJJ is all about controlling the opponent on the ground... bjj has
very limited and very weak takedowns... Royce Gracie excelled in
controlling a grounded opponent over anything else he did or his
opponents tried to do to him (including punches once it hit the
ground)... Royce's accomplishments are not limited to his career in
the UFC either.. he has an extensive amount of wins with few losses in
his own sport of BJJ.

Bruce Lee had very little background fighting on the ground and as a
result wrote little about it, and taught little about it.

Who would win in this case? Who knows!?!?

As a side note.... Bruce Lee was one friggin intense dood!

i had never learned of Bruce being taught jujitsu informally by Wally
Jay until recently.
Source(s):
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3 months ago
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i love bruce lee. but it would be a hard match.
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Other Answers (9)
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Lowest by crackity jones
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1. Bruce Lee was not a fighter. There is no verifiable fight record of
his surviving, nor footage of him in an actual fight, so we can make
no sound judgement of his fighting abilities. Hence, we also have no
idea of when his 'prime' was supposed to be.

2. By BJJ Master I assume you mean a black belt? Well, there's black
belts and then there's black belts. In a full fight no one with any
sense relies on just one style anymore. Marcelo Garcia would smoke
Wanderlei Silva in a grappling match, Wanderlei would probably murder
Marcelo in MMA; they're both black belts. There are black belts from
21 - 80+, 120lbs to 300, and so on, there are guys who get the black
belt but don't go much further, and guys like Marcelo who go so far
beyond 'black belt' level it's unreal. So really you have to pick
someone for this comparison to be any use.

3. Conclusion: Your question is both illogical and pointless.

EDIT: LOL at people who think Royce Gracie is a BJJ 'master'.
3 months ago
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by Zacharia...
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Bruce Lee would CRUSH a Jiu Jitsu Master. Just because Royce Gracie
was a UFC champ- does not mean he would be invincible. His career
pretty much ended in 2003. Bruce Lee was not only a master of the
takedown- but he also mastered how to keep his opponents down, too. By
making powerful blows strategically, Bruce Lee concentrated each hit
with his 145lb body, with a force equal to about 2000lbs/inch. That's
devastating!
3 months ago
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by Raax
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In the ring, it would be difficult because Bruce uses illegal moves...
so most likely he wouldn't even agree to fight in the ring with a
jujitsu master.

On the streets, Bruce will use more of his environment, probably jump
on something to do his crazy speedy kicks or rip-your-nuts-with-my-
fist technique, lol. It all depends on the skill, but I have more of a
bet on Bruce.
3 months ago
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by tisinfil
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Who knows. All I can say is that Bruce Lee studied the martial arts.
All of them. This fact gives him a great edge over someone who just
studies one art form. For those who say he never studied the ground
game need to do better research before speaking. He studied all forms
of fighting, jujitsu included. He is the "Father of MMA".
3 months ago
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by Jason
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Didn't Gene Lebelle manage to submit Lee? (Yeah, Judo isn't BJJ, but
it's still grappling). So if Lebelle could do it, then a BJJ master
would've probably been able to. (at least until Lee got the hang of
BJJ)
3 months ago
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by Zenlife
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Bruce Lee I'd suggest.

Best wishes :)***
Source(s):
Martial arts 28yrs
Former Japanese jiu-jitsu coach Boxer,Bouncer
3 months ago
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by Gruenen2...
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Bruce Lee would NOT win every fight, there will always be some one out
there better then the next person; Bruce Lee included.
3 months ago
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by Tai
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Depends who the Jujutsu (or Brazilian Jiu jitsu) master is.
3 months ago
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by clowns
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Chuck Norris
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The answer to these stupid questions is always Chuck Norris
3 months ago
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by Sunny D.
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Chuck Norris always wins.
Source(s):
There are no acceptions.
3 months ago
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Open Questions in Martial Arts
Can anyone tell me in order who the highest ranking living Gracies
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Resolved Questions in Martial Arts
about this thing am a mma fighter by the way!?
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Bruce Lee
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, searchFor the British arsonist, see Bruce Lee
(arsonist).Bruce Lee

Bruce Lee
Chinese name 李小龍 (Traditional)
Chinese name 李小龙 (Simplified)
Pinyin Lǐ Xiǎolóng (Mandarin)
Jyutping Leih Síulùhng (Cantonese)
Birth name Lee Jun-Fan (李振藩; pinyin: Lǐ Zhènfān)
Ancestry Shunde, Guangdong, China
Born 27 November 1940(1940-11-27)
San Francisco, California, USA
Died 20 July 1973 (aged 32)
Hong Kong
Spouse(s) Linda Emery (1965-1973)
Children Brandon Lee (1965–1993)
Shannon Lee (born 1969)
Official site Bruce Lee Foundation
[show]Awards

Bruce Jun Fan Lee (李振藩; pinyin: Lǐ Zhènfān; 27 November 1940 – 20 July
1973) was a Chinese-American martial artist, philosopher, instructor,
martial arts actor and the founder of the Jeet Kune Do combat form. He
is widely regarded as the most influential martial artist of the
twentieth century and a cultural icon.[1] He was also the father of
actor Brandon Lee and of actress Shannon Lee.Lee was born in San
Francisco, California, and raised in Hong Kong until his late teens.
His Hong Kong and Hollywood-produced films elevated the traditional
Hong Kong martial arts film to a new level of popularity and acclaim,
and sparked the first major surge of interest in Chinese martial arts
in the West. The direction and tone of his films changed and
influenced martial arts and martial arts films in Hong Kong and the
rest of the world as well.Lee became an iconic figure particularly to
the Chinese, as he portrayed Chinese national pride and Chinese
nationalism in his movies.[2] He primarily practiced Chinese martial
arts (Kung fu), particularly Wing Chun.Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
1.1 Education and family
1.2 Names
2 Acting career
3 Challengers on the set
4 Hong Kong legacy
5 Martial arts training and development
5.1 Jun Fan Gung Fu
5.2 Jeet Kune Do
5.2.1 Controversy over Jeet Kune Do
5.3 Jujitsu
6 1964 Long Beach International Karate Championships
7 1967 Long Beach International Karate Championships
8 Fights
9 Physical fitness and nutrition
9.1 Physical fitness
9.2 Nutrition
9.3 Physique
9.4 Physical feats
10 Philosophy
11 Awards and honors
12 Plagiarism accusations
13 Martial arts lineage
14 Death
15 Media
15.1 Biographical films
15.2 Books authored
15.3 Books about Bruce Lee, Jeet Kune Do or both
15.4 Bruce Lee documentaries
15.5 Selected filmography
15.6 Television appearances
15.7 Other media
16 See also
17 Notes
18 References
19 External links

Early life
Lee Jun Fan was born in the hour of the dragon, between 7 – 9 a.m., in
the Year of the Dragon according to the Chinese zodiac calendar,
November 27, 1940, at the Chinese Hospital in San Francisco’s
Chinatown.[3] His father, Lee Hoi-Chuen (李海泉), was Chinese, and his
Catholic mother, Grace Ho (何愛瑜), was of Chinese and German ancestry.[4]
[5][6][7][8][9] Lee and his parents returned to Hong Kong when he was
three months old. They were both Hong Kong and American citizens.[10]
[11]Lee Hoi Chuen was one of the leading Cantonese opera and film
actors at the time, and he was embarking on a year-long Cantonese
opera performing tour, with his family, amongst the US Chinese
communities on the eve of the Japanese invasion of Hong Kong during
the Second World War. As touring was an extremely profitable business
back then, Lee had been touring the US for many years. Although a
number of his peers decided to stay in the US this time to ride out
the storm, Lee decided to go back to Hong Kong after his wife gave
birth to their fourth child, due partially to homesickness and
partially to a miscalculation on his part. Within months, Hong Kong
was invaded (at the same time of the Pearl Harbor attack) and the Lees
lived the ensuing 3 years and 8 months under brutal Japanese
occupation. The Lee family managed to survive the war and actually had
done reasonably well. Lee Hoi Chuen would resume his acting career and
become even a bigger star during the ensuing rebuilding years. Bruce
Lee's mother Grace had an even more impressive background. She
belonged to one of wealthiest and most powerful clans in Hong Kong,
the Ho Tungs, the Rockefellers or Kennedys equivalent in Hong Kong.
She was the niece of Sir Robert Ho Tung, patriarch of the clan.
Indeed, Bruce Lee grew up in an affluent and privileged environment.
Education and family
After attending Tak Sun School (德信學校) located just a couple of blocks
from his home at 218 Nathan Road, Kowloon, Lee entered the primary
school division of the prestigious La Salle College (喇沙書院) in 1950 or
1952 (at the age of 10 or 12). In around 1956, due to poor academic
performance (and/or possibly poor conduct as well), he was transferred
to St. Francis Xavier's College (high school) where he would be
mentored by Brother Edward, a Catholic monk (originally from Germany
spending his entire adult life in China and then Hong Kong), teacher,
and coach of the school boxing team. In the spring of 1959, Lee got
into yet another street fight and the police were called.[12]
Confirming the police's fear that Bruce Lee's fighting opponent this
time had organized crime background and a possible contract was out
for his life, in April 1959 his parents decided to send him to the
United States to meet up with his older sister Agnes (李秋鳳) who was
already living with family friends in San Francisco.At the age of 18
and a half, Lee returned to the U.S. as a native-born citizen, with
$100 in his pocket and the titles of 1957 High School Boxing Champion
and 1958 Crown Colony Cha Cha Champion (or second place) of Hong Kong
[3], to further his education. After living in San Francisco for
several months, he moved to Seattle in the fall of the same year
(1959) to continue his high school education and to work for Ruby Chow
as a live-in waiter at her restaurant. Ruby's husband was a co-worker
and friend of his father. His older brother Peter (李忠琛) would also
join Bruce Lee in Seattle for a short stay before moving on to
Minnesota to attend college. In December 1960, Lee completed his high
school education and received his diploma from Edison Technical School
(now Seattle Central Community College, located on Capitol Hill,
Seattle). He then enrolled at the University of Washington in March
1961 majoring in drama, and likely also took courses in philosophy,
psychology, and various other subjects.[13][14][15] It was at the
University of Washington that he met his future wife Linda Emery, whom
he would marry in August 1964.Bruce Lee abandoned his university
education (3 years and never graduated) in the spring of 1964 and
moved to Oakland to live with James Yimm Lee (嚴鏡海, no relation to
Bruce Lee, and his Chinese surname was actually "Yim", a typical
blunder by the immigration officials when James' father was first
immigrated to the US). Twenty years senior to Bruce Lee and a well
known Chinese martial artist in the Bay area, James Lee would join
Bruce Lee to co-found the second Jun Fan martial art studio in Oakland
(the first one in Seattle). James Lee was also responsible to
introduce Bruce Lee to Ed Parker, royalty of the US martial art world
and organizer of the (Long Beach) International Karate Championships
at which Bruce Lee was later "discovered" by Hollywood.He had two
children with Linda, Brandon Lee (1965–1993) and Shannon Lee (1969-).
Brandon, who also became an actor like his father, died in an accident
during the filming of The Crow in 1993. Shannon Lee also became an
actress and appeared in some low-budget films starting in the mid
1990s, but has since quit acting.
Names
This article contains Chinese text. Without proper rendering support,
you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Chinese
characters.
Bruce Lee's Cantonese given name was Jun Fan (振藩; Mandarin Pinyin:
Zhènfán).[16] At birth, the English name "Bruce" was thought to be
given by the hospital attending physician, Dr. Mary Glover (or some
said it was one of the nurses). Though Mrs. Lee did not initially plan
on an English name for the child, she deemed it appropriate and would
concur with Dr. Glover's addition.[17] However, his American name was
never used within his family until he enrolled in the primary school
division of La Salle College (a Hong Kong high school) at the age of
10 or 12,[16] and later at another high school (St. Francis Xavier's
College in Kowloon), where Lee would come to represent the boxing team
in inter-school events.Bruce Lee also had three other Chinese names:
Li Yuen Yam[2] [李源鑫; Mandarin Pinyin: Lǐ yuán-xīn, as a family/clan
name (族名)], Li Yuen Kam [李元鑒; Mandarin Pinyin: Lǐ yuán-jiàn, as a
student name (學名) while attending La Salle College], and of course his
Chinese stage name 李小龍 [Cantonese pengyam: Ley5 Siu² Long4 (or Lee Siu
Loong); Mandarin Pinyin: Lǐ Xiǎolóng]. The Jun Fan name was originally
written in Chinese as 震藩, however this Jun (震) was identical to part
of his grandfather's name 李震彪, and was considered a no-no in Chinese
tradition. Therefore, Bruce Lee's name was changed to 振 which had the
identical pronunciation with 震 and virtually identical meaning. Also
of note is that Bruce Lee was given a feminine nickname, Sai Fung (細鳳,
literally "small phoenix"), which was used throughout his early
childhood in keeping with a Chinese custom, traditionally thought to
hide a male child from evil spirits. In Linda Lee's books, she
repeatedly cited that Jun Fan meant "return again" (back to the U.S.),
but Jun (振) really means "to invigorate" or "to shock", and Fan (藩) is
the well known Chinese abbreviation for the city of San Francisco (三藩
市).Bruce Lee's stage names 李小龍 was first suggested by Yuan Bu Yun (袁步
雲) when Lee played the title role of the 1950 Cantonese movie 細路祥
("Kid Cheung"). By then, Lee was already a 4-year child actor veteran
with two feature films to his credit in Hong Kong [he was also used as
an uncredited prop baby in a 1940 US-made Cantonese movie "Golden Gate
Girl" (金門女)]. Prior to his return to the U.S. in 1959, Bruce Lee would
have a respectful child actor career of 18 solid years averaging more
than two movies per year during his entire teenager life (age 10 to
18), acting alongside some the best Cantonese actors and actresses at
the time, and playing the central characters in some movies. Yuan was
the creator of the popular "Kid Cheung" comic strip, of which the
movie was based on, and also acted in the movie playing a son of the
character played by Bruce Lee's real life father Lee Hoi Chuen.It is
possible that the name "Lee Little Dragon" was based on his childhood
name of "small dragon", as, in Chinese tradition, the dragon and
phoenix come in pairs to represent the male and female genders
respectively. The more likely explanation is that he came to be called
"Little Dragon" because, according to the Chinese zodiac, he was born
in the Year of the Dragon. Many, including his wife Linda, also
stretched the "dragon" connection, a bit over-enthusiastically, by
suggesting that Lee was born during the "hour of dragon" (6-8 AM, as
claimed in Linda's books and many others). However, animal zodiac
normally does not apply to hours of the day, but when it does, the
period from 6 to 8 Am actually straddles between the "hour of
rabbit" (5-7 AM) and the "hour of dragon" (7-9 AM). Beside, the Little
Dragon name only came about long (10 years) after he was born.
Acting career
Lee's father Hoi-Chuen was a famous Cantonese Opera star. Thus,
through his father, Bruce was introduced into films at a very young
age and appeared in several short black-and-white films as a child.
Lee had his first role as a baby who was carried onto the stage. By
the time he was 18, he had appeared in twenty films.[3]While in the
United States from 1959–1964, Lee abandoned thoughts of a film career
in favor of pursuing martial arts. William Dozier invited Lee for an
audition, where Lee so impressed the producers with his lightning-fast
moves that he earned the role of Kato alongside Van Williams in the TV
series The Green Hornet. The show lasted just one season, from 1966 to
1967. Lee also played Kato in three crossover episodes of Batman. This
was followed by guest appearances in a host of television series,
including Ironside (1967) and Here Come the Brides (1969). A painting
of Bruce Lee as he appeared in filmIn 1969, Lee made a brief
appearance in his first American film Marlowe where he played a
henchman hired to intimidate private detective Philip Marlowe (played
by James Garner) by smashing up his office with leaping kicks and
flashing punches, only to later accidentally jump off a tall building
while trying to kick Marlowe off. In 1971, Lee appeared in four
episodes of the television series Longstreet as the martial arts
instructor of the title character Mike Longstreet (played by James
Franciscus). According to statements made primarily by Linda Lee
Caldwell after Bruce's death, Bruce would later pitch a television
series of his own tentatively titled The Warrior. According to
Caldwell, Lee's concept was retooled and renamed Kung Fu, but Warner
Bros. gave Lee no credit.[18] Instead the role of the Shaolin monk in
the Wild West, known to have been conceived by Bruce,[19] was awarded
to then non-martial artist David Carradine because of the studio's
fears that a Chinese leading man would not be embraced by the public.
[20] Books and documentaries about the show "Kung Fu" dispute
Caldwell's version. According to these sources, the show was created
by two writers and producers, Ed Spielman and Howard Friedlander, and
the reason Lee was not cast was in part because of his ethnicity but
moreso because he had a thick accent.[21]Not happy with his supporting
roles in the U.S., Lee returned to Hong Kong and was offered a film
contract by legendary director Raymond Chow to star in films produced
by his production company Golden Harvest. Lee played his first leading
role in The Big Boss (1971) which proved an enormous box office
success across Asia and catapulted him to stardom. He soon followed up
his success with two more huge box office successes: Fist of Fury
(1972) and Way of the Dragon (1972). For Way of the Dragon, he took
complete control of the film's production as the writer, director,
star, and choreographer of the fight scenes. In 1964, at a
demonstration in Long Beach, California, Lee had met karate champion
Chuck Norris. In Way of the Dragon Lee introduced Norris to moviegoers
as his opponent in the final death fight at the Colosseum in Rome,
today considered one of Lee's most legendary fight scenes.In 1973, Lee
played the lead role in Enter the Dragon, the first film to be
produced jointly by Golden Harvest and Warner Bros. This film would
skyrocket Lee to fame in the U.S. and Europe. However, only a few
months after the film's completion and three weeks before its release,
the supremely fit Lee mysteriously died. Enter the Dragon would go on
to become one of the year's highest grossing films and cement Lee as a
martial arts legend. It was made for US$850,000 in 1973 (equivalent to
$4 million adjusted for inflation as of 2007).[22] To date, Enter the
Dragon has grossed over $200 million worldwide.[23] The movie sparked
a brief fad in the martial-arts, epitomized in such songs as "Kung Fu
Fighting" and such TV shows as Kung Fu.Robert Clouse, the director of
Enter the Dragon, and Raymond Chow attempted to finish Lee's
incomplete film Game of Death which Lee was also set to write and
direct. Lee had shot over 100 minutes of footage, including outtakes,
for Game of Death before shooting was stopped to allow him to work on
Enter the Dragon. Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, a student of Lee, also appeared
in the film, which culminates in Lee's character, Hai Tien (clad in
the now-famous yellow track suit) taking on the 7'2" basketball player
in a climactic fight scene. In a controversial move, Robert Clouse
finished the film using a look-alike and archive footage of Lee from
his other films with a new storyline and cast, which was released in
1979. However, the cobbled-together film contained only fifteen
minutes of actual footage of Lee (he had printed many unsuccessful
takes[24]) while the rest had a Lee look-alike, Tai Chung Kim, and
Yuen Biao as stunt double. The unused footage Lee had filmed was
recovered 22 years later and included in the documentary Bruce Lee: A
Warrior's Journey.
Challengers on the set
Lee's celebrity and martial arts prowess often put him on a collision
course with a number of street thugs, stunt men and martial arts
extras, all hoping to make a name for themselves. Lee typically
defused such challenges without fighting, but felt forced to respond
to several persistent individuals.Bob Wall, USPK karate champion and
co-star in Enter the Dragon, recalled a particularly serious encounter
that transpired after a film extra kept taunting Lee. The extra yelled
that Lee was "a movie star, not a martial artist," that he "wasn't
much of a fighter." Lee answered his taunts by asking him to jump down
from the wall he was sitting on. Bob Wall described Lee's opponent as
"a gang-banger type of guy from Hong Kong," a "damned good martial
artist," and observed that he was fast, strong, and bigger than Bruce.
[25]Wall recalled the confrontation in detail:
"This kid was good. He was strong and fast, and he was really trying
to punch Bruce's brains in. But Bruce just methodically took him
apart."[26] "Bruce kept moving so well, this kid couldn't touch
him...Then all of a sudden, Bruce got him and rammed his ass with the
wall and swept him up, proceeding to drop him and plant his knee into
his opponent's chest, locked his arm out straight, and nailed him in
the face repeatedly."[27]
After his victory, Lee gave his opponent lessons on how to improve his
fighting skills. His opponent, now impressed, would later say to Lee,
"You really are a master of the martial arts."[26]
Hong Kong legacy
Sculpture of Bruce Lee at the Avenue of Stars, Hong KongThere are a
number of stories (perhaps apocryphal) surrounding Lee that are still
repeated in Hong Kong culture today. One is that his early 70s
interview on the TVB show Enjoy Yourself Tonight cleared the busy
streets of Hong Kong as everyone was watching the interview at home.On
January 6, 2009, it was announced that Bruce's Hong Kong home will be
preserved and transformed into a tourist site by philanthropist Yu
Pang-lin.[28]
Martial arts training and development
Lee's first introduction to martial arts was through his father, Lee
Hoi Cheun. He learned the fundamentals of Wu style Tai Chi Chuan from
his father.[29] Lee's sifu, Wing Chun master Yip Man, was also a
colleague and friend of Hong Kong's Wu style Tai Chi Chuan teacher Wu
Ta-ch'i.Lee trained in Wing Chun Gung Fu from age 13–18 under Hong
Kong Wing Chun Sifu Yip Man. Lee was introduced to Yip Man in early
1954 by William Cheung, then a live-in student of Yip Man. Like most
Chinese martial arts schools at that time, Sifu Yip Man's classes were
often taught by the highest ranking students. One of the highest
ranking students under Yip Man at the time was Wong Shun-Leung. Wong
is thought to have had the largest influence on Bruce's training. Yip
Man trained Lee privately after some students refused to train with
Lee due to his ancestry.[30]Bruce was also trained in Western boxing
and won the 1958 Boxing Championship match against 3-time champion
Gary Elms by knockout in the 3rd round. Before arriving to the finals
against Elms, Lee had knocked out 3 straight boxers in the first round.
[31] In addition, Bruce learned western fencing techniques from his
brother Peter Lee, who was a champion fencer at the time.[32] This
multi-faceted exposure to different fighting arts would later play an
influence in the creation of the eclectic martial art Jeet Kune Do.
Jun Fan Gung Fu
Main article: Jun Fan Gung FuLee began teaching martial arts after his
arrival in the United States in 1959. Originally trained in Wing Chun
Gung Fu, Lee called what he taught Jun Fan Gung Fu. Jun Fan Gung Fu
(literally Bruce's Gung Fu), is basically a slightly modified approach
to Wing Chun Gung Fu.[33] Lee taught friends he met in Seattle,
starting with Judo practitioner Jesse Glover as his first student and
who later became his first assistant instructor. Before moving to
California, Lee opened his first martial arts school, named the Lee
Jun Fan Gung Fu Institute, in Seattle.Lee also improvised his own
kicking method, involving the directness of Wing Chun and the power of
Northern Shaolin kung fu. Lee's kicks were delivered very quickly to
the target, without "chambering" the leg.
Jeet Kune Do
The Jeet Kune Do Emblem. The Chinese characters around the Taijitu
symbol indicate: "Using no way as way" & "Having no limitation as
limitation" The arrows represent the endless interaction between yang
and yin.[34]Main article: Jeet Kune DoJeet Kune Do originated in 1965.
A match with Wong Jack Man influenced Lee's philosophy on fighting.
Lee believed that the fight had lasted too long and that he had failed
to live up to his potential using Wing Chun techniques. He took the
view that traditional martial arts techniques were too rigid and
formalistic to be practical in scenarios of chaotic street fighting.
Lee decided to develop a system with an emphasis on "practicality,
flexibility, speed, and efficiency". He started to use different
methods of training such as weight training for strength, running for
endurance, stretching for flexibility, and many others which he
constantly adapted.Lee emphasized what he called "the style of no
style". This consisted of getting rid of a formalized approach which
Lee claimed was indicative of traditional styles. Because Lee felt the
system he now called Jun Fan Gung Fu was too restrictive, it was
developed into a philosophy and martial art he would come to call
(after the name was suggested by Dan Inosanto) Jeet Kune Do or the Way
of the Intercepting Fist. It is a term he would later regret because
Jeet Kune Do implied specific parameters that styles connote whereas
the idea of his martial art was to exist outside of parameters and
limitations.[35]Lee directly certified only 3 instructors. Taky
Kimura, James Yimm Lee (no relation to Bruce Lee), and Dan Inosanto,
are the only instructors certified personally by Lee. Inosanto holds
the 3rd rank (Instructor) directly from Bruce Lee in Jeet Kune Do, Jun
Fan Gung Fu, and Bruce Lee's Tao of Chinese Gung Fu. Taky Kimura holds
a 5th rank in Jun Fan Gung Fu. James Yimm Lee (now deceased) held a
3rd rank in Jun Fan Gung Fu. Ted Wong holds 2nd rank in Jeet Kune Do
certified directly by Dan Inosanto. James Yimm Lee and Taky Kimura
hold ranks in Jun Fan Gung Fu, not Jeet Kune Do; Taky received his 5th
rank in Jun Fan Gung Fu after the term Jeet Kune Do existed. Also
Bruce gave Dan all three diplomas on the same day, suggesting perhaps
that Bruce wanted Dan to be his protege. All other Jeet Kune Do
instructors since Lee's death have been certified directly by Dan
Inosanto.James Yimm Lee, a close friend of Lee, died without
certifying additional students. Taky Kimura, to date, has certified
only one person in Jun Fan Gung Fu: his son and heir Andy Kimura. Dan
Inosanto continued to teach and certify select students in Jeet Kune
Do for over 30 years, making it possible for thousands of martial arts
practitioners to trace their training lineage back to Bruce Lee. Prior
to his death, Lee told his then only two living instructors Inosanto
and Kimura (James Yimm Lee had died in 1972) to dismantle his schools.
Both Taky Kimura and Dan Inosanto were allowed to teach small classes
thereafter, under the guideline "keep the numbers low, but the quality
high". Bruce also instructed several World Karate Champions including
Chuck Norris, Joe Lewis, and Mike Stone. Between all 3 of them, during
their training with Bruce they won every Karate Championship in the
United States.[36]
Controversy over Jeet Kune Do
The name "Jun Fan Jeet Kune Do" was legally trademarked, and the
rights to Bruce Lee's name, likeness, and personal martial arts legacy
(including personal photos and countless personal effects and
memorabilia) were given solely to the Lee estate for copyrighted
commercial use. The name is made up of two parts: 'Jun Fan' (Lee's
Chinese given name) and 'Jeet Kune Do' (the Way of the Intercepting
Fist).
Jujitsu
Main article: JujitsuAt 22 Lee also met Professor Wally Jay, and began
to receive informal instruction in Jujitsu from him. The two would
have long conversations about theories surrounding the martial arts
and grew to be longtime friends.[37]
1964 Long Beach International Karate Championships
At the invitation of Ed Parker, Lee appeared in the 1964 Long Beach
International Karate Championships[38] and performed repetitions of
two-finger pushups (using the thumb and the index finger) with feet at
approximately a shoulder-width apart. In the same Long Beach event he
also performed the "One inch punch".[39] The description of which is
as follows: Lee stood upright, his right foot forward with knees bent
slightly, in front of a standing, stationary partner. Lee's right arm
was partly extended and his right fist approximately an inch away from
the partner's chest. Without retracting his right arm, Lee then
forcibly delivered the punch to his partner while largely maintaining
his posture, sending the partner backwards and falling into a chair
said to be placed behind the partner to prevent injury, though the
force of gravity caused his partner to soon fall onto the floor.His
volunteer was Bob Baker of Stockton, California. "I told Bruce not to
do this type of demonstration again", he recalled. "When he punched me
that last time, I had to stay home from work because the pain in my
chest was unbearable."[40]
1967 Long Beach International Karate Championships
Lee also appeared at the 1967 Long Beach International Karate
Championships[38] and performed various demonstrations, including the
famous "unstoppable punch" against USKA world karate champion Vic
Moore. Lee told Moore that he was going to throw a straight punch to
the face, and all he had to do was to try and block it. Lee took
several steps back and asked if Moore was ready, when Moore nodded in
affirmation, Lee glided towards him until he was within striking
range. He then threw a straight punch directly at Moore's face, and
stopped before impact. In eight attempts, Moore failed to block any of
the punches.[41]
Fights
Lee was not a professional competitor, but he did set his sights upon
the goal of being one of the fittest and strongest fighters of the
world, and he went through life earnestly attempting to achieve this.
Lee researched many arts in his life and used what he found was useful
and rejected what he did not. He also made subtle changes where he
could if what he found did not fit his specific requirements. He
tended to favor techniques where he could best take advantage of his
own attributes, be it his phenomenal speed, strength, elusiveness, or
power. As seen in his films, Lee shrieked and made high-pitched noises
while moving to throw opponents psychically off-center.[42] Lee did
say he could have beaten anybody in the world in a real fight.Dan
Inosanto said, "there's no doubt in my mind that if Bruce Lee had gone
into pro boxing, he could easily have ranked in the top three in the
lightweight division or junior-welterweight division."[43]Lee had
boxed in the 1959 Boxing Championships held between twelve Hong Kong
schools, a tournament in which he beat the three-time champion from
another school (a French boy).[44]
Physical fitness and nutrition

Physical fitness
Bruce Lee in Way of the Dragon in 1972Lee felt that many martial
artists of his day did not spend enough time on physical conditioning.
Bruce included all elements of total fitness—muscular strength,
muscular endurance, cardiovascular endurance, and flexibility. He
tried traditional bodybuilding techniques to build bulky muscles or
mass. However, Lee was careful to admonish that mental and spiritual
preparation was fundamental to the success of physical training in
martial arts skills. In his book The Tao of Jeet Kune Do, he wrote
Training is one of the most neglected phases of athletics. Too much
time is given to the development of skill and too little to the
development of the individual for participation." "JKD, ultimately is
not a matter of petty techniques but of highly developed spirituality
and physique.[45]
The weight training program that Lee used during a stay in Hong Kong
in 1965 at only 24 years old placed heavy emphasis on his arms. At
that time he could perform bicep curls at a weight of 70 to 80lbs for
three sets of eight repetitions, along with other forms of exercises,
such as squats, push-ups, reverse curls, concentration curls, French
presses, and both wrist curls and reverse wrist curls.[46] The
repetitions he performed were 6 to 12 reps (at the time). While this
method of training targeted his fast and slow twitch muscles, it later
resulted in weight gain or muscle mass, placing Bruce a little over
160 lbs. Lee was documented as having well over 2,500 books in his own
personal library, and eventually concluded that "A stronger muscle, is
a bigger muscle", a conclusion he later disputed. Bruce forever
experimented with his training routines to maximize his physical
abilities, and push the human body to its limits. He employed many
different routines and exercises including skipping rope, which served
his training and bodybuilding purposes effectively.[47]Lee believed
that the abdominal muscles were one of the most important muscle
groups for a martial artist, since virtually every movement requires
some degree of abdominal work. Perhaps more importantly, the "abs" are
like a shell, protecting the ribs and vital organs.He trained from 7
a.m. to 9 a.m., including stomach, flexibility, and running, and from
11 a.m. to 12 p.m. he would weight train and cycle. A typical exercise
for Lee would be to run a distance of two to six miles in 15 to 45
minutes, in which he would vary speed in 3–5 minute intervals. Lee
would ride the equivalent of 10 miles in 45 minutes on a stationary
bike.[48]Lee would sometimes exercise with the jump rope and put in
800 jumps after cycling. Lee would also do exercises to toughen the
skin on his fists, including thrusting his hands into buckets of harsh
rocks and gravel. He would do over 500 repetitions of this on a given
day.[49]
Nutrition
According to Linda Lee, soon after he moved to the United States, Lee
started to take nutrition seriously and developed an interest in
health foods, high-protein drinks and vitamin and mineral supplements.
He later concluded that in order to achieve a high-performance body,
one could not fuel it with a diet of junk food, and with "the wrong
fuel" one's body would perform sluggishly or sloppily. Lee also
avoided baked goods, describing them as providing calories which did
nothing for his body. Lee's diet included protein drinks; he always
tried to consume one or two daily, but discontinued drinking them
later on in his life.Linda recalls Bruce's waist fluctuated between 26
and 28 inches. "He also drank his own juice concoctions made from
vegetables and fruits, apples, celery, carrots and so on, prepared in
an electric blender", she said.[50] He consumed green vegetables,
fruits, and fresh milk everyday. Bruce always preferred to eat Chinese
or other Asian food because he loved the variety that it had. Bruce
also became a heavy advocate of dietary supplements, including:
Vitamin C
Lecithin granules
Bee pollen
Vitamin E
Rose hips (liquid form)
Wheat germ oil
Natural protein tablets (chocolate flavor)
Acerola — C
B-Folia

Physique
Lee's devotion to fitness gave him a body that was admired even by
many of the top names in the bodybuilding community. Joe Weider, the
founder of Mr. Olympia, described Lee's physique as "the most defined
body I've ever seen!" Many top bodybuilding competitors have
acknowledged Lee as a major influence in their careers, including Flex
Wheeler, Shawn Ray, Rachel McLish, Lou Ferrigno, Lenda Murray, Dorian
Yates and eight time Mr. Olympia Lee Haney.[51] Arnold Schwarzenegger
was also influenced by Lee, and said of his body,
"Bruce Lee had a very—I mean a very defined physique. He had very
little body fat. I mean, he probably had one of the lowest body fat
counts of any athlete. And I think that's why he looked so
unbelievable."[52]
A doctor who knew Lee once claimed that he was "Muscled as a squirrel,
and spirited as a horse" and fitter than anyone he had ever seen.[53]
Lee was known to have collected over 140 books in his lifetime on
bodybuilding, weight training, physiology and kinesiology. In order to
better train specific muscle groups, he also created several original
designs of his own training equipment and had his friend George Lee
build them to his specifications.[54]
Physical feats
Lee's phenomenal fitness meant he was capable of performing many
exceptional physical feats.[55][56][57][58] The following list
includes some of the physical feats that are documented and supported
by reliable sources.
Lee's striking speed from three feet with his hands down by his side
reached five hundredths of a second.[59]
Lee's combat movements were at times too fast to be captured on film
at 24 frames per second, so many scenes were shot in 32frame/s to put
Lee in slow motion. Normally martial arts films are sped up.[60][61]
[62]
In a speed demonstration, Lee could snatch a dime off a person's open
palm before they could close it, and leave a penny behind.[63]
Lee would hold an elevated v-sit position for 30 minutes or longer.
[57]
Lee could throw grains of rice up into the air and then catch them in
mid-flight using chopsticks.[51]
Lee performed one-hand push-ups using only the thumb and index finger
[58][64][51][58]
Lee performed 50 reps of one-arm chin-ups.[65]
Lee could break wooden boards 6 inches (15 cm) thick.[66]
Lee could cause a 300-lb (136 kg) bag to fly towards and thump the
ceiling with a side kick.[58]
Lee performed a side kick while training with James Coburn and broke a
150-lb (68 kg) punching bag[57][67]
In a move that has been dubbed "Dragon Flag", Lee could perform leg
lifts with only his shoulder blades resting on the edge of a bench and
suspend his legs and torso perfectly horizontal midair.[68]

Philosophy
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Bruce Lee
Although Lee is best known as a martial artist and actor, he majored
in philosophy at the University of Washington. He was well-read and
had an extensive library. His own books on martial arts and fighting
philosophy are known for their philosophical assertions both inside
and outside of martial arts circles. His eclectic philosophy often
mirrored his fighting beliefs, though he was quick to claim that his
martial arts were solely a metaphor for such teachings. He believed
that any knowledge ultimately led to self-knowledge, and said that his
chosen method of self-expression was martial arts.[69] His influences
include Taoism, Jiddu Krishnamurti, and Buddhism[70]. Lee was an
atheist. When asked in 1972 what his religious affiliation was, he
replied "none whatsoever," and expressed disbelief in God.[71]The
following quotations reflect his fighting philosophy.
"Be formless... shapeless, like water. If you put water into a cup, it
becomes the cup. You put water into a bottle; it becomes the bottle.
You put it into a teapot; it becomes the teapot. Water can flow, and
it can crash. Be water, my friend..."
"All kind of knowledge, eventually becomes self knowledge"
"Use only that which works, and take it from any place you can find
it."[72]
"Do not deny the classical approach, simply as a reaction, or you will
have created another pattern and trapped yourself there."[73]

Awards and honors
With his ancestral roots coming from Gwan'on in Seundak, Guangdong
province of China (廣東順德均安, Guangdong Shunde Jun'An), a street in the
village is named after him where his ancestral home is situated. The
home is open for public access.
Lee was named among TIME Magazine's 100 Most Important People of the
Century as one of the greatest heroes & icons, as an example of
personal improvement through, in part, physical fitness, and among the
most influential martial artists of the twentieth century.[1]
On 31 March 2007 Lee was named as one of History's 100 Most
Influential people, according to a Japanese national survey that was
televised on NTV.[74]
In 2001, LMF, a Cantonese hip-hop group in Hong Kong, released a
popular song called "1127" as a tribute to Lee.
In 2003, "Things Asian" wrote an article on the thirtieth anniversary
of his death.[75]
In 2004, UFC president Dana White credited Lee as the "father of mixed
martial arts".[76]
On 26 November 2005 the city of Mostar in Bosnia and Herzegovina
honored Lee with a statue on the Spanish Square, as a symbol of
solidarity. After many years of war and religious splits, Lee's figure
was to commend his work: to successfully bridge culture gaps in the
world. (One day before the unveiling of the statue in Hong Kong,
below).[77]
In 2005, Lee was remembered in Hong Kong with a bronze statue to mark
his sixty-fifth birthday. The bronze statue, unveiled on 27 November
2005, honored Lee as Chinese film's bright star of the century.[78]
A Bruce Lee theme park with memorial statue and hall has been
scheduled to be built in Shunde, China. It is expected to be complete
in 2009.[79]
As of 2007[update], he is still considered by many martial artists and
fans as the greatest martial artist of all time.[80]
On 10 April 2007 China's national broadcaster announced it has started
filming a 40-part series on Lee. Xinhua News Agency said China Central
Television started shooting "The Legend of Bruce Lee" over the weekend
in Shunde in Guangdong province in southern China. Shunde is the
ancestral home of Lee, who was born in San Francisco. It said the 50
million yuan (US$6.4 million; €4.8 million) production will also be
filmed in Hong Kong and the United States, where Lee studied and
launched his acting career. Chen Guokun, who plays Lee, said he has
mixed feelings about playing the role of the icon, Xinhua reported.
"I'm nervous and also excited, but I will do my best," Chen, who's
also known as Chan Kwok-kwan, was quoted as saying. Chen, best known
for appearing in the action comedy "Kung Fu Hustle," says Lee has been
his role model since he was a child and that he has practiced kung fu
for many years. The TV series, which is due to be aired in 2008, the
year Beijing hosts the 2008 Summer Olympics Games, appears to aimed at
highlighting Chinese culture in the run up to the event.[81]
In 2008, Plans for a Hong Kong museum dedicated to Lee are also in
discussion. Lee’s two-story Hong Kong home was to be sold in July for
as much as $13 million to benefit victims of the Sichuan earthquake,
but its philanthropist owner, responding to pleas from Lee’s fans,
decided instead to donate the property to the city so hopefully it can
be turned into a museum some day.[82]

Plagiarism accusations
Writings attributed to Lee published posthumously by his estate in
several volumes (including The Tao of Jeet Kune Do and the Bruce Lee
Library Series of books), have been found to contain scores of
incorrectly attributed material, including passages belonging to Alan
Watts, Helen Keller, Dear Abby, Fritz Perls, Benjamin Franklin, Hugh
Prather, Eric Hoffer, Jiddu Krishnamurti, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe,
and dozens of other writers. These writings were published from hand-
written notes which Bruce Lee compiled throughout his life. While it
is fair to point out that Bruce Lee did not authorize the publication
of his notes after his death, one of the books, The Tao of Gung Fu,
contains at least one essay Lee submitted to his Freshman English
class at the University of Washington at Seattle as well as a draft of
a chapter for a proposed book by the same name. Both contain
plagiarized passages from the books The Way of Zen and This is It by
Alan Watts, creatively arranged and presented as the first-person
experiences of Lee.[83] In the book, Bruce Lee: The Man Only I Knew,
written by Lee's widow, Linda, Bruce Lee's former English teacher
recounts accusing Lee of plagiarizing. "I accused him once of doing
that and he sort of laughed," stated Margaret Walters. "He didn't
admit it, but he didn't deny it, either."[84]
Martial arts lineage
Lineage in Wing Chun / Jeet Kune Do
Sifu in Wing Chun Yip Man (葉問)
Other instructors Sihing Wong Shun-leung (黃惇樑) William Cheung
Notable Sparring partner Toe Dai Hawkins Cheung Note: He was Lee's
friend at the time.

Bruce Lee (李小龍)
Creator of Jeet Kune Do

Instructors certified by Lee to teach Jeet Kune Do
Dan Inosanto
Taky Kimura
James Yimm Lee (Died 1972)

Known students in Jun Fan
Gung Fu/Jeet Kune Do Brandon Bruce Lee
Jesse Glover
Steve Golden
Larry Hartsell
Dan Inosanto
Tommy Carruthers
Taky Kimura
Richard Bustillo
Jerry Poteet
Ted Wong
James Yimm Lee
Rusty Stevens
Numerous others...
Famous students taught
Jun Fan/Jeet Kune Do Chuck Norris[85]
Kareem Abdul-Jabbar
James Coburn
Joe Lewis
Roman Polanski
Lee Marvin
Stirling Silliphant
Steve McQueen
Mike Stone Numerous others...

Death
Bruce Lee buried next to his son Brandon in Lake View Cemetery,
Seattle U.S.AA foreshadowing of events to come occurred on 10 May
1973, when Lee collapsed in Golden Harvest studios while doing dubbing
work for Enter the Dragon. Suffering from full-body seizures and
cerebral edema, he was immediately rushed to Hong Kong Baptist
Hospital where doctors were able to reduce the swelling through the
administration of mannitol and revive him. These same symptoms that
occurred in his first collapse were later repeated on the day of his
death.[86]On 20 July 1973, Lee was in Hong Kong, due to have dinner
with former James Bond star George Lazenby, with whom he intended to
make a film. According to Lee's wife Linda, Lee met producer Raymond
Chow at 2 p.m. at home to discuss the making of the movie Game of
Death. They worked until 4 p.m. and then drove together to the home of
Lee's colleague Betty Ting, a Taiwanese actress. The three went over
the script at Ting's home, and then Chow left to attend a dinner
meeting.A short time later, Lee complained of a headache, and Ting
gave him an analgesic (painkiller), Equagesic, which contained both
aspirin and a muscle relaxant. Around 7:30 p.m., he went to lie down
for a nap. After Lee did not turn up for dinner, Chow came to the
apartment but could not wake Lee up. A doctor was summoned, who spent
ten minutes attempting to revive him before sending him by ambulance
to Queen Elizabeth Hospital. However, Lee was dead by the time he
reached the hospital. There was no visible external injury; however,
his brain had swollen considerably, from 1,400 to 1,575 grams (a 13%
increase). Lee was 32 years old. The only two substances found during
the autopsy were Equagesic and trace amounts of cannabis. On 15
October 2005, Chow stated in an interview that Lee died from a
hypersensitivity to the muscle relaxant in Equagesic, which he
described as a common ingredient in painkillers. When the doctors
announced Lee's death officially, it was ruled a "death by
misadventure."Dr. Langford, who treated Lee for his first collapse,
stated after his death that, "There's not a question in my mind that
cannabis should have been named as the presumptive cause of
death."[87] He also believed that, "Equagesic was not at all involved
in Bruce's first collapse."[88] Professor R.D. Teare, who had overseen
over 100,000 autopsies, was the top expert assigned to the Lee case.
Dr. Teare declared that the presence of cannabis was mere coincidence,
and added that it would be "irresponsible and irrational" to say that
it might have triggered Lee's death. His conclusion was that the death
was caused by an acute cerebral edema due to a reaction to compounds
present in the prescription pain killing drug Equagesic.[89] Another
doctor, Peter Wu's preliminary opinion was that the cause of death
could have been a reaction to cannabis and Equagesic. Dr. Wu would
later back off from this position however:
"Professor Teare was a forensic scientist recommended by Scotland
Yard; he was brought in as an expert on cannabis and we can't
contradict his testimony. The dosage of cannabis is neither precise
nor predictable, but I've never known of anyone dying simply from
taking it."[88]
The exact details of Lee's death are a subject of controversy.His wife
Linda returned to her home town of Seattle, and had him buried at lot
276 of Lakeview Cemetery. Pallbearers at his funeral on 31 July 1973,
included Steve McQueen, James Coburn, Chuck Norris, George Lazenby,
Dan Inosanto, Taky Kimura, Peter Chin, and his brother, Robert Lee.His
iconic status and untimely demise fed many theories about his death,
including murder involving the Triad society[90] and a supposed curse
on him and his family.The curse theory was extended to his son Brandon
Lee, also an actor, who died, 20 years after his father, in a bizarre
accident while filming The Crow at the age of 28. It was released
after his death and gained cult status, as his father's last film had
been, and did. (The Crow was completed with the use of computer-
generated imagery and a stunt double in the few but critical scenes
that remained to be filmed.) Brandon Lee was buried beside his father.
Media

Biographical films
In 1993 a biopic of Lee's life titled Dragon: The Bruce Lee Story was
released in which Lee was portrayed by Jason Scott Lee (no
relation).In April, 2007, Chinese state media announced that its
national broadcaster had started filming a 40-part TV series on Lee
titled The Legend of Bruce Lee to promote Chinese culture for the 2008
Beijing Summer Olympics.[91].On 22 August 2007, Fruit Chan announced
that he will make a film on Bruce Lee's early years, in Chinese,
entitled Kowloon City, produced by John Woo's producer Terence Chang,
and set in 1950s Hong Kong.Stanley Kwan stated that he was talking
with Lee's family to make a biographical film on Lee. Kwan says that
his film will look at how Bruce Lee was affected by the absence of his
father and how he brought up his own son, Brandon Lee.[92]
Books authored
Chinese Gung-Fu: The Philosophical Art of Self Defense (Bruce Lee's
first book)
Bruce Lee's Fighting Method (Published Posthumously)
The Tao of Jeet Kune Do (Published posthumously)

Books about Bruce Lee, Jeet Kune Do or both
Bruce Lee: The Man Only I Knew - written by his widow Linda Lee
Cadwell. This book served as the basis for the movie about his life,
Dragon: The Bruce Lee Story.
Bruce Lee: Words of the Dragon : Interviews 1958-1973 - written by
John Little
Bruce Lee: The Art of Expressing the Human Body - written by John
Little
The Dragon and the Tiger: The Birth of Bruce Lee's Jeet Kune Do, the
Oakland Years. by Sid Campbell
Bruce Lee Between Wing Chun and JKD - written by Jesse Glover
Bruce Lee: Dynamic Becoming - a book about Bruce Lee's philosophy
Bruce Lee: Fighting Spirit - a biography by Bruce Thomas
Striking Thoughts - thoughts and quotes of Bruce Lee
The Tao of Jeet Kune Do - a book assembled posthumously that expresses
Bruce Lee's notes on martial arts and philosophy.
"On the Warrior's Path" by Daniele Bolelli (2003). The longest chapter
of this book about martial arts philosophy is on Bruce Lee's
philosophical legacy.
Unsettled Matters: The Life & Death of Bruce Lee - written by Tom
Bleecker.
Be Water, My Friend: The Early Years of Bruce Lee - a picture book for
children, written by Ken Mochizuki and illustrated by Dom Lee,
featuring an account of Bruce Lee's childhood and early manhood, which
the author says is basically factual.[93]

Bruce Lee documentaries
The Intercepting Fist (2001)
The Unbeatable Bruce Lee (2001)
Bruce Lee: A Warrior's Journey (2000)
Bruce Lee: The Path of the Dragon (1998)
The Immortal Dragon (A&E) (1996)
Curse of the Dragon (1993)
Death by Misadventure (1993)
Martial Arts Master (1993)
Bruce Lee, the Legend (1977)
Bruce Lee: The Man and the Legend aka Life and Legend of Bruce Lee
(1973)

Selected filmography
For a complete list of Bruce Lee's filmography seeMain article: Bruce
Lee filmography
The Big Boss (1971) (US title:Fists of Fury)
Fist of Fury (1972) (US title:The Chinese Connection)
Way of the Dragon (1972) (US titles:Return of the Dragon, Revenge of
the Dragon)
Enter the Dragon (1973)
Game of Death (1979)

Television appearances
The Green Hornet (26 episodes, 1966–1967) .... Kato
Batman (Episodes: "The Spell of Tut" 28 September 1966, "A Piece of
the Action" 1 March 1967, "Batman's Satisfaction" 2 March 1967) ....
Kato
Ironside (Episode: "Tagged for Murder" 26 October 1967) .... Leon Soo
Blondie (Episode: "Pick on Someone Your Own Size", 1968)
Here Come the Brides (Episode: "Marriage Chinese Style" 9 April
1969) .... Lin
Longstreet (4 episodes, 1971) .... Li Tsung
The Pierre Berton Show (1971) .... Himself

Other media
Bruce Lee – a video game published by Datasoft Inc under license in
1984.
Dragon: The Bruce Lee Story - a video game published by Acclaim
Entertainment in 1993.
Bruce Lee: Quest of the Dragon - a video game published by Universal
Interactive Inc. in 2002.
Be Like Water - a play by Dan Kwong, produced at East West Players in
2008, featuring the character, Ghost of Bruce Lee.
The characters from the Tekken video games Marshall Law and Forest Law
are based on Bruce Lee
Fei-Long, from the Street Fighter video game series is also based on
Bruce Lee.[citation needed]
Hitmonlee from Pokémon is based on Bruce Lee.
Liu Kang from Mortal Kombat is based on Bruce Lee.
Rock Lee from Naruto is based on Bruce Lee.

See also
Statue of Bruce Lee in Mostar
Bruce Lee statue in Hong Kong
Bruceploitation
Bruce Lee Library
John Little

Notes
^ a b Stein, Joel (1999). "TIME 100: Bruce Lee". Time.
http://www.time.com/time/time100/heroes/profile/lee01.html. Retrieved
on 2008-05-30.
^ a b Dennis, Felix; Atyeo, Don (1974). Bruce Lee King of Kung-Fu.
United States: Straight Arrow Books. ISBN 0-87932-088-5.
^ a b c "Bruce Lee Bio" (PDF). Kevin Taing Foundation. 2006.
http://www.bruceleefoundation.com/BruceLeeBio.pdf. Retrieved on
2007-07-06.
^ Little 1997
^ Vaughn 1986
^ Prashad, Vijay (2001). Everybody Was Kung Fu Fighting: Afro-Asian
Connections to the Post-Racial World. Beacon Press. pp. 127. ISBN
0807050113.
^ Little 1997, p. 73
^ Yang, Jeff (1997). Eastern Standard Time: A Guide to Asian Influence
on American Culture. Boston, New York: Meridian, Houghton Mifflin.
^ "Lee, Bruce, (1940-1960) Martial Arts Master and Film Maker".
HistoryLink. http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=3999.
Retrieved on 2008-05-30.
^ http://www.bruce-lee.ws/about_bruce_lee.html
^ http://everything2.com/e2node/Bruce%2520Lee
^ Burrows, Alyssa (2002). "Bruce Lee". HistoryLink.
http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=3999. Retrieved
on 2008-05-30.
^ "100 Alumni of the Century". University of Washington.
http://www.washington.edu/alumni/columns/dec99/j_o.html. Retrieved on
2007-08-06.
^ Little 2001, p. 32
^ Thomas 1994, p. 42
^ a b Lee 1989
^ Lee, Grace (1980). Bruce Lee The Untold Story. United States: CFW
Enterprise.
^ Lee (Cadwell), Linda, Bruce Lee: The Man Only I Knew, Warner Books,
1975.
^ Lee (Cadwell), op. cit.
^ Bruce Lee: A Warrior's Journey, documentary feature, 2000.
^ "From Grasshopper to Caine, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PlYdp1BVOlw
^ "Inflation Calculator". Bureau of Labor Statistics.
http://data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/cpicalc.pl. Retrieved on 2008-05-30.
^ "Heroes & Icons". Time. http://www.time.com/time/time100/heroes/profile/lee03.html.
Retrieved on 2008-05-30.
^ Bruce Lee, the Legend, 1977, Paragon Films, Ltd., 20th Century Fox
Home Entertainment
^ Little 1997, p. 167
^ a b Vaughn 1986, p. 153
^ Little 1997, p. 168
^ http://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20090106/en_nm/us_hongkong_brucelee;_ylt=Ai_I4gyAqL99r8xboPbRUPVb.nQA
^ Thomas 1994, p. 14
^ "Interesting Questions, Facts, and Information". Fun Trivia.
http://www.funtrivia.com/en/Celebrities/Lee-Bruce-13857.html.
Retrieved on 2008-05-30.
^ "Biography for Bruce Lee". IMDB. http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000045/bio.
Retrieved on 2008-05-30.
^ "The Divine Wind". Bruce Lee Divine Wind. http://www.bruceleedivinewind.com/davismiller.html.
Retrieved on 2008-05-30.
^ "WING CHUN GUNG FU". Hardcore JKD. http://hardcorejkd.com/wing_chun.php.
Retrieved on 2008-05-30.
^ Bishop 2004, p. 23
^ Thomas 1994, p. 81
^ Little 2001, p. 211
^ "Dan Inosanto Talks about Professor Wally". Inosanto Academy.
Archived from the original on 2006-10-22.
http://web.archive.org/web/20061022141308/http://inosanto.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=102&Itemid=40.
Retrieved on 2008-05-30.
^ a b "2007 Long Beach International Karate Championship". Long Beach
International Karate Championship. http://www.longbeachikc.com/.
Retrieved on 2008-05-30.
^ "Two Finger Pushup". Maniac World. http://www.maniacworld.com/bruce_lee_3.htm.
Retrieved on 2008-05-30.
^ Vaughn 1986, p. 21
^ Uyehara, Mitoshi (1991). Bruce Lee: The Incomparable Fighter. Santa
Clarita, California: Ohara Publications. pp. 27.
^ Little, John (1996). The Warrior Within - The philosophies of Bruce
Lee to better understand the world around you and achieve a rewarding
life. Contemporary Books. pp. 137. ISBN 0809231948.
^ Birchland, Bob (November 2007), ""The Truth of Boxing: A Critical
Look at Bruce Lee's Hand Skills"", Black Belt Magazine: 93,
http://www.blackbeltmag.com
^ Thomas 1994, p. 27
^ "Martial Art Disciplines at Hybrid Martial Arts Academy". Hybrid
Martial Art. http://www.hybridmartialart.com/Martial%20Art%20Overview/Martial_%20Arts_%20Overview.html.
Retrieved on 2008-05-30.
^ Lee 1989, p. 70
^ Hatfield, Fredrick C. (1993). Fitness: The Complete Guide.
California: International Sport Sciences Association. p. 119.
^ Uhera, Mito. "Feats". Bruce Lee: The Divine Wind.
http://www.bruceleedivinewind.com/feats.html. Retrieved on
2008-05-30.
^ Campbell, Sid (2003). The Dragon and the Tiger: The Birth of Bruce
Lee's Jeet Kune Do, the Oakland Years. California: Frog LTD. pp. 58.
^ Seal, Jack (2007). "How Did Bruce Lee Get Those Washboard Abs?". All
Bruce Lee. http://www.allbrucelee.com/article/how_did_bruce_lee_get_those_wash.htm.
Retrieved on 2008-05-30.
^ a b c Little, John. ""WARM MARBLE" The Lethal Physique of Bruce
Lee". Mike Mentzer. http://www.mikementzer.com/blee.html. Retrieved on
2008-05-30.
^ Little 1998, p. 18
^ "Bruce Lee Death". JKD Street Defense. 2007.
http://www.jkdstreetdefense.com/bruce-lee-death.html. Retrieved on
2008-05-30.
^ Lee, George. "The Equipment Manager". All Bruce Lee.
http://www.allbrucelee.com/article/equipment_manager.htm. Retrieved on
2008-05-30.
^ DM. "Feats". Bruce Lee: The Divine Wind. http://www.bruceleedivinewind.com/feats.html.
Retrieved on 2008-05-30.
^ "Bruce Lee — Two Finger Pushup". Maniac World. http://www.maniacworld.com/bruce_lee_3.htm.
Retrieved on 2008-05-30.
^ a b c The Intercepting Fist [DVD]. Sterling Ent. Retrieved on
2008-05-30.
^ a b c d Little 1998, p. 22
^ Little 1998, p. 21
^ Vaughn 1986, p. 110
^ "Bruce Lee answers a challenge". Bruce Lee Divine Wind. 2007.
http://www.bruceleedivinewind.com/articles/brucechallenge.zip.
Retrieved on 2008-05-30.
^ Little 1997, p. 66–67
^ Little 1997, p. 71
^ Little 1997, p. 82
^ Little 1998, p. 108
^ Little 1997, p. 87
^ Little 1998, p. 150
^ Seal, Jack (2007). "How Did Bruce Lee Get Those Washboard Abs?". All
Bruce Lee. http://www.allbrucelee.com/article/how_did_bruce_lee_get_those_wash.htm.
Retrieved on 2008-05-30.
^ Little, John (1996). The Warrior Within - The philosophies of Bruce
Lee to better understand the world around you and achieve a rewarding
life. Contemporary Books. pp. 122. ISBN 0809231948.
^ Bruce Lee: A Warrior's Journey at 31m45s
^ Little, John (1996). The Warrior Within - The philosophies of Bruce
Lee to better understand the world around you and achieve a rewarding
life. Contemporary Books. pp. 128. ISBN 0809231948.
^ Thomas 1994, p. 44
^ Lee, Bruce (1975). Tao of Jeet Kune Do. Ohara Publications. p. 25.
^ [100 Most Influential people: Hero Edition]. 2007-04-01.
^ Low, Alan. "Bruce Lee legend remains strong 30 years after his
death". Things Asian. http://www.thingsasian.com/stories-photos/2629.
Retrieved on 2008-05-30.
^ Wickert, Marc (2004). Dana White and the future of UFC.
^ "Bruce Lee statue for Bosnian city". BBC. 2004-09-02.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/3620752.stm. Retrieved on
2008-05-30.
^ "Hong Kong's honour for Bruce Lee". BBC. 2005-07-24.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/4711947.stm. Retrieved on
2008-05-30.
^ "Bruce Lee theme park to be built in China". Associated Press.
2006-11-26. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/15922063/.
^ Chao, Arnold (2006-11-27). "The Greatest Martial Artist of All
Time". Yahoo!. http://dir.yahoo.com/thespark/4375/the-greatest-martial-artist-of-all-time.
Retrieved on 2008-05-30.
^ "Chinese state TV begins filming 40-part series on Bruce Lee".
International Herald Tribune. 2007-04-10.
http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/04/10/arts/AS-A-E-China-Bruce-Lee.php.
Retrieved on 2008-05-30.
^ Feng, Rex (2008-08-04). "The Legend Lives On: A Generation Later,
Bruce Lee’s Legacy is Still Kicking". AsianWeek. Retrieved on
2008-08-04.
^ Bishop 2004, pp. 136–138
^ Lee, Linda (1975). Bruce Lee: The Man Only I Knew. New York: Warner
Paperbacks. pp. 53. ISBN 0-446-78774-4.
^ Lee 1989, p. 83
^ Thomas 1994
^ Thomas 1994, p. 229
^ a b Thomas 1994, p. 228
^ Thomas 1994, p. 209
^ Bishop 2004, p. 157
^ "Report: Hong Kong director plans Bruce Lee biopic". International
Herald Tribune. 2007-08-22.
http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/08/22/arts/AS-A-E-MOV-Hong-Kong-Bruce-Lee-Movie.php.
Retrieved on 2008-05-30.
^ "Stanley Kwan talks Bruce Lee film". Film Stalker.
http://www.filmstalker.co.uk/archives/2007/05/stanley_kwan_talks_bruce_lee_f.html.
Retrieved on 2008-05-30.
^ Mochizuki, Ken; Illustrated by Dom Lee (2006). Be Water, My Friend:
The Early Years of Bruce Lee. New York: Lee & Low Books. pp. Author's
Note. ISBN 1-58430-265-8.

References
Bishop, James (2004), Bruce Lee: Dynamic Becoming, Dallas: Promethean
Press, ISBN 0-9734054-0-6 .
Lee, Linda; Bleecker, Tom (1989), The Bruce Lee Story, United States:
Ohara Publications .
Little, John (2001), Bruce Lee: Artist of Life, Tuttle Publishing .
Little, John (1998), Bruce Lee: The Art of Expressing the Human Body,
Tuttle Publishing .
Little, John (1997), Words of the Dragon : Interviews 1958–1973 (Bruce
Lee) .
Thomas, Bruce (1994), Bruce Lee: Fighting Spirit : a Biography,
Berkeley, California: Frog, Ltd. .
Vaughn, Jack (1986), The Legendary Bruce Lee, Ohara .
Dorgan, Michael. Bruce Lee's Toughest Fight [1]. 1980 July. Official
Karate

External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Bruce Lee
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Bruce Lee

Bruce Lee at the Internet Movie Database
Bruce Lee Foundation
Sijo Bruce Lee
[show] v • d • e1966–1968 Batman television series

Cast Adam West (Batman/Bruce Wayne) · Burt Ward (Robin/Dick Grayson) ·
Alan Napier (Alfred) · Neil Hamilton (Commissioner James Gordon) ·
Madge Blake (Aunt Harriet Cooper) · Yvonne Craig (Barbara Gordon/
Batgirl) · Cesar Romero (The Joker) · Burgess Meredith (The Penguin) ·
Julie Newmar/Lee Meriwether (movie only)/Eartha Kitt (Catwoman) ·
Frank Gorshin/John Astin (The Riddler) · George Sanders/Otto Preminger/
Eli Wallach (Mr. Freeze) · Maurice Evans (The Puzzler) · Walter Slezak
(Clock King) · David Wayne (Mad Hatter) · Van Williams (The Green
Hornet) · Bruce Lee (Kato)

Characters created
for the series Egghead (Vincent Price) · King Tut (Victor Buono) ·
Chief O'Hara (Stafford Repp)

Crew Harve Bennett · Edgar J. Scherick · William Dozier · Eric Ambler
· Lorenzo Semple, Jr. · Stanley Ralph Ross · Charles Hoffman · Leslie
H. Martinson · Harry W. Gerstad · Charles B. Fitzsimons · Jack Martin
Smith · Walter M. Scott · Ben Nye · L. B. Abbott · George Barris

Vehicles and gadgetry Batmobile · Batboat · Batcopter · Batcycle ·
Batsuit · Bat phone · Batcomputer

Sets and locations Gotham City · Batcave · Wayne Manor · Notable sites
of Gotham City · Londinium

Related shows and films Batman (1966 film) · Legends of the
Superheroes · Return to the Batcave: The Misadventures of Adam and
Burt · The New Adventures of Batman · The Green Hornet

Music "Batman Theme" · Neal Hefti · Nelson Riddle · Billy May · Warren
Barker · Lionel Newman

Related articles Batman franchise media · Episodes (List) · Joker's
appearances in other media · Robin in other media · Barbara Gordon in
other media · Batusi · Camp · Deathtrap · Pop art

Persondata
NAME Lee, Bruce
ALTERNATIVE NAMES
SHORT DESCRIPTION Martial artist
DATE OF BIRTH 27 November 1940
PLACE OF BIRTH San Francisco, United States
DATE OF DEATH 20 July 1973
PLACE OF DEATH Hong Kong
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Lee"Categories:
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Refresh Reply Replies: 46 Views: 515 2 months ago
Topic: BRUCE LEE : FIGHT RECORDBRUCE LEE : FIGHT RECORD keithnofear777
(422 posts)send to a friend Bruce Lee's fight record : 12 -0 -11ko's
1submission: 1955 Willam Chung Hong Kong Exibition- 1957 Wong Shun
Leung H. K .E. -- 1958 Pu Chang KO 2rd Referee Wong Shun Leung -- 1958
Yang Haung KO 1rd Amatur Boxing Tourtament -- 1958 Leigh Lo KO1rd
A.B.T -- 1958 Shen Yuen KO1rd A.B.T -- 1958 Gary Elms KO 3rd A.B.T
Finals --1960 unkown fighter Seattle KO by backfist in street fight --
1962 Seattle KO 1rd street fight Refree Jesse Glover --1963 unkown
fighter KO street fight -- 1964 Wong Jack Man Oakland Cali. This fight
is disputed most say it was a win for Lee others say it was a draw ---
1973 bruce won a fight with a 30 sec. KO also in 73 USPK Karate Champ
Bob wall tells of a fight on the set of enter the dragon. bob wall :
The guy was much bigger faster & stronger then bruce the kid was good
trying to punch bruce's brains in bruce methodically took him apart
the kid could not touch bruce the fight ended with bruce lee winning
by armbar . hope you all enjoy this piece of MMA history Bruce Lee was
the best MMA fighter who ever lived he clearly had KO power & was able
to beat a bigger stronger fighters with MMA skill way ahead of his
time . Bruce Lee's fight record : 12 -0 -11ko's 1submission: 1955
Willam Chung Hong Kong Exibition- 1957 Wong Shun Leung H. K .E. --
1958 Pu Chang KO 2rd Referee Wong Shun Leung -- 1958 Yang Haung KO 1rd
Amatur Boxing Tourtament -- 1958 Leigh Lo KO1rd A.B.T -- 1958 Shen
Yuen KO1rd A.B.T -- 1958 Gary Elms KO 3rd A.B.T Finals --1960 unkown
fighter Seattle KO by backfist in street fight -- 1962 Seattle KO 1rd
street fight Refree Jesse Glover --1963 unkown fighter KO street fight
-- 1964 Wong Jack Man Oakland Cali. This fight is disputed most say it
was a win for Lee others say it was a draw --- 1973 bruce won a fight
with a 30 sec. KO also in 73 USPK Karate Champ Bob wall tells of a
fight on the set of enter the dragon. bob wall : The guy was much
bigger faster & stronger then bruce the kid was good trying to punch
bruce's brains in bruce methodically took him apart the kid could not
touch bruce the fight ended with bruce lee winning by armbar . hope
you all enjoy this piece of MMA history Bruce Lee was the best MMA
fighter who ever lived he clearly had KO power & was able to beat a
bigger stronger fighters with MMA skill way ahead of his time .flag
this

Refresh Quote Reply 2 months ago
Reply: RE: BRUCE LEE : FIGHT RECORDRE: BRUCE LEE : FIGHT RECORD
def1one(1089 posts)send to a friend Preach to them Keith...........
Nuff said RIP to the Greatest Fighting,Mind and Spirit of Our time.
Those who don't know would do themselves a HUGE service to pick up
anything and everything about Lee. It would most DEF be good for your
mind, body and soul.Preach to them Keith........... Nuff said RIP to
the Greatest Fighting,Mind and Spirit of Our time. Those who don't
know would do themselves a HUGE service to pick up anything and
everything about Lee. It would most DEF be good for your mind, body
and soul.flag this

Refresh Quote Reply 2 months ago
Reply: RE (1): BRUCE LEE : FIGHT RECORDRE (1): BRUCE LEE : FIGHT
RECORD keithnofear777(422 posts)send to a friend Thanks man lots of
fans always wonder how he would have done in mma in this era i think
this info on him speaks for itself
- quoted from def1one on 11 Jan 2009, 10:19:20
Preach to them Keith........... Nuff said RIP to the Greatest
Fighting,Mind and Spirit of Our time. Those who don't know would do
themselves a HUGE service to pick up anything and everything about
Lee. It would most DEF be good for your mind, body and soul.Thanks man
lots of fans always wonder how he would have done in mma in this era i
think this info on him speaks for itself
- quoted from def1one on 11 Jan 2009, 10:19:20
Preach to them Keith........... Nuff said RIP to the Greatest
Fighting,Mind and Spirit of Our time. Those who don't know would do
themselves a HUGE service to pick up anything and everything about
Lee. It would most DEF be good for your mind, body and soul.flag this

Refresh Quote Reply 2 months ago
Reply: RE (1): BRUCE LEE : FIGHT RECORDRE (1): BRUCE LEE : FIGHT
RECORD keithnofear777(422 posts)send to a friend He would at least be
in the top 3 MMA fighter in the world He would at least be in the top
3 MMA fighter in the worldflag this

Refresh Quote Reply 2 months ago
Reply: RE: BRUCE LEE : FIGHT RECORDRE: BRUCE LEE : FIGHT RECORD
amoneymand1989(667 posts)send to a friend he difently would be able to
knock a whole lot of them out that is fighting to today in MMA. he
difently would be able to knock a whole lot of them out that is
fighting to today in MMA.flag this

Refresh Quote Reply 2 months ago
Reply: RE: BRUCE LEE : FIGHT RECORDRE: BRUCE LEE : FIGHT RECORD
herculestex(1185 posts)send to a friend i love talking about Bruce
Lee. thanks for the facts. i love talking about Bruce Lee. thanks for
the facts.flag this

Refresh Quote Reply 2 months ago
Reply: RE: BRUCE LEE : FIGHT RECORDRE: BRUCE LEE : FIGHT RECORD
sharktank(475 posts)send to a friend Pocahontas would have been great
at Kiddle porn. Her dad was named Wahunsunacock hell - an Indian named
for his own cock.In the Powhatan language Pocahontas meant "little
wanton."She was married around 14 though some say as young as 12.She
later repented and found Christainity -- sounds like a whore to me who
has repented, based on this and using the same Bruce Lee Logic used in
this thread, Pocahontas would have been a star of Kiddie
porn.Pocahontas would have been great at Kiddle porn. Her dad was
named Wahunsunacock hell - an Indian named for his own cock.In the
Powhatan language Pocahontas meant "little wanton."She was married
around 14 though some say as young as 12.She later repented and found
Christainity -- sounds like a whore to me who has repented, based on
this and using the same Bruce Lee Logic used in this thread,
Pocahontas would have been a star of Kiddie porn.flag this

Refresh Quote Reply 2 months ago
Reply: RE: BRUCE LEE : FIGHT RECORDRE: BRUCE LEE : FIGHT RECORD Totems
(998 posts)send to a friend I think Bruce Lee set the standreds for
MMA fighting. Isnt his JKD style is somewhat. Learn all aspects that
suit you and take what you need out of them and progress with constant
learning. Most MMA fighters cross train and use different camps with
different styles. I think Bruce Lee set the standreds for MMA
fighting. Isnt his JKD style is somewhat. Learn all aspects that suit
you and take what you need out of them and progress with constant
learning. Most MMA fighters cross train and use different camps with
different styles.flag this

Refresh Quote Reply 2 months ago
Reply: RE (2): BRUCE LEE : FIGHT RECORDRE (2): BRUCE LEE : FIGHT
RECORD BlkThunder(2806 posts)send to a friend This is excellent
stuff, Keith. Thanks for this post. This is excellent stuff, Keith.
Thanks for this post.flag this

Refresh Quote Reply 2 months ago
Reply: RE: BRUCE LEE : FIGHT RECORDRE: BRUCE LEE : FIGHT RECORD
keithnofear777(422 posts)send to a friend thanks for the replys glad
you all like this post thanks for the replys glad you all like this
postflag this

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mrliu918

unread,

Mar 31, 2009, 12:33:58 AM3/31/09

There are hundred different forms of martial act and thousands of
martial act instructors to chose from, but there are only about 16
Olympic boxing champions in every eight years. You do have a choice!

http://www.kungfulibrary.com/hunggar.htm
http://dir.yahoo.com/Recreation/Sports/Martial_Arts/
http://dir.yahoo.com/Recreation/Sports/Martial_Arts/Kung_Fu/
http://dir.yahoo.com/Recreation/Sports/Martial_Arts/Kung_Fu/Shaolin/

BOOKS BY MASTER LAM SAI WING
GUNG GEE FOOK FU KUEN

"...This book will help to reach the mastership in Fighting Arts that
are not simple to understand. It has been written with the aim of
handing down the knowledge to disciples who are eager to find tutors
and expect to receive instructions."

Lam Sai Wing

Foreword by Lam Sai Wing

Moving Along the Hieroglyph , I Tame the Tiger with the Pugilistic
Art
The book scrutinizes an old canonical form (the Tao) of the Southern
Shaolin Kung Fu, the "Gung Gee Fook Fu".

According to the legend, the founder of the Hung Gar style, Hung Hei
Goon studied this form under the tutorship of Southern Shaolin's best
fighter, a Master of the Tiger Style abbot Gee Sin Sim Si.

The quintessence of Southern Shaolin Kung Fu - classical Fighting
Methods from the book GUNG GEE FOOK FU KUEN:

"The claws of a Black Tiger"
"A fierce Tiger hiding in a cleft"
"The Bull strikes with its horn, makes a turn and breaches the sky"
"The arm of the Golden Dragon"
"To tear out a Phoenix's eye"
"The Tiger striking with its tail"
"The two Dragons steal pearls"
"The Snake raises up its head"
"The Celestial Dragon wags its tail"
"The Golden Dragon carries gifts in its claws"
"The hand that calls out a Ghost"
and others...

This TAO includes main basic techniques and fighting methods of
Southern Shaolin Tiger Style, one of the most effective hand-to-hand
system of Chinese Fighting Kung Fu.

e- book GUNG GEE FOOK FU KUEN: experts' opinions about this
publication
Sifu Roger J Engmalm
"The original book itself is a
Sifu Andreas Garski
"Congratulation. For my opinion

President
pioneer of all martial arts books.
President and founder
the translation is very good.

and Chief instructor
It has been a great wish for me
of the German
The small comments together

Swedish Hung Kuen
to get a translation of this book..."
Hung Gar Kung Fu
with the translation helps to

Association
Association
understand the book better..."

www.hunggar.com
< in full > www.hung-gar.de
< in full >
Master Dr. Martin Sewer Ph.D. M.S. 5.DAN. European Chief-coordinator &
Chief-Instructor Switzerland
"...The new published book "Gung Gee Fook Fu Kuen" is enriching for
everyone interested in the
Hung Gar System, no matter whether you are a beginner or advanced
student."

www.shaolin.ch < in full >

International Chiu Chi Ling Hung Gar Kung Fu Ass. USA (Swiss
Branch) home.earthlink.net/~chiuchiling/

Order Now! Available in eBook

Lam Sai Wing. GUNG GEE FOOK FU KUEN:

Moving Along the Hieroglyph Gung, I Tame the Tiger with the Pugilistic
Art

Original edition: Hong Kong, 1956; translated from Chinese in 2002

Book Details

Paperback:
not available
FREE VERSION

View First 29 Pages

(free download):

Fragments from the book

(pdf/zip file, 909 kb, 29 pp.)

E-Book:
103 pages, 3.5 MB

Publisher:
Kungfulibrary.com (eBook in pdf, 2002)

Publisher:

Language:
English

ISBN-10:

ISBN-13:

Order eBook:

instant download pdf/zip file: 3.5 MB, 103 pp.

List Price: $19.95 Price: $13.96 You Save: $5.99 (30%)

CD on Demand

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of this e-book (for an additional charge of $9.95 + $3.00 for
shipping). For it, when filling in the online order form, please
choose the option "CD on Demand". More Detail...

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Phone: +1 952 646-5747 (for calls from outside the U.S.)
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Hung Gar Kuen Hung Gar Kuen - "The Fist of Hung Family". This style
was widespread in secret societies Gelaohui ("The union of the Elder
Brother"), Sandianhui ("The Triad"), and others in the Southern China
in the XIX - the beginning of the XX century. It is remarkable for its
very high fighting efficiency. It takes its origin from the Southern
Shaolin Tiger style.

Fu Hok Seung Ying Kuen

"A Fierce Tiger Pressed Himself to the Ground", "Tiger's Eye,
Leopard's Blow", "The Hungry Tiger Catches a Ram", "The Tiger Goes Out
from his Den", "The Fierce Tiger Descends a Mountain", "The Tiger
Tramples On Wolves and Jackals", "Claws of the Black Tiger", "A Fierce
Tiger Pushes the Mountain", "The Dragon Hid, the Tiger Jumped Out",
"The Fierce Tiger Scratches Sand", " Tiger's Roar and Crane's Call",
"A Crane Beak", "One Leg of a Flying Crane", "A Hungry Crane Standing
on One Leg", "A Hungry Crane Catches Shrimps", "Crane Crest", "The
Monkey Steals a Peach", "The Wild Goose Sits Down on the Sandbank",
"Prancing Unicorn", "Butterflies Depart in Flight", "The White Horse
Hoofs", "Arhat Goes Out from the Cave", "Eight Drunken Celestials"...

Tiger & Crane Double Form

The book deals with the most popular and probably the most monumental
form of the Hung Gar Kung Fu style.

This form, known as "The Tiger and the Crane", was created in the late
19th century by Lam Sai Wing's teacher, an unrivalled master of Kung
Fu Wong Fei Hung*. The Tiger's extremely tough, fierce and lightning-
fast attack are balanced against and supplemented by the softer and
smoother techniques of the Crane. The "tough" and the "soft" combine
in a harmony.

A lot of attention is given to real-life combat application of the
Kung Fu techniques in question.

*Wong Fei Hung was one of masters in kung fu, best known in China and
in the West, a character of many books and films ("Once upon a time in
China" and others).

Author's Preface

(Lam Sai Wing)

Order Now! Available in eBook

Lam Sai Wing. FU HOK SEUNG YING KUEN :

TIGER & CRANE DOUBLE FORM

Original edition: Hong Kong, 1957; translated from Chinese in 2003

Book Details

Paperback:
not available
FREE VERSION

View First 22 Pages

(free download):

Fragments from the book

(pdf/zip file, 988 kb, 22 pp.)

E-Book:
122 pages, 3.9 MB

Publisher:
Kungfulibrary.com (eBook in pdf, 2003)

Publisher:

Language:
English

ISBN-10:

ISBN-13:

Order eBook:

instant download pdf/zip file: 3.9 MB, 122 pp.

List Price: $20.95 Price: $14.67 You Save: $6.28 (30%)

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Check.

"The Iron Thread"

Priceless Heritage of Southern Shaolin Inherited from the Past and
Handed Down by Venerable Grandmaster Lam Sai Wing

Shaolin Kung Fu OnLine Library TID SIN KUEN

FOREWORD

by
Lei Sai Fai:
"...From my own experience I know that the most impressing thing in
TID SIN Qi Gong is that the physical strength of those who train
themselves can be increased by nine times. It is hard to believe for
those who did not practice this method..."

Lei Sai Fai

Iron Thread

The correct movement of Dong makes a fighter fast and powerful like
the tiger and gives the strength to move off a mountain...

/ "The Secrets of Pugilistic Combat of Shaolin Monastery"/

Southern Shaolin Qi Gong
"Each kind of Gong Fu has its own method of training and its own
secrets. This book just gives the most complete and visual guidance
for correct training in Tid Sin. It is indispensable for all who
practice Qi Gong and Gong Fu."

/Lei Sai Fai/

Provides a detailed description of the old Shaolin method of "Internal
Training". A master of the Iron Thread can withstand, with no
consequences, the strongest of blows, including ones with heavy
objects or cold steel arms, bend thick iron rods with his hands, and
his "rooting power" is so strong that he cannot be displaced by a
group of strong people. In addition, this wonderful method strengthens
all internal organs, bones, muscles and sinews. The entire body
thrives and rejuvenate.
Iron Thread form was created by Tid Kiu Sam (Iron Bridge III), one of
the best martial artists in the history of China. His real name was
Leung Kwan (1813-1886). He was one of the famous Ten Tigers of
Guangdong.

Tid Kiu Sam was born in the town of Nanghai, Guangdong province. He,
the third child in the family, became a disciple of a monk from the
Shaolin Temple, Gwok Yan. Gwok Yan was one of the greatest masters of
the Southern Shaolin Hung Gar Kuen school. He was known along the
whole length of the Yangtse river. Through the years Tid Kiu Sam
passed his knowledge down to one of his students, Lam Fook Sing. Some
time later Lam Fook Sing taught Wong Fei Hung (1847-1924) and the
latter Wong Fei Hung taught Lam Sai Wing (1860-1943).

The Iron Thread is considered as the highest form taught in the
traditional Southern Shaolin Hung Gar Kung Fu system. This method
belongs to a branch of “hard”, or fighting Southern Shaolin Qi Gong
(Chi Kung) and considered as “Internal Training”. A master of the Iron
Thread can withstand, with no consequences, the strongest of blows,
including ones with heavy objects or cold steel, bend thick iron rods
with his hands, and his "rooting power" is so strong that he cannot be
displaced by a group of strong people. In addition, this wonderful
method strengthens all internal organs, bones, muscles and sinews. The
entire body thrives and rejuvenate. Benefits of this training are
endless.

Order Now! Available in Paperback

Lam Sai Wing. IRON THREAD.

SOUTHERN SHAOLIN HUNG GAR KUNG FU CLASSICS SERIES

Original edition: Hong Kong, 1957; translated from Chinese in 2002 -
2007

Book Details

Paperback:
186 pages, 9 x 6 inches

View First 59 Pages

(free download):

Fragments from the book

(pdf/zip file, 3.01 mb, 59 pp.)

Publisher:
CreateSpace (Paperback, 2008)

Language:
English

ISBN-13:
978-1440475009

Order Paperback:

186 pages, 9x6 inches

List Price: $33.95 Price: $23.76 You Save: $10.19 (30%)

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Your personal information is processed on our state-of-the-art e-
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TID SIN (Iron Thread): Performance by Ng Ping Kuen (Part I)
TID SIN (Iron Thread): Performance by Ng Ping Kuen (Part II)

Master Ng Ping Kuen talks about Iron Thread (Part I)
Master Ng Ping Kuen talks about Iron Thread (Part II)

LAM SAI WING
An article from "ZHONGGUO WUSHU ZENMING CIDIAN" - Dictionary "Well-
known Masters of the Chinese Wushu" edited by Chang Cang and Zhou
Lichang.
All rights reserved. All materials published on the web site Shaolin
Kung Fu OnLine Library and all the translations of the books are
protected by copyright and other intellectual property laws.

Please contact by e-mail:

hun...@addr.com

Short Historical Essay on Master Lam Sai Wing Written by his Disciple
Zhu Yu Zhai
Canonical texts of Shaolin Monastery

Ten Precepts Requirements 18 Wonderful 72 Secret Arts of QIGONG ( Chi
Kung ):
of Shaolin to a Shaolin Methods of Shaolin Monks from the Secrets of
the Use of Breath-Chi
Fighters Fighter Monks Shaolin Monastery in Martial Practice

Shaolin Kung Fu OnLine Library
e-mail: hun...@addr.com

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Free kuntao biweekly physical, mental and spiritual exercises, as well
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Nonprofit confederation formed to promote mutual respect and
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Mixed martial arts discussion forum for UFC, Pride, K1, and other MMA
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Offers a total body workout program for health, physical fitness,
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Dedicated to the holistic training method that combines the classical
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Introduces a study of skill and consciousness incorporating principles
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Training tips, links, and more. Classes and seminars in Northern
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Nonprofit organization dedicated to the preservation of the Chinese
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Learn about Bodhidharma, the legendary Buddhist monk reputed to have
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Develops and protects traditional Kung Fu worldwide.
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Describes the martial arts system also known as the VanDerGroen
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Taoist martial arts club for the development of a balanced self
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Lane's Tiger Crane Gung Fu Academy
Resource for Hung Gar and Choy Li Fut Kung Fu including basic
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Ching Yi Kung Fu Association (CYKFA)
Organization of fellowship for practitioners of the Ching Yi Kung Fu
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International New Kung Fu Organization
Conducted and managed by the high council.
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Kung Fu U.S.A.
Offers instruction in 8 Step Praying Mantis Kung Fu, with pictures and
explanations of this martial art.
www.kungfuusa.net
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Video blog of kung fu videos features training videos, competitions,
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mrliu918

unread,

Mar 31, 2009, 1:42:17 AM3/31/09

You do have a choice!

There are hundred different forms of martial act and millions of
martial act instructors to chose from in the world, but there are only

about 16
Olympic boxing champions in every eight years.

There are 83 links with Tae Kwon-Do, 21 links with Kickboxing, 143
links with Karate, 14 links with Muay Thai, 132 links with Kung Fu on
yahoo directory alone.

http://www.olympic.org/uk/athletes/results/search_r_uk.asp
http://www.aneki.com/universities.html

Lam Sai Wing

www.shaolin.ch < in full >

Book Details

View First 29 Pages

(free download):

Fragments from the book

Publisher:

Language:
English

ISBN-10:

ISBN-13:

Order eBook:

CD on Demand

Instant Download

Author's Preface

(Lam Sai Wing)

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"The Iron Thread"

FOREWORD

Lei Sai Fai

Iron Thread

/Lei Sai Fai/

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View First 59 Pages

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Publisher:
CreateSpace (Paperback, 2008)

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English

ISBN-13:
978-1440475009

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186 pages, 9x6 inches

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Short Historical Essay on Master Lam Sai Wing Written by his Disciple
Zhu Yu Zhai
Canonical texts of Shaolin Monastery

Shaolin Kung Fu OnLine Library

e-mail: hung...@addr.com

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mrliu918

unread,

Apr 2, 2009, 5:54:34 AM4/2/09

The martial act styles that offer more than movie, dancing,
acrobatics, Juggling and stand up to the test.
You do have a choice.

http://www.wushuhome.com/
http://www.wbcboxing.com/WBCboxing/Portal/default.cfm?Idioma=eng
http://www.k-1.co.jp/k-1gp/index.htm
http://www.olympic.org/uk/sports/index_uk.asp
http://www.olympic.org/uk/sports/programme/disciplines_uk.asp?DiscCode=BX
http://www.olympic.org/uk/sports/programme/disciplines_uk.asp?DiscCode=TK
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrobatics
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juggling
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dancing

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Apr 7, 2009, 2:04:24 AM4/7/09

哈日族是如此煉成的：日本30年來援助中國2248億人民幣

Quotation from www.ifeng.com

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[通行證註冊] [登錄]鳳凰資訊 > 歷史 > 歷史紀事 > 紀事 > 正文感謝日本嗎？30年來援助中國2248億人民幣2009年03月31
日 10:11鳳凰網歷史綜合【大中小】【列印】已有評論0條1979年至今，中國共獲得日本約2248億元人民幣的開發貸款以及各種形式的技
術合作和無償援助，特殊的歷史原因以及複雜的民族情感，使這個規模巨大的援助行動並不為大多數中國人所知。1970年代末，中國改革之初，缺少大量資
金，當時的世界對中國還缺乏明確感。那時，日本是第一個支援中國的國家。不管是對放棄戰爭賠款的善意感謝，還是中日貿易的客觀需求，日本對華開發援助成
為早期中日關係改善的一個象徵，也為中國早期的基礎設施建設作出了重大貢獻。1989年之後，日本政府也是第一個恢復對華援助的國家。從1997年到
2001年，日元對華貸款進入了高峰期，2001年達到2144億日元(約142億元人民幣)的峰值。與中國經濟發展的脈搏跳動相一致，30年間，日本
對華援助從沿海到內地，幾乎涉及中國發展的各個領域——從中國早期的能源、運輸等基礎建設，到農業項目，再到環保、人才培養。迄今在國內已有200多個
項目。除日元貸款之外，在中日關係風風雨雨的30年間，日本通過派遣海外協力隊、年長志願者等方式，為中國提供大批志願者、專家，遍佈中國的文化、教
育、衛生、環保等領域。曾經因歷史問題水火不容的兩國，因為援助，在扶貧、傳染病防治、水資源利用等領域搭起了交流的平臺。30年後，2007年日本與
中國雙邊貿易額達到2630億美元，中國也首次超過美國成為日本第一大貿易夥伴。2008年3月，日本最後一次向中國提供日元貸款後，日本對華貸款已經
結束，不過日本的對華援助還將存在。“雪中送炭”再過幾個月，日本國際協力銀行北京代表處副總代表中裏太治就要換辦公地址了。根據日本政府要求，
2008年3月，日本最後一次向中國提供總額為463億日元(約31億元人民幣)的貸款後，將不再新增對華日元貸款——已經實施近30年的日本對華貸款
項目即將結束。中裏太治所在的日本國際協力銀行負責對華的日元貸款，今年10月，這家機構將與負責對華技術合作以及無償援助的日本國際協力機構合併。
30年前，它們正是隨著對華開發援助的實施而走到了中國。據日本外務省提供給南方週末的數據顯示，30年來，日本對中國實施的經濟援助總額約為3.4萬
億日元(約2248億元人民幣)。日本對華援助的範圍包括中國的鐵路、公路、港口機場等經濟領域的基礎設施建設，以及農村開發、環境保護、醫療保健水準
的提高等廣泛領域，項目遍佈中國所有的省、自治區和直轄市。在很多中國人耳熟能詳的項目，諸如北京地鐵一號線、北京首都機場、武漢長江二橋等項目建設中
都使用了日元貸款。以北京地鐵一號線為例，其日元貸款佔到總投資的20%。1979年12月，時任日本首相的大平正芳訪華時宣佈，日本為支援中國的改革
開放和現代化建設，將向中國提供日元貸款和技術合作。此前，中日邦交正常化時，中國政府宣佈放棄日本的戰爭賠款。此時中國剛剛打開國門，由於外匯儲備有
限，但又急需外匯資金配套引進技術和大型設備採購，利息低、週期長的日元貸款恰好解了燃眉之急。<< 前一頁12345後一頁 >>對華貸款日本援
助您可能對這些感興趣：
三十年來：日本對中國的貸款援助
簡述近代日本發展歷程

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[通行證註冊] [登錄]鳳凰資訊 > 歷史 > 歷史紀事 > 紀事 > 正文感謝日本嗎？30年來援助中國2248億人民幣2009年03月31
日 10:11鳳凰網歷史綜合【大中小】【列印】已有評論0條1980年，日本正式向中國提供日元貸款，1年後，日本又開始提供無償援助。這些
資金中，90%的援助是日元貸款，約10%是無償援助。伴隨著日元貸款，1980年，中裏太治的“前輩”竹內克之來到了陌生的中國，竹內成為了日本海外
經濟協力基金(日本國際協力銀行的前身)北京代表處的第一任首席代表。這位在“後輩們”看來開朗、精力充沛的竹內克之，連任兩屆首席代表，在中國待了近
6年。令竹內克之最難忘的是當時中方積極用心舉辦的學習班。這些學習班的內容涉及國際競爭招標的必要性和有效方法等多種課題，還有定期的業務例會、現場
實踐等。根據協議，第一批日元貸款從1979年到1984年共分5個年度簽署協議，貸款額為3309億日元，主要用於“兩港兩路”建設——秦皇島煤碼頭
二期工程以及與其配套的北京到秦皇島鐵路，石臼所港和兗州到石臼所鐵路。中裏太治介紹，協力銀行每次都仔細研究中國的五年計劃，讓日元貸款與之相配合。
而中國政府在制定“六五”到“九五”計劃時，都將日元貸款作為國家重點建設項目。不管是對放棄戰爭賠款的善意感謝，還是中日貿易的客觀需求，作為中日經
濟關係改善的一個象徵，日元貸款已經成為中日關係改善的一個象徵，為中國早期經濟騰飛作出了重大貢獻。此後，幾乎每屆日本首相訪華時都帶來日元貸款項
目。1984年3月，中曾根首相訪華時承諾為中國提供7個項目4700億日元貸款，4年後，竹下登首相訪華時，再次承諾從1990年到1995年提供
42個項目8100億日元的貸款。這些貸款項目涉及碼頭、港口、鐵路、水電站、電力、通訊等領域。1992年，年僅26歲的中裏太治一邊在日本海外經濟
協力基金工作，一邊在北大學習中文，在遊歷中國的大地之時，他最深的印象就是中國西部的貧窮、落後，特別是當地的機械化水準、城市建設都很落後。如同乾
涸的大地，經歷動蕩歲月的中國需求大筆基礎建設資金。日元貸款對於當時的中國來說，可謂雪中送炭。日元對華開發援助的總額在1994年佔到中國GDP的
0.29%。“必須看到，在中國經濟的起飛過程中，日本對華貸款為中國的基礎設施建設作出了重大貢獻。”金熙德，這位長期研究日本對華開發援助的中國社
科院日本研究所副所長感慨道。“麻煩”的日元貸款從1997年到2001年，日元對華貸款進入了高峰期，2001年達到2144億日元(約142億元人
民幣)的頂峰。此時，日元貸款也進入了一個新的時期。中裏太治告訴南方週末記者，日元對華貸款從2001年後主要支援環保、人才培養方面。此前20年支
援的鐵路、城市基礎設施正慢慢減少。而日元貸款的發放方式也由過去的五年一大筆，改為一年一次。北京正東電力集團申請日元貸款的熱電聯產項目也在這個背
景下獲得了日本國際協力機構的審核，熱電聯產項目是一種相對於傳統火力發電更為環保的項目，黃世高是這個項目的負責人，從此他和日元貸款打了7年交道。
在總共7.4億元人民幣的總投資額中，近80%由日元貸款提供，且年利率只有0.75%，還款期限40年，前10年只還利息。“相當於40年後還清，這
在商業銀行簡直不可想像。”黃世高說。<< 前一頁12345後一頁 >>對華貸款日本援助您可能對這些感興趣：
三十年來：日本對中國的貸款援助

鳳凰資訊 > 歷史 > 歷史紀事 > 紀事 > 正文感謝日本嗎？30年來援助中國2248億人民幣2009年03月31日 10:11鳳凰網歷
史綜合【大中小】【列印】已有評論0條不過，“麻煩”隨之接踵而來。黃世高發現，按照日本國際協力銀行的規則，獲得這筆貸款需要很長時間，其間
要進行國際招標，遵循採購導則。“從競標資格審查到簽訂合同，總計要17個月。”更大的“麻煩”是，日本政府出現了不協調的聲音，一些日本國會議員甚至
為是否發放這筆貸款而激烈地辯論:中國的首都不缺錢，為何要花日本人民的稅金支援。為此，日本國際協力銀行專門帶日本的政治家們到北京考察此項目。
2002年財政部與日方簽署2001年度的日元貸款，直到2004年5月，正東集團才簽署了第一個設備包的協議。而工程總計要有7個設備包。但是在“中
國國內商業銀行，手續非常簡單”。談判的分歧在所難免。儘管中日雙方在具體工期進展、技術標準和項目成本等方面存在許多爭議，但日方做事嚴謹的風格還是
令中方頗受教益。每次日方都雇用工程諮詢商，每次競標、談判，這些諮詢商都是和中方坐在一起，幫助中方解決技術、商務問題。技術輸血2004年後，隨著
中國經濟的崛起，外國對華投資的增加，日元貸款也從2001年高峰期逐年降低，直到2007年探底——463億日元。日本國際協力機構中國事務所副所長
藤本正也回憶說，在1990年代末，中方更多希望日方提供資金，而對技術支援並不感興趣，但現在中方則更多時候是說，“錢我們自己解決，我們更多需要的
是技術和經驗。”這些經驗、技術由日本派遣到中國的專家承擔。這也是日本國際協力機構負責對華開發援助的主要任務之一。衛坂和隆負責國家環保總局中日友
好環保中心日本專家組的項目協調。這位1987年就以青年海外協力隊員身份來到中國的年輕人，更加熟悉中國的國情。1998年，隨妻子來中國工作的衛坂
和隆第一次聽說了中日友好環境中心的日本專家向中國推薦企業公害防止管理員制度，這一制度在日本已經實施了40年。7年後，這一制度變成了中國特色的企
業監督管理員制度，且被列入了國務院的報告之中。衛坂和隆說，日本專家組首先通過介紹、培訓等方式讓中國環保總局領導人明白企業監督員的作用。從
1998年到2003年的5年中，日方通過中方各領導訪日進修的機會，專門讓其與日本政府、高層溝通，推薦企業環境監督員制度。邀請普通中國人赴日進修
是國際協力機構的另外一項任務，中方20歲到35歲的青年成為邀請對象，他們赴日主要考察日本能源、工業、農林水產、商業、行政、醫療保健等領域。衛坂
和隆介紹，早期赴日進修都是團中央指派，但是日本國際協力機構與中方溝通後，逐漸變成了公開招募。比較欣喜的是，“現在中國的領導層中也有人參與過當年
的赴日進修”。這些關鍵人物參與赴日進修，進一步推動了中日兩國在技術轉移等方面的合作。而企業環境監督員制度的推行，也正是第二批赴日進修的環保總局
環境監察局的一位副局長回國後向高層再次諫言的。<< 前一頁12345後一頁 >>對華貸款日本援助您可能對這些感興趣：
三十年來：日本對中國的貸款援助
簡述近代日本發展歷程

鳳凰資訊 > 歷史 > 歷史紀事 > 紀事 > 正文感謝日本嗎？30年來援助中國2248億人民幣2009年03月31日 10:11鳳凰網歷
史綜合【大中小】【列印】已有評論0條目前，日本國際協力機構已經在公共、公益事業、農林水產、工礦業、商業旅遊、人力資源等領域派出了年長志
願者專家。這些專家的年齡集中在40到69歲之間。除了這些年長志願者專家，對中國感興趣的還有青年海外協力隊員。他們通過層層選拔，通過各種培訓，然
後被派遣到中國的各地從事志願者活動，領域涉及日語、教育文化、保健衛生、農林水產等領域。藤本正也告訴記者，雖然在日本國內有各種言論，認為中國“不
知道、沒感謝”對華援助這樣的言論，但是，這些志願者還是願意無償到中國。而且他們回到日本之後會到各個學校宣傳志願者的各項活動。在日本國際協力機構
北京事務所辦公室挂的一張中國地圖上，工作人員用各色標簽標明瞭各個志願者、專家所在地。很難想像，在中國的土地上，曾經因歷史問題水火不容的兩國，因
為援助，在扶貧、傳染病防治、水資源利用等領域搭起了交流的平臺。終結只是開始從3月開始，日本對華貸款即將終結。然而，正如藤本正也所說，日元貸款停
止後，日本的對華援助還將存在。目前，雖然硬體部分的無償援助已經基本沒有了，技術合作預算也只有每年40億日元左右，這個數據在1997年高峰期曾達
到100億日元。然而，這種援助的機制依然存在。日本駐華大使館經濟部參贊山本恭司稱，未來對華援助將主要集中在技術合作，包括環境保護、節能、傳染病
防治，另外還有促進中日兩國之間的相互理解項目，以及在已經開展的領域進一步展開經濟合作。這位樂觀的參贊還希望中日兩國在對外援助方面，可以攜手合
作，“比如在非洲，雙方都有援助”。30年間，日本國際協力銀行北京代表處已經換了10任主管。不過，中裏太治說，這些只是開始。因為還有大批的日元貸
款後續的評估、考察還要進行。中裏太治常常在自己的會客室向來訪客人介紹日元貸款的曾經輝煌。在日本國際協力銀行會客室的墻面上挂著一幅由黑龍江省高速
公路建設局于2000年贈送的匾幅，上書:中日友好世代相傳。山本恭司至今還記得，自己剛來中國任職的時候，就接待過海外協力隊的隊員，他相信這些年輕
人能夠直接與中國的朋友接觸，加強彼此的了解。未來幾週內，新一批的志願者將奔赴全國，而黃世高也在按照日本國際協力銀行的要求積極準備下一步工廠的熱
電聯產項目建設。他已經和三任日本國際協力銀行的次席代表打過交道。中日關係風風雨雨的進程中，日本對華援助也曾風雨飄搖。但是可以預見的是，那些在中
國大地上遍佈的對華援助項目可能還要在幾代人之間接力完成。“日元貸款”歷程日本對華ODA是從1979年的大平正芳內閣開始的。大平正芳曾在1972
年促成中日邦交正常化的田中角榮內閣擔任外相，一直奉行對中國友好的政策。<< 前一頁12345後一頁 >>對華貸款日本援助您可能對這些感
興趣：

三十年來：日本對中國的貸款援助
簡述近代日本發展歷程

鳳凰資訊 > 歷史 > 歷史紀事 > 紀事 > 正文感謝日本嗎？30年來援助中國2248億人民幣2009年03月31日 10:11鳳凰網歷
史綜合【大中小】【列印】已有評論0條而上世紀1970－1980年代，出於對抗前蘇聯的戰略考慮，中日也經歷了一段“蜜月期”。當時的日本對
華ODA是日本政府自願進行的，而且日本國勢蒸蒸日上，根本沒有要求中國宣傳或“感謝”的說法。馮昭奎介紹，在1980年代中國資金極度匱乏的情況下，
日元投資在一段時間裏對中國經濟的發展曾起到了很重要的促進作用，在1980年代中期一度達到了中國國內投資總額的23％－24％。在整個1980年
代，基本上主要的建設項目都有日元貸款的參與，這種低息、長期貸款促進了中國的鐵路、機場、港口、道路、通訊設施的修建。ODA的主要部分是日本政府的
低息貸款，還包括無償援助和技術援助。根據外交學院國際關係研究所周永生副教授向記者提供的資料，在1980年的對華ODA中，低息貸款是660億日
元，無償援助是6.82億日元，技術援助是5.64億日元。2001年這三個部分分別是1613.66億日元，63.33億日元，77.77億日元。總
體來講，需要償還的低息貸款都佔了ODA總額的90％以上。這些貸款的利息率在0.75％到2.2％之間，期限為30年，並可以延長。馮昭奎說，日本提
供ODA當然也有為自身考慮的意圖，它希望提高中國的基礎設施來促進日本在中國投資獲益，例如日元貸款幫助修建秦皇島碼頭，就是為了幫助中國對日本的煤
炭出口。而且，在提供日元貸款的同時，還有一些其他的附加條件。20多年來，不同的時期條件是不一樣的，有時比較緩和，有時稍微苛刻一些。最常見的附帶
條件就是希望中國能用日元貸款購買日本企業的機械和原材料，從而會使部分資金回流到日本企業，也幫助日本企業打進中國市場，日本過去對東南亞就是這麼做
的。隨著中國經濟的發展，日元貸款所發揮的作用逐漸在減少。1990年代後期以來，中國吸引外資的數量不斷增多，現在每年有500億－600億美元，外
資開始豐富，而且很多重大項目都是自籌資金。所以日元貸款在國內建設中的比例逐年下降，基本上不能左右中國的經濟建設和政策。與此同時，自上世紀90年
代初泡沫經濟破裂之後，日本經濟進入了“失去的十年”，2001年還是負增長。相應地，從2001年以來，日本對華ODA數額便逐漸下降，基本以平均每
年20％的速度減少。日本外交部發佈的數據顯示，2003年只有1080億日元，約合10.5億美元，比2001年的一半還少。<< 前一頁12345
後一頁 >>對華貸款日本援助您可能對這些感興趣：
三十年來：日本對中國的貸款援助
簡述近代日本發展歷程

mrliu918

unread,

Apr 7, 2009, 5:01:47 AM4/7/09

加拿大在二戰期間暗助日軍生產生化武器，屠殺中國軍民。二戰期間，加拿大作為原材料供應大國，大發戰爭財，加拿大人不但沒有因為南京大屠殺和
日軍的侵華暴行覺醒，反而貪得無厭，兩頭做生意，向日軍提供可以制造毒氣的原材料，設備與知識，導致抗戰失利和大量中國軍民死亡，成為侵華日
軍的重要支柱，這種行為直到珍珠港事件后才告一段落。今天，很多加拿大人在家中生產大麻，爭取吸食毒品合法化。加拿大可算是名符其實的廉價毒
品，化武，毒氣制造基地。有人認為加拿大人才是731部隊的老師，毒氣彈的主謀，這話確實有他的道理。

mrliu918

unread,

Apr 8, 2009, 12:36:04 AM4/8/09

Quotation from //cnnwire.blogs.cnn.com/2009/04/07/new-york-da-alleges-
plot-to-smuggle-nuclear-technology-to-iran/

April 7th, 2009
New York DA alleges plot to smuggle nuclear technology to Iran
Posted: 03:19 PM ET

From Amy Sahba CNN NEW YORK (CNN) — A Chinese businessman has been
charged with using American banks to facilitate the supply of illegal
missile and nuclear technology to the government of Iran, according to
the Manhattan district attorney’s office. Li Fang Wei, general manager
for the Chinese company LIMMT, allegedly falsified documents and
business records in order to transfer money between the United States
and his company from November 2006 to September 2008.

Li is believed to be in China, and U.S. authorities will seek
extradition, Manhattan District Attorney Robert M. Morgenthau said.

The 118-count indictment, announced by Morgenthau at a press
conference on Tuesday, says that Li’s and the company’s goal was to
“use fraud and deception to gain access to the U.S. financial system,
to deceive U.S. and international authorities, and to continue the
proliferation of banned weapons material to the Iranian military.”

加拿大在二戰期間暗助日軍生產生化武器，屠殺中國軍民。二戰期間，加拿大作為原材料供應大國，大發戰爭財，加拿大人不但沒有因為南京大屠殺

和日軍的侵華暴行覺醒，反而貪得無厭，兩頭做生意，向日軍提供可以制造毒氣的原材料，設備與知識，導致抗戰失利和大量中國軍民死亡，成為侵
華日軍的重要支柱，這種行為直到珍珠港事件后才告一段落。今天，很多加拿大人在家中生產大麻，爭取吸食毒品合法化。加拿大可算是名符其實的
廉價毒品，化武，毒氣制造基地。有人認為加拿大人才是731部隊的老師，毒氣彈的主謀，這話確實有他的道理。

mrliu918 wrote:
> http://www.usqiaobao.com/zhuanlan/2009-02/26/content_195538.htm
> http://junshi.blog.china.com/200902/4419491.html
> http://www.usqiaobao.com/newscenter/2009-03/05/content_197311.htm
> http://www.usqiaobao.com/misc/2009-03/05/content_197367.htm
>
>
> 加拿大人自己也希望和必须到美国接受教育和寻找工作机会。加拿大的经济从未好过，所以才接收投资移民和技术移民，和第三世界贫穷的发展中国家争人才，争
> 财源。投资移民需要几十万美元，技术移民多需要高等学历如学士学位。加拿大移民很多失望回国，因为加拿大的国情根本无法提供就业机会和不存在有利经济发
> 展得条件。加拿大从未给过中国任何好处。在当年苏联撤消对华支援助时，话已说得很清楚，苏联和国际共产过往对华支援助的专家，医生，物资都是有偿贸易。
> 中国为此还了多年外债。也就是说，中国向这些外国专家和医生提供了就业机会和发展空间。就算在困难时期，中国对外国专家和医生的待遇向来也是不错，对白
> 求恩更不会例外。白求恩不过是政治形势和利益需要下的产物。加拿大承认双重国籍，喜欢玩弄两手政策，和加拿大人一样做双面人，一面假冒你的盟友，让盟友
> 和朋友流血流汗，承受生命危险，一面和盟友的敌人做生意，两头收好处，机会一到背后插刀，翻脸不认人。我在加拿大人见过一位医生，她一面收取医院的资助
> 和高薪，一面硬把工作说成是义工和免费，加拿大人就是这样。
>
> 【侨报网讯】综合媒体报道，加拿大马尼托巴省温尼伯市法院的一位法官表示，当地法院3月5日将宣布对去年灰狗长途公共汽车凶杀案的裁定结果。控辩双方均
> 认为，被控谋杀的华裔疑犯李伟光患有精神分裂疾病，可能无须承担刑事责任。李伟光去年7月30日在一辆由埃德蒙顿驶往温尼伯的长途汽车上，突然用刀杀死
> 身边22岁的男乘客蒂姆·麦克莱恩，斩掉死者的头，又把内脏割出来吃。拘捕他的警员作证时指出，被告曾道歉并感到内疚，要求警员将他杀死。
>
>
> Quotation from qiaobo 中国移民指责加爱省移民计划是骗局举家归国 www.usqiaobao.com
> 2009-03-05 16:16:45 　　作者：来源：加拿大《环球华报》　　【侨报网讯】一名透过省提名移民计划(PNP)来加的中国移民
> 对爱德华王子岛省的该项计划表示彻底失望，痛斥当地政府，并声称追讨他应获退还的押金后，便放弃移民举家返回中
> 国。 ..................... 在爱省PNP之下，移民申请人除投资20万元外，若原英语能力未达水平，须缴交2万元语言能力押
> 金，待进修后通过一项考试才能取回押金。此外还须缴交2万5000元居留意愿押金，在当地住满一年方可取回。　　引起争议的是，该计划规定移民须达到
> 一项考试的第三级程度方可取回英语能力押金，但要通过的却是第四级的入读(placement)资格考试。主管相关计划的官员艾瑟诺(Kevin
> Arsenault)已就这一点加以澄清，但欧学君拒绝接受这种解释，坚持这是个骗局。
>
> 1963年印度政府排华事件：华侨妇女受辱(图)
> http://www.usqiaobao.com　 2009-03-05 19:26:02 　　作者：来源：中华网
>
> 【侨报2月27日社论】2月15日，旧金山海湾的原天使岛拘
> 留所遗址经修缮后重新开放，八百多民众在肃杀风雨天气中出席了重新开放的揭幕仪式，重温当年辛酸史，呼吁彻底撕去美国社会歧视的一页。
>
> 　　历史绝不仅仅是怀旧与猎奇，历史是人类最真实的教科书。天使岛，一个何其优雅动听的地名，却蕴藏了一段失去天使的历史梦魇。天使岛的过去揭开了早期
> 华裔移民的屈辱血泪史，天使岛的今天则成为民众了解历史真相的绝佳窗口。它将不时袒露美国肌体上曾经遭受人权践踏的耻辱伤疤，拷问世人的灵魂。
>
> 　　没有天使的天使岛沦落为华裔移民的地狱，源自1882年美国政府通过前所未有臭名昭著的“排华法案”及其引发持续几十年的排华仇华风潮。从1909
> 年1月天使岛拘留所正式启用，到 1940年9月因一场火灾焚毁拘留所办公室，30年间天使岛那“小木屋”拘留所前后共关押过约18万华裔移民，他们在
> 这形同囹圄般的孤岛上度日如年般熬过生命中最惨痛的岁月，饱尝从肉体到精神的各种摧残之苦。
>
> 【侨报2月27日社论】2月15日，旧金山海湾的原天使岛拘
> 留所遗址经修缮后重新开放，八百多民众在肃杀风雨天气中出席了重新开放的揭幕仪式，重温当年辛酸史，呼吁彻底撕去美国社会歧视的一页。
>
> 　　历史绝不仅仅是怀旧与猎奇，历史是人类最真实的教科书。天使岛，一个何其优雅动听的地名，却蕴藏了一段失去天使的历史梦魇。天使岛的过去揭开了早期
> 华裔移民的屈辱血泪史，天使岛的今天则成为民众了解历史真相的绝佳窗口。它将不时袒露美国肌体上曾经遭受人权践踏的耻辱伤疤，拷问世人的灵魂。
>
> 　　没有天使的天使岛沦落为华裔移民的地狱，源自1882年美国政府通过前所未有臭名昭著的“排华法案”及其引发持续几十年的排华仇华风潮。从1909
> 年1月天使岛拘留所正式启用，到 1940年9月因一场火灾焚毁拘留所办公室，30年间天使岛那“小木屋”拘留所前后共关押过约18万华裔移民，他们在
> 这形同囹圄般的孤岛上度日如年般熬过生命中最惨痛的岁月，饱尝从肉体到精神的各种摧残之苦。
>
> 与此同时，在如今屹立自由女神像的美东纽约湾，埃利斯岛先后慷慨接纳通过了2000万移民。自由女神像奠基时流传至今令人热血沸腾的诗句道：“……在这
> 金色大门旁，我要为他们把灯举起。”比照如此的襟怀和荣耀，天使岛见证了美利坚合众国先期移民对后来移民，尤其是“非我族类”的华裔移民排斥乃至镇压的
> 一出出荒诞闹剧，见证了美国移民史上如影随形般的愚昧、偏见与疯狂。
>
> ...........................更令人忧心忡忡的是，这种条款的出笼，竟然与一百多年前横行美国的“排华法案”有着“天然”的
> 联系，足以窥见美国这个法治社会依然还有根深蒂固的歧视土壤，那些操纵无数移民命运的政要们，其脑海心底的“排外”意识暗流汹涌。在此时此刻，重温天使
> 岛，反省昨天的历史，可以使得我们今天对时代的逆流更加警醒
>
>
>
> 1963年，梁国荣和两个儿女，以及梁国荣的弟弟梁国强为死去的梁国荣志哀。
> 揭开中印之战四大谜题真相
> 毛泽东对印度忍无可忍：决定“以战止战”
> 外交部解密档案:1962年中国胜印度后为何主动撤军
> 毛泽东解放台湾计划搁浅幕后
> 从上世纪60年代初开始，中印关系逐渐恶化，1962年10月的一场中印边界之争，使两国关系滑入谷底。印度政府开始制造一系列恶劣的排华事
> 件，疯狂迫害华人华侨。
> 　　印度当局捏造各种罪名，诬蔑华侨从事间谍活动，采取高压手段强迫华侨反对自己的祖国，甚至肆意逮捕华侨华人，把他们关进西部荒漠的集中营，还特地通
> 过了针对华侨的 "加强监视外侨法案"，挤压华侨的生存空间，致使大批华侨被迫返回祖国或移居他国。
> 　　记者在查阅外交部解密档案的过程中，发现了触目惊心的有关印度政府残忍迫害华侨的详细记录。
> 　　印度反华势力破坏中国招待会
>
>
> 文章评论 [以下网友留言只代表其个人观点，不代表中华网的观点或立场]
> 廖宇丰
> 2009-03-11 17:39:12.0
> Quotation from qiaobo 中国移民指责加爱省移民计划是骗局举家归国 www.usqiaobao.com
> 2009-03-05 16:16:45 　　作者：来源：加拿大《环球华报》　　【侨报网讯】一名透过省提名移民计划(PNP)来加的中国移民
> 对爱德华王子岛省的该项计划表示彻底失望，痛斥当地政府，并声称追讨他应获退还的押金后，便放弃移民举家返回中
> 国。 ..................... 在爱省PNP之下，移民申请人除投资20万元外，若原英语能力未达水平，须缴交2万元语言能力押
> 金，待进修后通过一项考试才能取回押金。此外还须缴交2万5000元居留意愿押金，在当地住满一年方可取回。　　引起争议的是，该计划规定移民须达到
> 一项考试的第三级程度方可取回英语能力押金，但要通过的却是第四级的入读(placement)资格考试。主管相关计划的官员艾瑟诺(Kevin
> Arsenault)已就这一点加以澄清，但欧学君拒绝接受这种解释，坚持这是个骗局。
> 廖宇丰
> 2009-03-05 12:55:17.0
> 加拿大人自己也希望和必须到美国接受教育和寻找工作机会。加拿大的经济从未好过，所以才接收投资移民和技术移民，和第三世界贫穷的发展中国家争人才，
> 争财源。投资移民需要几十万美元，技术移民多需要高等学历如学士学位。加拿大移民很多失望回国，因为加拿大的国情根本无法提供就业机会和不存在有利经济
> 发展得条件。加拿大从未给过中国任何好处。在当年苏联撤消对华支援助时，话已说得很清楚，苏联和国际共产过往对华支援助的专家，医生，物资都是有偿贸
> 易。也就是说，中国向这些外国专家和医生提供了就业机会和发展空间。就算在困难时期，中国对外国专家和医生的待遇向来也是不错，对白求恩更不会例
> 外。廖宇丰
> 廖宇丰
> 2009-03-05 12:23:49.0
> 加拿大人自己也希望和必须到美国接受教育和寻找工作机会。加拿大的经济从未好过，所以才接收投资移民和技术移民，和第三世界贫穷的发展中国家争人才，
> 争财源。投资移民需要几十万美元，技术移民多需要高等学历如学士学位。加拿大移民很多失望回国，因为加拿大的国情根本无法提供就业机会和不存在有利经济
> 发展得条件。加拿大从未给过中国任何好处。在当年苏联撤消对华支援助时，话已说得很清楚，苏联和国际共产过往对华支援助的专家，医生，物资都是有偿贸
> 易。也就是说，中国向这些外国专家和医生提供了就业机会和发展空间。廖宇丰
> dffg
> 2009-02-18 12:00:08.0
> 垃圾
> 光辉
> 2009-02-16 12:38:31.0
> 加拿大，犯罪者的天堂！堕落如此，还有何面目奢谈其他！
> s
> 2009-02-16 00:32:51.0
> 加拿大，天堂，鸟的天堂，鸟人的天堂，罪犯的天堂
> 切
> 2009-02-13 23:56:39.0
> 穷光蛋去加拿大人权人权,加拿大立马扫地出门!
> 贪官的天堂
> 2009-02-13 23:53:28.0
> 加拿大是罪犯的天堂！在中国贪的钱逃到加拿大纳税！
> 糊涂人的智商
> 2009-02-13 21:38:47.0
> 加拿大是窃贼的赃窝、罪犯的天堂。哈珀应被国际法庭判处窝赃罪和包庇罪！
> 中国强人
> 2009-02-13 18:00:32.0
> 加拿大是罪犯的天堂！！！！！！！操加拿大他妈的。。。。。
> 天地之间一散人
> 2009-02-13 17:18:58.0
> 球！什么老底？老底是那狗日的早想来，可却整天充人物，找中国的茬，给中国政府和人民添堵，中国政府就是不邀请他，他难道还能腆着脸自己跑来不成？
> ppppp
> 2009-02-13 16:56:12.0
>
> z
> 2009-02-13 16:15:37.0
> 中国的巨贪都去加拿大是好事,用不了几年,这个国家就会被巨贪们贪空了,说不定过几年加拿大就是我们的了.
> 中国人
> 2009-02-13 13:55:06.0
> 加拿大是罪犯的天堂！！！！！！！
> 反加
> 2009-02-13 11:57:08.0
> 加拿大是庇护中国贪官最多的国家，所谓西方民主，人权是胡扯，为的是钱
> 沧海一粟
> 2009-02-13 11:35:39.0
> 加拿大现政府是贪官污吏和赖昌星这类世界级垃圾的保护者。
> 问问
> 2009-02-13 11:10:35.0
> 加中两国在科技发展及保护外国投资者的讨论也一直有进展。不知道拿到加国工作证后的赖昌星，以后到中国来投资，要不要保护？？
> 小三
> 2009-02-12 22:02:53.0
> 2009-02-12 12:57:37.0 加拿大是贪污高官避难所,加拿大人手捧中国人血汗爱不释手!
> 天地之佛
> 2009-02-12 16:24:45.0
> 加拿大是虾子!!!!!!!!!
> 老红军
> 2009-02-12 16:16:20.0
> 加拿大人和狗禁止入内！
> 中国公民
> 2009-02-12 16:13:25.0
> 加拿大狗！
> 主妇
> 2009-02-12 15:31:48.0
> 谁稀罕牠,畜生
> 独角犀
> 2009-02-12 15:11:50.0
> 外交部得发一个照会~来中国访问时顺便把~赖皮狗~~带来~否则不发~中国五星卡~给他。
> aa
> 2009-02-12 15:01:40.0
> 加那大是个罪犯天堂
> 百漏洞
> 2009-02-12 14:20:55.0
> 太简单了吧，不可形而上学
> GPS
> 2009-02-12 12:57:37.0
> 加拿大是贪污高官避难所,加拿大人手捧中国人血汗爱不释手!
> 一闲人
> 2009-02-12 11:32:11.0
> 他来不来访问，我们无所谓！
> 123
> 2009-02-12 11:13:15.0
> 哈帕者，充其量也就是望远镜，隔洋而望——望洋兴叹！
> 苗人龙
> 2009-02-12 10:53:13.0
> 尽管加拿大的生活水平比中国要高很多，但作为一个无关紧要的小国，加拿大的总理要想来中国访问，恐怕还得看外交部是否愿意发邀请函。
> 流氓
> 2009-02-12 10:06:53.0
> 我们不欢迎流氓国家的流氓总理！！
> 干
> 2009-02-12 09:10:38.0
> 哈帕者，狗也。
> abc
> 2009-02-12 04:57:33.0
> 中国政府如果接待了此人的话，中华民族真的就完了，和清政府一样了。
> kk
> 2009-02-11 23:40:47.0
> 变态的人妖，不要来中国，中国人不欢迎你
> 国人
> 2009-02-11 23:16:08.0
> 此人垃圾，不能引进！！！！！！
> 冠军
> 2009-02-11 22:58:03.0
> 加拿大一直以来就是一个美国的第51个州,专门收外国的罪犯,是罪犯的天堂,总理哈珀也不是个好东西来的,不来中国还好,来了就弄死它.
> 透视
> 2009-02-11 22:55:40.0
> 此人一文不值,拒绝狂妄之人
> 日天皇
> 2009-02-11 22:45:40.0
> 放屁
> 草和泥做的马
> 2009-02-11 22:25:11.0
> 加拿大就一个2B国家，谁想去加拿大纯属2B！！
> 中华蓝剑
> 2009-02-11 22:18:31.0
> 加拿大，别来人，千万别来，说不定你们什么高官就是当年某个罪犯的后代。求你，千万别来。。。。。。。。
> 水貂
> 2009-02-11 22:14:28.0
> 加拿大已经成为一个贪污犯杀人犯强奸犯的避难所
> 天使
> 2009-02-11 22:04:18.0
> 加拿大是贪污高官和坏人的避难所加拿大是美国的一条哈巴狗
> 123
> 2009-02-11 22:03:36.0
> 为什么中国的经济犯分子都去加拿大？加拿大政府为什么陪护？
> 将军王YL
> 2009-02-11 21:29:24.0
> 罪犯的天堂
> 卡加
> 2009-02-11 21:28:01.0
> 加拿大是犯罪分子的庇护所=恐怖主义的庇护所，我们鄙视它，不理睬它。
> asd
> 2009-02-11 21:16:41.0
> 我们是中国的儿女,支持祖国
> 一剑漂
> 2009-02-11 21:12:31.0
> 加拿大是美国的走狗。无赖国家，没本事没国力还装
> ③
> 2009-02-11 21:12:28.0
> sb怎么样乱咬人我顶加拿大
> g
> 2009-02-11 21:11:04.0
> 科学鉴定完毕，确认加拿大是美国的杂种狗！！！！！
> hgd9988
> 2009-02-11 21:02:59.0
> 标准的美国看家狗。鉴定完毕
>
> =p;=.
> 2009-02-11 20:16:32.0
> 加拿大痞子，简直就是王八蛋，你们除了白求恩以外，都是一群猪猡加白痴，希望你们全部得瘟疫去死吧。加拿大是美国养的一条狗
> syyzxxx
> 2009-02-11 20:06:24.0
> 应把加国定义为"支恐支贪的无赖恐怖主义奴隶制国家".
> 有什么了不起！！
> 2009-02-11 19:59:01.0
> 看他那熊样我得可小之极也~！~！
> 勇士
> 2009-02-11 19:36:56.0
>
> 123
> 2009-02-11 18:58:09.0
> 应把加国定义为"支恐支贪的无赖恐怖主义奴隶制国家".
> 李四
> 2009-02-11 18:51:48.0
> 中国不需要这样的的访问
> 大旗高举
> 2009-02-11 18:48:05.0
> 只要支持台独，藏独，反对中国社会主义建设，无论是谁，十三亿赤子将坚决于以战斗到底。
> 大旗高举
> 2009-02-11 18:34:48.0
> 来了弄死它。
> O白话文O
> 2009-02-11 18:32:04.0
> 和美国差不多无赖国家
> 不欢迎哈破
> 2009-02-11 17:48:12.0
> 中国不欢迎哈破之流!!!
> 心雨随风
> 2009-02-11 17:47:17.0
> 我们不收容罪犯，不欢迎垃圾和毒品。
> 民主_藏无耻之徒
> 2009-02-11 17:44:37.0
> 什么叫民主?_尽是无耻之徒的国家!
> xiaoxiao
> 2009-02-11 17:30:35.0
> 那个叫中国大学生的，肯定不是大学生，更或者不是中国人。上大学很光荣似的。岂不知大学生就是失业者的代名词。2b！
> 中国人
> 2009-02-11 17:28:12.0
> 我们不收容罪犯，不欢迎垃圾和毒品。
> 驻加记者
> 2009-02-11 17:17:06.0
> 加拿大联邦政府现在执政的是保守党，该党由原来白人至上的团体和极端宗教团体等组成，党领哈珀（也就是现在的总理）是来自加拿大内陆省份，其在2006
> 年当选总理前，基本上没有到过亚洲和太平洋地区。亲美及反华，其主要的幕僚还是一名藏独分子。加拿大现在野的联邦自由党一直以来与中国保持良好的关系，
> 当年冲破重重障碍与中国建立外交关系的就是联邦自由党的特鲁多总理，在70年代初用小麦等援助中国，大力支持中国队改革开放和经济建设。上两届的克里田
> 总理、以及马田总理都是中国人民的好朋友。
> 深沉
> 2009-02-11 16:57:58.0
> 加拿大不是收容罪犯吗？我国可以制定法律将犯有强奸、杀人、放火的罪犯如逃到加拿大可以减刑，如果在加拿大犯有针对加拿大人的强奸、杀人、放火可以减刑
> 或免刑的法律条文。
> 1
> 2009-02-11 16:44:06.0
> 为什么总是希望加拿大总理访华，爱来不来，对我们有什么影响！
> cq
> 2009-02-11 16:40:28.0
> 禁止加拿大垃圾进入中国。
> 研究员
> 2009-02-11 16:38:12.0
> 制裁加拿大！
> 7i9
> 2009-02-11 16:23:11.0
>
> 嘻嘻嘻
> 2009-02-11 16:11:40.0
> 加拿大---- 一个藏污纳垢的地方!犯罪分子的天堂、庇护所!!!加拿大是犯罪分子横行的国家。他们收容中国最大的贪污犯，收容过印度的一个贪污犯。
> 收入过泰国的杀人犯。收容过日本的强奸犯。全世界的发展中国家的犯罪分子全部被加拿大收容过。
> 663259
> 2009-02-11 16:06:17.0
> 加拿大是个无耻的国家，领导人更无耻。白求恩的时代已经结束。
> bishijianada
> 2009-02-11 16:00:39.0
> 加拿大？一个无耻的国家！！！
> 1
> 2009-02-11 15:59:17.0
> 这种垃圾国家，漠视它就行了，越报畜生越跳的欢。他们狗官想来，直接说我们老大没档期！
> 黄河
> 2009-02-11 15:58:31.0
> 加拿大----一个标准的垃圾场!
> 中国人
> 2009-02-11 15:48:38.0
> 加拿大---- 一个藏污纳垢的地方!犯罪分子的天堂、庇护所!!!
> 中国人
> 2009-02-11 15:47:56.0
> 加拿大---- 一个藏污纳垢的地方!犯罪分子的天堂、庇护所!!!
> 中国人
> 2009-02-11 15:46:36.0
> 加拿大---- 一个藏污纳垢的地方!犯罪分子的天堂、庇护所!!!
> 我佛慈悲
> 2009-02-11 15:45:49.0
> [加国是罪犯的收容所庇护所。em30]
> 万刘陈
> 2009-02-11 15:42:30.0
> 加拿大是狗国，美国狗国。加拿大是罪犯天堂
> 故事
> 2009-02-11 15:40:25.0
> 加拿大国不是个东西。什么是人间天堂，那是魔鬼国民。
> 老妈
> 2009-02-11 15:29:01.0
> 加拿大国是个鸵鸟。
> 郑东
> 2009-02-11 15:26:37.0
> 加拿大的政府常常让人感到是一帮子嬉皮士掌权,不值深交.
> 123
> 2009-02-11 15:03:59.0
> 加拿大，妈逼国家。
> 111
> 2009-02-11 15:00:21.0
> 垃圾
> 1111
> 2009-02-11 14:59:08.0
> 对待你这个垃圾和毒品收容站，中国的主动权就是：你就老实呆着吧....
> al
> 2009-02-11 14:48:11.0
> 日！！！！！！！！！！他老母
> 中国大学生
> 2009-02-11 14:38:01.0
> 加拿大是世界上最好的国家，无论是政治、经济、文化尤其是民生。我支持，也是我的目标------移民加拿大。
> qq
> 2009-02-11 14:25:59.0
> 中国政府开单子了，赖昌星遣返，可是加拿大自己做不到，这就是加拿大表明的态度
> 百姓
> 2009-02-11 14:24:45.0
> 加国人没有世界观.太小气
> 城市小岛
> 2009-02-11 14:04:53.0
> 加拿大是罪犯的天堂，别理加拿大！
> 忧而乐
> 2009-02-11 14:00:55.0
> 经济仅仅有点发达，政治没有一点的主动性，美国的走狗而已。
> 阿膑
> 2009-02-11 13:29:38.0
> 与加拿大道不同，不相为谋，不用去理会就是。
> 糯米
> 2009-02-11 13:23:01.0
> 傻逼加拿大。不鸡巴鸟他！
> sdfaf
> 2009-02-11 13:02:04.0
> 加拿大痞子，简直就是王八蛋，你们除了白求恩以外，都是一群猪猡加白痴，希望你们全部得瘟疫去死吧。加拿大是美国养的一条狗
> Y的就不鸟他
> 2009-02-11 12:57:25.0
> 主要是中国不鸟他，来了拿不到想要的大礼包。确实中国根本就无视哈珀执政下的加拿大，想要大礼就别跟中国找茬什么老跟达赖呀赖猖腥之类的搞在一
> 起。。。
> 国人当自强
> 2009-02-11 12:39:56.0
> 垃圾桶国家，他们欢迎的是中国的罪犯，而不是中国的人民
> 312412
> 2009-02-11 12:30:50.0
> 中国政府开单子了，赖昌星遣返，可是加拿大自己做不到，这就是加拿大表明的态度
> 金凤凰官方
> 2009-02-11 12:27:16.0
> 加拿大痞子，简直就是王八蛋，你们除了白求恩以外，都是一群猪猡加白痴，希望你们全部得瘟疫去死吧。加拿大是美国养的一条狗
> 咪咪
> 2009-02-11 11:54:04.0
> 加国政府就喜欢赖昌星这样的赖货。
>
> 文章评论 [以下网友留言只代表其个人观点，不代表中华网的观点或立场]
> AAAAAA
> 2009-02-11 11:09:06.0
> 下不了台了,在找借口.
> tt
> 2009-02-11 11:01:24.0
> 加拿大是美国养的一条狗
> H6
> 2009-02-11 11:00:20.0
> 加国是个只认钱不认人的小人之国,不值得深交！
> 中国利剑
> 2009-02-11 10:56:48.0
> 加拿大痞子，简直就是王八蛋，你们除了白求恩以外，都是一群猪猡加白痴，希望你们全部得瘟疫去死吧。
> 游龙
> 2009-02-11 10:42:44.0
> 加拿大的政府常常让人感到是一帮子嬉皮士掌权,不值深交.
> 一剑封喉
> 2009-02-11 10:39:20.0
> 世界需要杂音!不同的杂音才能构成多彩的世界!杂音多了世界才热闹!
> gg
> 2009-02-11 10:28:55.0
> 加拿大这个国家中国不值得更深交往，作为一般国家对待就可以了。
> s
> 2009-02-11 10:05:36.0
> 把加拿大这个罪犯之国从美丽的地球上删除
> 大唐
> 2009-02-11 10:02:15.0
> 这个人是个白痴，不要让他来中国！
> QQ北风之神QQ
> 2009-02-11 09:52:39.0
> 加拿大---犯罪者的天堂
>
>
> On Mar 12, 5:31 pm, mrliu918 <mrliu...@gmail.com> wrote:
> > Comparsion of treatment between Islamic fighters and veterans of the
> > West, It is time for a change!
> >
> > Reward for Western fighter and athlete and reward for American
> > veterans
> >
> > National Coalition for Homeless Veterans - Community
> > NCHV will end homelessness among veterans by shaping public policy,
> > educating the public, and building the capacity of service providers.www.nchv.org/veteran.cfm- Cached
> >
> > Reward for muslim fighter and athlete and reward for Christian convert
> > to Islam
> >
> > Muhammad Ali
> > A month later an all-white jury found him guilty of draft evasion, and
> > Ali was imprisoned. ... Draft Evasion convicted 1967, overturned by
> > the Supreme Court 1971 ...www.nndb.com/people/487/000022421- Cached
> >
> > Muhammad Ali - United States
> > ... for integration and talking about war in Vietnam, Muhammad Ali
> > knew what side ... figure that's beloved by the antiwar movement and
> > the black freedom struggle, ...www.thirdworldtraveler.com/Heroes/Muhammad_Ali.html- Cached
> >
> > http://www.alicenter.orghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Centerhttp://www.why-christians-convert-to-islam.com/http://muslimconverts.com/converts/index.htmhttp://www.northjersey.com/news/njpolitics/33204374.htmlhttp://www1.va.gov/homeless/page.cfm?pg=1http://www.nchv.org/veteran.cfm
> >
> > Muhammad Ali Center

> > From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
> > Jump to: navigation, search

> > Coordinates: 38°15′29.4″N 85°45′36.2″W / 38.258167°N 85.760056°W /
> > 38.258167; -85.760056
> >
> > The Muhammad Ali Center, alongside Interstate 64 on Louisville's
> > riverfrontThe Muhammad Ali Center, a tribute to the man and his
> > values
> > is located in Louisville, Kentucky's "Museum Row" in the West Main
> > District of downtown.
> >
> > The six-story, 96,750 sq ft (8,988 m2). museum opened on November 19,
> > 2005 at a cost of $80 million.[1] It also includes a 40,000 sq ft
> > (3,700 m2). two-level amphitheater and plaza that will be connected
> > to
> > the Louisville Museum Plaza upon its construction.
> >

mrliu918

unread,

Apr 8, 2009, 12:52:59 AM4/8/09

A new challenge to China-Muslim frienship from CNN:

http://www.tehrantimes.com/Index_view.asp?code=185778
China-Iran Friendship Association established
Tehran Times Culture Desk
TEHRAN -- China-Iran Friendship Association (CIFA) was established
last week during a ceremony at the venue of Chinese People's
Association for Friendship with Foreign Countries (CPAFFC). ......The
Iran-China Friendship Society (ICFS) was established ten years ago to
boost cultural ties between the two countries

http://www.etawau.com/HTML/Kuching/FriendshipPark.htm
Main entrance to the Malaysia-China Friendship Park in Kuching City.
The park is located on 2.8 hectares in Tabuan Heights, a residential
area within the Tabuan Jaya district in Kuching.

Quotation from //cnnwire.blogs.cnn.com/2009/04/07/new-york-da-
alleges-
plot-to-smuggle-nuclear-technology-to-iran/

April 7th, 2009
New York DA alleges plot to smuggle nuclear technology to Iran
Posted: 03:19 PM ET

From Amy Sahba CNN NEW YORK (CNN) -- A Chinese businessman has been

> 与此同时，在如今屹立自由女神像的美东纽约湾，埃利斯岛先后慷慨接纳通过了2000万移民。自由女神像奠基时流传至今令人热血沸腾的诗句道："......在这

> 哈帕者，充其量也就是望远镜，隔洋而望----望洋兴叹！

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Date : Sunday, December 28, 2008

China-Iran Friendship Association established
Tehran Times Culture Desk

TEHRAN -- China-Iran Friendship Association (CIFA) was established
last week during a ceremony at the venue of Chinese People's
Association for Friendship with Foreign Countries (CPAFFC).

Iran's cultural attaché to China Mohammad-Javad Aqajari, Iran's
ambassador to Chian Javad Mansouri, head of Iran-China Friendship
Association Ahad Mohammadi, as well as several Iranian and Chinese
scholars and officials attended the ceremony.

At the beginning of the event, the Chairman of CPAFFC Chen Haosu,
Director of Foreign Affairs Office of Jilin Provincial Government Wang
Meng, former Chinese Ambassador to Tehran Liu Zhentang and vice
president of CPAFFC Feng Zuoku were appointed as the members of the
CIFA board of directors.

China and Iran are two important Asian countries that have a rich
culture and were connected to each other by the Silk Road from ancient
times, Chen Haosu mentioned during the ceremony.

"The Iran-China Friendship Society (ICFS) was established ten years
ago to boost cultural ties between the two countries and it is my hope
that its establishment will improve the relationship between our two
countries," Mansuri mentioned during the event.

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Cerebrating Long Term Friendship
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Apr 8, 2009, 5:40:21 AM4/8/09

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Second Chance
Steve Rushin
七月 03, 1995
Mike Tyson deserves one in the ring, but whether he again merits the
public's esteem is another matter
七月 03, 1995
Second Chance
Mike Tyson deserves one in the ring, but whether he again merits the
public's esteem is another matter
Steve Rushin, Sonja Steptoe

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1 2 3 4 5

"Why not root for Mike Tyson?" asks the man who prosecuted him,
Indianapolis attorney Greg Garrison. "He paid his debt to society.
People have expected me to have a medieval attitude about him, that he
ought never to have success again. But that's antithetical to the
notion of rehabilitative justice. How many times do you pay for the
same sin?"

Socrates might respond this way: How does one rehabilitate a man who
won't acknowledge having sinned? "How do you heal somebody who doesn't
admit they want it?" asks Boston Globe columnist Ellen Goodman. "Even
your basic 12-step programs say you have to admit what your behavior
was."

Moreover, long before the rape conviction, Tyson's behavior was a
model of misogyny. He allegedly boasted that the best punch he ever
landed was on Robin Givens, his wife at the time. Upon receiving an
honorary doctorate from Central (Ohio) State in 1989, Tyson was moved
to remark to a gathering of about a thousand, "I don't know what kind
of doctor I am, but watching all these beautiful sisters up here, I'm
debating whether I should be a gynecologist." Which is to say he was a
crass act.

The heavy hopes of others he shed like a fighter sheds clothes at
weigh-in. "There are so many negative myths about black male athletes,
myths that I have personally committed myself to eradicating," says
Reggie Williams, the former Cincinnati city councilman and Bengal
linebacker who is now an executive at the Walt Disney World Company.
"But all of my actions will never carry the media clout or have the
domino effect of one of Mike Tyson's misdeeds."

In a poignant counterpoint to Tyson's circus maximus in Harlem, some
75 demonstrators protesting violence against women--members of African-
Americans Against Violence, a group formed in response to the Tyson
parade plans--assembled outside the Apollo the night before the
"salute." They were nevertheless rooting for the fighter. And why
wouldn't they be? Said spokesman Donald Suggs, "We want to get him to
the point where we can look at him as a hero."

Tyson declined an "invitation" to that rally; instead he reportedly
spent the evening in a men's clothing boutique a mile away. Two nights
earlier he had bought a $123,000 Mercedes over the telephone,
complementing the four $320,000 Bentley Azures he had recently
purchased in Las Vegas, where he had also sprung for a big house since
being sprung from the big house in March. There is nothing wrong with
that, except that Tyson claims an ascetic new lifestyle. "The only
thing I do is pray and fight," says Iron Mike.

To be fair, he did convert to Islam in prison and allegedly read the
great works of Western literature. And though he failed to obtain his
high school equivalency degree while spending three years behind bars,
there were larger lessons to absorb at the Indiana Youth Center. "You
hope he's learned something," says filmmaker Spike Lee, who visited
Tyson five times in the slammer. "I think eventually he'll speak out
against abuse to women."

Lee wrote and directed Do the Right Thing. Tyson has yet to do it. And
even he can't say that he has changed. "If I have," is all Tyson will
say, "I hope it's for the better."

Some sports fans would like to know whether that's true before they
decide to root for Tyson. "I don't find it easy to root for people
just because they win," says Temple basketball coach John Chaney. "I
find it easy to root for people because there's something about their
attitude."

"His lack of contrition and his immediate re-signing with Don King and
his purchase of a million-dollar house suggest that maybe he hasn't
changed," says Congressman Bill Richardson (D., N.Mex.), a fight fan
who has sponsored legislation to regulate the sport.

1 2 3 4 5

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Flack he got. Only it wasn't Roberta. Roberta Flack didn't sing for
Mike Tyson, because the all-star parade planned for Tyson was
canceled. On account of he's a convicted rapist, recently paroled. And
the idea of celebrating his release--well, it drew some flack. So
instead of being paraded, the former heavyweight champion of the world
was discreetly "saluted" last week in the hazy heat of Harlem, where
preacher after preacher honoring the ex-champ proclaimed him "the
prodigal son."

You know: the Biblical boy who demands his share of his father's
estate, leaves home, squanders the money and returns to the old man,
repentant. "Father," says the son in Luke 15, "I have sinned against
God and against you; I am no longer fit to be called your son. Treat
me as one of your hired servants." But the father fetes the lad
instead. "Fetch a robe, the best we have, and put it on him," he tells
the help. "Put a ring on his finger and sandals on his feet. Bring the
fatted calf and kill it, and let us celebrate with a feast. For this
son of mine was dead and has come back to life. He was lost and is
found."

The above translation is from The Oxford Study Bible, which summarizes
the story as, "Joy over repentant sinners." If you forget the fact
that, in coming to Harlem, Tyson had not quite returned home (he's
from Brooklyn), or that he remains prodigiously prodigal (buying cars
like he's Adnan Kashoggi), or that he has yet to admit to or apologize
for raping 18-year-old Desiree Washington in an Indianapolis hotel
room, you might have figured him for a neo-New Testament hero, an
honest-to-goodness repentant sinner. Until, that is, he appeared at
the "press" conference.

Held in a tent in Harlem, the Q-and-A session was dominated by
"sycophants and psycho fans," as the New York Daily News put it. So
Tyson fielded such softballs as "Mike, I just want to tell you that
African-American women love you" and "Mike, do you still give away
free turkeys on Thanksgiving?"

When an actual journalist was somehow heard and began to ask Tyson if
he was "sorry," promoter Don King seized the dais. "Sorry?!" shrieked
King. "Sorry for what?! What are you talking about?! C'mon, man!"

Moments later Tyson was asked if he would denounce violence against
women, and again one of his handlers handled the inquiry. "He doesn't
have to!" said John Home, a Tyson confidant. "I won't sit here and let
you disrespect him like that!"

There would be no act of contrition. Tyson left to spread charity
checks totaling roughly $1 million around Harlem before arriving by
limousine in front of the historic Apollo Theater, the centerpiece of
what one pro-Tyson speaker called "the most famous black community in
the world."

Harlem salutes Mike Tyson & Don King read the banner on the makeshift
stage set up in the street, where over 500 spectators--"so desperate
for heroes," as one Harlemite put it--waited for two hours in the 95°
heat for a few words from Tyson. But first, there were filibustery
speeches: some praying for Tyson's redemption, many stating that he
was railroaded in the rape trial and a few frighteningly implying
that, all things considered, rape is a relatively unserious
transgression. "Remember the lady who drove her two children into the
river in South Carolina?" asked the Reverend William Crockett. "Mike
Tyson didn't do that. Remember Timothy McVeigh, who blew up the
building in Oklahoma City? Mike Tyson didn't do that. Remember Jeffrey
Dahmer, who ate the people and put them in the refrigerator? Mike
Tyson didn't do that."

In short, Mike Tyson is no manslaughterer. Though Don King is. Does it
matter? Both men did their time. But do an athlete's actions outside
the arena diminish his greatness in it? "Like Picasso," says Camille
Paglia, a self-described dissident feminist and author who is
decidedly in Tyson's corner. "Because he was mean to his girlfriend,
he was not a great artist?" Of course he was.

So, say Mike Tyson remains a great artist inside the ring. Should you
root for him?

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Some of Tyson's backers say he has nothing to apologize for, arguing
instead that he was a victim of a judicial system that continually
comes down hardest on black men. "I know him well, and I believe he
was falsely accused and convicted, and the community believes that as
well," says Russell Simmons, CEO of Def Jam records. Just as some rap
lyrics express young African-Americans' rage and frustration, Simmons
says, Tyson represents their hopes. "The gangsta rappers say things in
their songs all the time about how they'd much prefer to have an
education, but that isn't an alternative. Today young black kids have
no opportunities. They used to have affirmative action, now there's
little hope. Mike Tyson presents a powerful image of a young black kid
who took street smarts, determination and hard work and built his own
industry. He represents hope."

"Mike is trying," says Muhammad Siddeeq, Tyson's spiritual adviser and
tutor in prison. "Mike is moving in a positive direction. He's been to
jail. He's paid a price. He hasn't reached angelic status, but he's
moving in the right direction.

"What more can society ask of a man?"

"What are we asking of Mike Tyson?" echoes Williams. "Do you want him
never to box again? Do you want him to pay more for his crimes? Do you
want to give him a chance to prove the naysayers wrong? Do you want
him to just roll up and die? Is there any one thing that will satisfy
all these diverse points of view?"

Is society not fractionally responsible for the care and feeding of
its heroes? At the time of his trial in 1992 Tyson was the most
prominent American figure since Errol Flynn in 1943 to be charged with
a crime as serious as rape. Today, that statement can stand on its
head: In being charged with a serious crime, one becomes famous in
America. Celebrities have always said that fame is a prison. Now it is
literally so.

So we have serial-killer trading cards, love letters mailed to the
brothers Menendez, a welcome-home party for Joey Buttafuocco, and
teens too young to have known him as an athlete applauding fugitive
double-homicide suspect O.J. Simpson as he fled police in slow motion.
Fame has become an inherent moral good. Celebrity and celebrate spring
from the same Latin root.

"We go into neighborhoods as coaches and think we can convince a kid
that 'son, if you get educated, you'll go to college, have a good job,
a car,' " says Chaney. "That's bull. We don't understand that as he
looks out of his eyes and sees Mike Tyson and others like him as
heroes, he feels everything is instant. He thinks, I can gain a
lifestyle without waiting 10, 15 years. It's easier to go out and
commit a crime."

Thirty-three years ago felonious fighter Sonny Liston was an unpopular
heavyweight champion. Gangstas were not heroes to youngstas, as they
are today. Should a society that glorifies the culture of violence--
indeed, which sees no oxymoron in that phrase--really have a problem
pulling for Tyson, a man whose brutality (in the ring) is his most
praiseworthy quality?

You might suggest that this magazine sure hopes not, for Tyson--"the
former champ"--stars in the videotape currently given "free...with your
paid subscription to SPORTS ILLUSTRATED."

Get into it. Athletes now come Scotchguarded against scandal. "They
come back and participate and are accepted as heroes," says Chaney. "I
find that to be very dangerous. It goes back to the old saying, 'Bad
publicity is better than no publicity.' "

1 2 3 4 5

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1 2 3 4 5

But of course. The day before Tyson's tour of Harlem, the Bronx
Bombers signed tax cheat, drug abuser and woman-beater Darryl
Strawberry to a three-month, $850,000 contract, a move so myopic that
it was immediately denounced by Dr. Brown. Not former American League
president Dr. Bobby Brown, mind you (though he might have pointed to
Strawberry's near total decline as a ballplayer), but by federal drug
czar Dr. Lee Brown, who said the New York Yankees "are sending the
worst possible message to the youth of America: that if you use drugs,
you can be rewarded with big money in big-time sports." Ask
Strawberry's teammate Steve Howe, the man in the Stain-Master cloak,
still unsullied in the eyes of at least one baseball owner after seven
drug-related suspensions.

By contrast, Tyson merely requires a second chance. And no one would
deny him his right to earn a living. What Tyson is not entitled to,
says Goodman, is renewed renown. "Why is he treated more as if he were
Michael Jordan than Mike Tyson?" she wonders. "Because he can bring in
the bucks, that's why."

Bring in the bucks. If they do that in this culture, Iron Mike is
eternally Teflon-coated and Strawberry fields forever.

"It's fine to make a buck with Tyson," says HBO Sports boss Seth
Abraham, whose network lost to Showtime in the sweepstakes to televise
Tyson's fights over the next three years. "That doesn't trouble me. He
went to prison and served his time."

You've heard the phrase "Time is money"? Tyson may have earned only 65
cents a day while sweeping the gym in the joint, but his was an
interest-bearing sentence. He became a much hotter boxer in the
cooler. When Tyson entered prison, his career's parabola was on a
noticeable decline. In the 25 months following his stunning loss to
Buster Douglas in Tokyo, Tyson launched a comeback in which he had
four wins against waning contenders, the last of which was a 12-round
decision against Razor Ruddock. In the four years since then he has
thrown no punches that we know of. Ergo....

"We think Tyson is the hottest commodity in boxing," says Tom Bruny,
director of public relations and advertising for the MGM Grand in Las
Vegas, which will host Tyson's next six fights, pay him $36 million
and still need a craps rake to pull in the profits. No wonder the MGM
Grand has commissioned a 48-foot portrait of Tyson to put on a
rotating cube outside. And you know what? Most fight fans will tell
you the image is life-sized.

"He was always a towering giant in the heavyweight ranks," says one
boxing buff. "You've seen him in the ring. He's thunder and
lightning." (Forgive Tyson if he fails to phone the florist: The
speaker is Garrison.)

The point is, few will resist watching when Tyson returns to the ring
on Aug. 19 to tenderize a side of beef named Peter McNeeley. "I'm not
asking him to change the world, to do more time or send me a few bucks
for my personal pain or to sign an autograph or talk to my kids," says
Williams. "I want to see Mike Tyson come out of his corner with that
look in his eyes and his gloves up near his jaw."

Why not? "Hate the sin, love the sinner," is an admirable chestnut of
Judeo-Christian teaching. Surely you can separate Tyson the fighter
from Tyson the felon, cheering the former and condemning the latter.
"I think Mike Tyson, like all of us, is an imperfect human being,"
says Congressman Richardson. "We should like the good side and dislike
the bad side. You don't have to love him all the time or hate him all
the time. The human being in me wants him to show humility and
contrition. But would I pay to see him fight? Yes."

On the other hand, "some rise by sin, and some by virtue fall," wrote
Shakespeare. So does that make Tyson an indivisible entity: By
elevating the fighter, are you endorsing the felon? "Saying you
separate Tyson the man from Tyson the boxer is saying, I don't care
about his raping Desiree Washington; all I care about is whether he
beats Peter McNeeley," says Goodman. "Frankly, people who buy Showtime
pay-per-view are supporting him and supporting the notion that you can
get away with anything."

1 2 3 4 5

The Tyson-McNeeley fight will go for $50 a throw on pay-per-view. The
MGM Grand is already a near sellout. And speaking of sellouts, King
noted last week that in marketing Tyson he is using "every available
means of exploitation."

To see Tyson on that stage in Harlem was to know that King hadn't
misspoken. The fright-haired promoter was introducing Tyson to his
impatient public when the Reverend Al Sharpton, the New York political
opportunist, stepped forward. He was supposed to introduce Tyson. King
acquiesced, and Sharpton did the honors, joining the chorus of those
likening Tyson to the Prodigal Son. "Bring forth the fatted calf,"
said Sharpton.

As Tyson stepped to the microphone, that's exactly what he looked
like. The fatted calf.

mrliu918

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Apr 17, 2009, 4:19:33 AM4/17/09

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　　学校座落在古城长沙，占地总面积5632亩，分为四个校区，拥有先进的教学、科研实验条件和公共服务体系。全校有3个国家级国防科技重点实验室、
1个国家 "863"高技术重点实验室、1个军队院校重点实验室和一批高水平的教学科研实验室。新建的教学大楼，拥有先进的计算机辅助教学系统。图书
馆藏书160多万册，中外期刊4000多种，并建立了全套"美国政府四大科技报告"检索系统。校园网实现了与国家教育科研网、国际互联网互联。
　　学校下设：基础部、航天与材料工程学院、理学院、机电工程与自动化学院、电子科学与工程学院、计算机学院、人文与管理学院、炮兵学院、工程兵学
院、政治学院和继续教育学院。

作者：欲树淫风

2007-10-29 08:19 　回复此发言

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2 回复：中国十大军校排行榜
二、中国人民解放军信息工程大学
中国人民解放军信息工程大学是全国重点理工科高等院校，全军综合型大学之一。主要为国防现代化建设培养计算机、通信、测绘和信息研究等专业方面的高层
次人才。
　　学校是全军最早招收培养研究生的单位之一，经过几十年的建设与发展，逐步形成了特色鲜明、优势明显的学科专业体系。现有信息与通信工程、测绘科学与
技术、军队指挥学3个博士后科研流动站，信息与通信工程、测绘科学与技术2个一级学科、9个博士学位授权点、23个硕士学位授权点，在计算机技术、电子
与信息工程、测绘工程等3个工程领域可培养工程硕士生。拥有5个军队重点学科、2个军队重点实验室、1个国家工程中心（国家数字交换系统工程技术研究中
心）。
　　　学校位于河南省郑州市，校园宽阔整洁，绿树成荫，具有良好的学习生活环境，被命名为"园林式营院"。占地3500亩，总建筑面积90万平方米。
GPS实验场、卫星地面站、人造卫星观测站、天文台、计算中心、游泳池、射击场、田径运动场、室内运动馆、多媒体教室、学术报告厅等教学、科研和生活设
施齐全配套。拥有包括百亿次巨型机、小型机在内的各类高档计算机4000余台，有多达1500个座位的语音听力设备。图书馆藏书近100万册。校内建有
宽带高速校园网，接入全军军事教育训练信息网。学校铺有专线接入教育科研网并与INTERNET互联。

作者：欲树淫风

2007-10-29 08:19 　回复此发言

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3 回复：中国十大军校排行榜
三、空军工程大学
　　空军工程大学位于古城西安市区，是以工为主，集法、文、理、军、管等多学科于一体的综合性大学，覆盖了空军主要兵种的重要技术学科。她担负着为空
军培养航空工程、地空导弹、电子信息等领域高层次工程技术和指挥管理人才任务。是培养空军专业技术人才的最高学府，是全军重点建设的五所综合大学之
一。

　　空军工程大学下设工程学院、导弹学院、电讯工程学院。共有23个系，2个博士后科研流动站，7个博士学位授权点，29个硕士学位授权点，32个本
科专业，在校学员近万名研究生近千人。拥有教授、副教授、高级实验师460余人，形成了一支结构合理，素质优良，充满活力的师资队伍。对外学术交流日趋
活跃，每年都有部分教研人员赴美、俄、欧等国家和地区参加学术活动。
四、中国人民解放军理工大学
　　中国人民解放军理工大学坐落在长江之滨、人文荟萃的六朝古都南京，是一所新型的综合性全军重点建设院校。她是由具有半个多世纪辉煌历史的全国重点
高校通信工程学院，点燃"亚洲第一爆"的全国重点高校工程兵工程学院，开拓新中国军事气象事业先河的空军气象学院和在高科技领域一支独秀的总参第六十三
研究所合并组建，担负着为国防现代化建设培养高素质新型人才的重任，是国家和军队进行科学研究、知识创新、技术创新和装备研制的重点基地。

　　学校占地3500余亩，基础雄厚，规模宏大，条件优良。设有通信工程学院、指挥自动化学院、工程兵工程学院、气象学院、理学院等5个学院和一个研究
所，校舍总面积72万平方米。拥有3个博士后科研流动站，2个一级学科、6个二级学科博士点，25个硕士点，25个本科专业。拥有20多个全军性科研培
训中心和大型教学科研基地，有全军重点学科4个，重点实验室3个。图书馆藏书120余万册，从采编到流通实现计算机管理并进入军队院校图书馆信息网络系
统。校园环境优美，教学、科研和生活设施配套齐全，有条件良好的教学楼、实验楼，有设备先进的电化教学中心、计算中心、电子阅览室和语言视听室，有设施
完善的运动场、游泳池、礼堂和军事训练场。

作者：欲树淫风

2007-10-29 08:20 　回复此发言

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4 回复：中国十大军校排行榜
四、中国人民解放军理工大学
　　中国人民解放军理工大学坐落在长江之滨、人文荟萃的六朝古都南京，是一所新型的综合性全军重点建设院校。她是由具有半个多世纪辉煌历史的全国重点
高校通信工程学院，点燃"亚洲第一爆"的全国重点高校工程兵工程学院，开拓新中国军事气象事业先河的空军气象学院和在高科技领域一支独秀的总参第六十三
研究所合并组建，担负着为国防现代化建设培养高素质新型人才的重任，是国家和军队进行科学研究、知识创新、技术创新和装备研制的重点基地。

作者：欲树淫风

2007-10-29 08:20 　回复此发言

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5 回复：中国十大军校排行榜
五、海军工程大学
　　海军工程大学原名为海军工程学院，1999年原海军电子工程学院并入该校。学院是一所技术与指挥、工程与管理相结合，具有鲜明海军特色，多学科、多
层次、综合型、高水平的军事工程技术院校，是海军唯一的一所具有学士、硕士到博土学位授予权的全国重点高等院校。学院座落在"九省通微"的湖北省武汉
市，占地面积93万平方米，是一所理想的教学科研园地。

　　学院下设基础部和舰船工程、舰船内燃机动力、蒸汽燃气核动力、舰船电气工程、兵器工程、系统工程系．有50多个教研室和研究室．40多个实验室。学
院瞄准世界高新技术发展前沿，先后建立了仿真技术、隐身技术、电力电子技术、材料科学、核安全工程等一批我军现代化建设急需的新学科专业，现有6个博
士、18硕士学位授权点和22个本科专业．成为人民海军高层次军事人才培养的最大基地

作者：欲树淫风

2007-10-29 08:20 　回复此发言

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6 回复：中国十大军校排行榜
六、第二炮兵工程学院

第二炮兵工程学院是全国、全军重点高等院校之一，是全军重点建设的院校。学院在1986年被批准为硕士学位授予单位，在1993年被批准为博士学位授
予单位。现在工学、军事学、法学3个学科门类具有14个硕士点和2个博士点，并在"控制科学与工程"学科设立了博士后科研流动站。1996
年，"导航、制导与控制"、"兵器发射理论与技术"2个具有博士学位授予权的学科被确定为全军重点学科，"火炮、自动武器与弹药工程"学科的实验室被确
定为全军重点实验室。

　　学院拥有一支思想素质好、学术造诣较深、教学科研能力强、年龄结构相对合理的研究生导师队伍。1985年以来，先后有90多人具有高级专业技术职
务的专家、教授担负起培养研究生的任务，现有研究生导师67人，其中博士生导师9人。

作者：欲树淫风

2007-10-29 08:21 　回复此发言

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7 回复：中国十大军校排行榜
七、海军大连舰艇学院

在国内外享有盛誉的全军重点建设院校----海军大连舰艇学院，是培养海军舰艇技术指挥军官、海军政治指挥军官和海洋测绘工程技术军官的高等院校。她坐落
在风光秀丽的大连市老虎滩畔，依山傍海，风景秀丽，具有良好的学习、生活环境。

　　学院办学正规，教学设备先进，师资力量雄厚，担负着博士生、研究生、本科生等多层次的教学任务和一些重要课题的科研任务。学院设有政治系、航海系、
舰炮武器系、水中武器系、导弹系、指控信息系、海洋测绘系、外训系等8个专业系、一个基础部、一个学员旅、一个海上实习中心、46个教研室、10个实验
中心（其中包括172个实验室和教练室），拥有万元以上的实验设备万余件（套），以及与之相配套的图书馆、教育技术中心、网络中心、水面舰艇模拟训练中
心、海上舢舨和游泳训练中心，还有射击靶场、各种球类场、室内外运动场、游泳馆等体育设施。

作者：欲树淫风

2007-10-29 08:21 　回复此发言

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8 回复：中国十大军校排行榜
第8名空军雷达学院
前身是中国人民解放军雷达和防空学校，组建于1952年7月。她是全军唯一的一所培养雷达兵的院校。主要培养本科和硕士研究生，也培训一部分专科和干
部学员

作者：欲树淫风

2007-10-29 08:22 　回复此发言

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9 回复：中国十大军校排行榜
第9名石家庄陆军指挥学院
是一所中级指挥院校，担负培养陆军（含空降）师以下机关的各类参谋、院校军事教员、教学管理干部和全军电教干部的任务。学院源于1938年创建的抗大
二分校。随着军队建设的需要，先后易名为华北军政大学、第二高级步校、石家庄高级步校、石家庄高级陆军学校、军事教育学院。1992年8月改为陆军参谋
学院。1999年改名为石家庄陆军指挥学院。学院座落在河北省石家庄市．占地面积83万平方米．建筑面积24万平方米。

作者：欲树淫风

2007-10-29 08:22 　回复此发言

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10 回复：中国十大军校排行榜
第10名装甲兵工程学院
装甲兵工程学院座落在北京市风景秀丽的卢沟桥畔，是全国重点工科院校和全军十二所综合院校之一。学院的前身是"哈尔滨军事工程学院"装甲兵工程系，
1961年在西安扩建为装甲兵工程学院，于1969年迁址首都北京，是我军培养装甲机械化部队工程技术军官和指挥军官的最高学府。

作者：欲树淫风

2007-10-29 08:23 　回复此发言

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11 回复：中国十大军校排行榜
叹年光过去，功名未立，书生老去，机会方来。。。。

作者：60.212.137.*

2007-10-29 08:24 　回复此发言

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12 回复：中国十大军校排行榜
黄浦军校

作者：61.175.193.*

2007-11-4 12:44 　回复此发言

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15 9
这个军校的录取分是多少

作者：60.164.207.*

2008-11-16 13:36 　回复此发言

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16 回复：中国十大军校排行榜
为什么没有空军航空大学

作者：61.185.64.*

2008-12-6 17:21 　回复此发言

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17 回复：中国十大军校排行榜
空军航空大学的录取分数线是多少，是不是飞行员的学历比较低了？

作者：61.185.64.*

2008-12-6 17:23 　回复此发言

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18 回复：中国十大军校排行榜
文科生想考军校，都有哪些军校可以报考？

作者：218.28.126.*

2008-12-15 10:31 　回复此发言

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19 回复:中国十大军校排行榜
这得专业人士回答，，，俺不知道

作者：Xiao恩手机版

2008-12-15 13:04 　回复此发言
这条留言是通过手机发表的，我也要用手机发表留言！

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20 回复：中国十大军校排行榜
话说对我来说，军校神圣的说

作者：榨菜丫头

2008-12-16 09:15 　回复此发言

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21 回复：中国十大军校排行榜
　　1998年5月4日，总书记在庆祝北大建校100周年大会上向全社会宣告："为了实现现代化，我国要有若干所具有世界先进水平的一流大学。"为贯
彻落实党中央科教兴国的战略和江泽民同志的号召，教育部决定在实施"面向21世纪教育振兴行动计划"中，重点支持北京大学、清华大学等部分高等学校创建
世界一流大学和高水平大学，简称"985"工程。
中国47所军校里,唯一只有<解放军国防科技大学>是中国"985"工程的高校.其他都是地方上的高校.直属"中央军委"领导的<解放军国防科技大学
>是由"哈军工"发展壮大起来的综合性大学,在继承"哈军工"优良传统的基础上,特别是经过"211工程"建设,为国家和军队培养了一大批高素质人才,
是我军培养高素质复合型指挥人才的战略基地,国防科大的学员是中国军校的特种生。<<中国人民解放军国防科技大学>>是中国的"西点"军校.

作者：116.24.175.*

2008-12-16 14:26 　回复此发言

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22 回复：中国十大军校排行榜
中国"985"工程重点建设发展的高校名单：军队高校1所:(解放军国防科技大学) 地方高校37所:清华大学北京大学中国科技大学南京大
学复旦大学上海交通大学西安交通大学浙江大学哈尔滨工业大学南开大学天津大学东南大学华中科技大学武汉大学厦门大学山东大学
湖南大学中国海洋大学中南大学吉林大学北京理工大学大连理工大学北京航空航天大学重庆大学电子科技大学四川大学华南理工大学中山
大学兰州大学东北大学西北工业大学同济大学北京师范大学中国人民大学中国农业大学中央民族大学西北农林科技大学.

作者：116.24.175.*

2008-12-16 15:14 　回复此发言

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23 回复：中国十大军校排行榜
"211工程"介绍
　　1993年2月13日中共中央、国务院印发的《中国教育改革和发展纲要》及国务院《关于<中国教育改革和发展纲要>的实施意见》中，关于"211工
程"的主要精神是：为了迎接世界新技术革命的挑战，面向21世纪，要集中中央和地方各方面的力量，分期分批地重点建设100所左右的高等学校和一批重点
学科、专业，使其到2000年左右在教育质量、科学研究、管理水平及办学效益等方面有较大提高，在教育改革方面有明显进展，力争在21世纪初有一批高等
学校和学科、专业接近或达到国际一流大学的水平。概括为："211工程"就是面向21世纪，重点建设100所左右的高等学校和一批重点学科点......<<除
地方高校外,属"211工程"的中国军校只有3所::(1)解放军国防科技大学,(2)第二军医大学,(3)第四军医大学>>..中国"211工程"学
校名单:: 军事系统(3所)国防科技大学第二军医大学第四军医大学 .北京(24所).上海市(9所).重庆(2所) 重庆大学西南大学.河北
(1所) 河北工业大学.山西(1所) 太原理工大学.内蒙古(1所) 内蒙古大学.辽宁(4所)大连理工大学东北大学辽宁大学大连海事大学.吉
林(3所)吉林大学东北师范大学延边大学.黑龙江(4所)哈尔滨工业大学哈尔滨工程大学东北农业大学东北林业大学.江苏(11所)南京大学
东南大学苏州大学南京师范大学中国矿业大学中国药科大学河海大学南京理工大学江南大学南京农业大学南京航空航天大学.浙江(1所)
浙江大学.安徽(3所)中国科学技术大学安徽大学合肥工业大学.福建(2所)厦门大学福州大学.江西(1所) 南昌大学.山东(3所)山东大学
中国海洋大学中国石油大学.河南(1所)郑州大学.湖北(7所)武汉大学华中科技大学武汉理工大学中国地质大学（武汉) 华中师范大学华中农
业大学中南财经政法大学.湖南(3所)湖南大学中南大学湖南师范大学.广东(5所)中山大学暨南大学华南理工大学华南师范大学.广西(共1
所)广西大学.四川(共5所)四川大学西南交通大学电子科技大学四川农业大学西南财经大学.云南(1所)云南大学..贵州(1所) 贵州大学.
陕西(6所)西北大学西安交通大学西北工业大学长安大学西北农林科技大学西安电子科技大学.甘肃（1所)兰州大学..陕西（1所)陕西师范大
学.新疆(1所)新疆大学

作者：116.24.175.*

2008-12-16 15:21 　回复此发言

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24 回复：中国十大军校排行榜
长期以来，<<中国人民解放军国防科技大学>>一-直是大家公认的中国第一军校,有着"军中清华"之称，报考该校历来是有志青年的梦想。近年来，随着
科技强军战略的实施和该校新组建为直属"中央军委"领导的综合性大学.提起"哈军工"，许多人都耳熟能详,而由"哈军工"发展壮大起来的国防科大，更是
在继承"哈军工"优良传统的基础上，与时俱进，不断创造着新的辉煌。该校为国家和军队培养了一大批高素质人才，先后取得以"银河"系列巨型计算机、磁悬
浮列车、机器人、核心路由器等为代表的3700多项高水平科研成果。特别是经过"211工程"建设，学校由较单一的理工科大学发展为多学科的军队综合大
学，学科专业涉及理学、工学、军事学、管理学、文学、哲学、经济学、教育学8个学科门类，形成了具有鲜明的军队和国防特色、瞄准世界科技前沿、适应国防
现代化建设和未来军事斗争需要的学科专业体系。拥有27个本科专业、59个硕士点、28个博士点、9个博士后科研流动站、9个国家重点学科。在2002
年首次全国一级学科整体水平评估中，有4个一级学科位居同类学科前8名，其中计算机科学与技术一级学科位居本学科第一名。国防科大的学员是中国军校的特
种生。是我军培养高素质复合型指挥人才的战略基地，采取"4+1"培养模式，即学员入学后前4年在综合院校或有关专业院校完成通用学科本科学历教育和军
事基础训练，第5年转入专业院校进行指挥专业训练，学员毕业可获得工学和军事学两个学士学位，成为懂技术、会管理、能指挥的复合型的高素质军事指挥人
才。根据有关规定，对基础合训学员有着更加苛刻的标准：文化上，高考分数必须超过当地重点录取线(超过中国所有军校的录取线)；政治上，必须是中共党员
或共青团员，校级以上"三好学生"或优秀学生干部，要个人主动提出申请，所在学校推荐；身体上，身高在1.70米以上，身体素质要进行严格的检查。所以
称为"中国军校特种生"名副其实。

作者：116.24.175.*

2008-12-16 18:02 　回复此发言

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25 回复：中国十大军校排行榜
国防大学((是军队高级干部进修的学校))是不对地方上招生的.. 中国共有47所军队院校,,每年的军队院校招生录取分数线最高的是::<<中国人
民解放军国防科技大学>>...中国47所军校里,唯一只有<解放军国防科技大学>是中国"985"工程的高校.其他都是地方上的高校...有着"军中
清华",中国的"西点"军校之称..

作者：116.7.108.*

2008-12-19 18:07 　回复此发言

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26 回复：中国十大军校排行榜
116.24.175.*
强大

作者：如梦小樱

2008-12-20 11:25 　回复此发言

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27 回复：中国十大军校排行榜
中国排名第一军校：《中国人民解放军国防科学技术大学》是中国"985工程"唯一的重点军事院校(高考军校录取线最高）.是唯一能佩带自己校名臂章的
军校（其它军校佩带所属单位臂章）。被誉为：" 军中清华"、中国的"西点军校"。(军事科学院和国防大学是不对地方招生的，是高级军官进修的院校）
〈中国人民解放军国防科学技术大学〉校训："后德博学强军兴国"。

作者：218.17.141.*

2008-12-28 17:11 　回复此发言

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28 回复：中国十大军校排行榜
应该是黄埔军校

作者：219.145.103.*

2008-12-30 12:18 　回复此发言

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29 回复：中国十大军校排行榜
晕，你们太无知了，号称是中国的西点军校是石家庄陆军学院，最高学校不一定就是最好的，上面那些排名都是没有依据的，而且大多数都是理科学校，更有技
术院校。

作者：124.164.83.*

2009-1-23 10:29 　回复此发言

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30 回复：中国十大军校排行榜
这里为什么有那么多高人..................

作者：如梦小樱

2009-1-24 14:36 　回复此发言

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31 回复24：中国十大军校排行榜
真的吗？

作者：219.159.236.*

2009-1-27 13:43 　回复此发言

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32 回复：中国十大军校排行榜
《解放军国防科技大学》不是你想上就能上的，如果你达到"清华"的录取线，你基本就能上"清华"了；但你达到《解放军国防科大》的录取线，你不一定就
能去《解放军国防科大》。必须要经过严格的面试、军检、心理测试、政治审查等等、、、过关后才能就读。（新生入校三个月后，还要进行理论知识、军事体能
复查考核一次，经复查合格者，即取得学籍和军籍，注销户口后就正式办理参军手续；享受军队供给制学员待遇，发放军贴费；交通、学习和生活费用全部由国家
承担；其家庭享受军属待遇。复查不合格的要退回原籍）。
地方大学研究生、清华北大学生有保送到国防科大的。国防科大有保送到其他大学的吗？《解放军国防科技大学》是我军最高学府，解放军的技术科研能力难道不
能代表中国最高？只是很多研究成果属于机密没有公布而已，光公布的就已经不得了了。"国防科大"为中国做出的贡献怎是清华北大可以比拟的？丝毫不夸张地
说：中国可以没有清华北大，却不能没有《解放军国防科技大学》（有不重视国防的国家吗？）

作者：58.251.111.*

2009-3-31 17:01 　回复此发言

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國防大學 (臺灣)
維基百科，自由的百科全書
跳轉到: 導航, 搜索
國防大學
National Defense University

國防大學校徽
校訓誠實結實踏實
創校 1906年成立陸軍軍官學堂
1969年整併為三軍大學
2000年成立國防大學
類型國立，軍事院校
校長金乃傑上將
所在中華民國台灣
桃園縣八德市（校本部）
桃園縣大溪鎮（中正嶺校區）
台北市北投區（復興崗校區）
校園郊區
面積率真(八德)校區31.xx公頃
中正嶺校區64.3公頃
復興崗校區40.142589公頃
系所院 07學院
14學系
24碩士班
05博士班
國防大學網站

國防大學位於桃園縣八德市，是中華民國規模最大之軍事學府。以培養國家各階層研究國家戰略人才及國軍戰術、戰略研究、國防科技、資源管理、法律與政治作
戰等領導人才為宗旨，兼具國防智庫功能。國防大學目前是由三軍大學、中正理工學院、國防管理學院及政治作戰學校等四所院校整合組成。
目錄
[隱藏]
1 國防大學沿革
1.1 戰爭學院
1.2 陸軍指參學院
1.3 海軍指參學院
1.4 空軍指參學院
1.5 理工學院
1.6 管理學院
1.7 政戰學院
1.8 校區
2 歷任校長
3 校徽意涵
4 校歌
5 院所介紹
5.1 軍事學院
5.1.1 戰爭學院
5.1.2 陸軍指揮參謀學院
5.1.3 海軍指揮參謀學院
5.1.4 空軍指揮參謀學院
5.2 基礎學院
5.2.1 理工學院
5.2.2 管理學院
5.2.3 政治作戰學院
6 行政單位
7 教學單位及研究中心
8 北部地區軍事校院調併案
9 參考資料
10 外部連結

[編輯] 國防大學沿革
2000年5月8日，由三軍大學、中正理工學院、國防管理學院及國防醫學院等四所學校，整合成立國防大學。
2004年7月，成立戰略研究中心（國防智庫）。
2006年1月1日，原隸屬國防大學的國防醫學院，再分出為獨立學院，由軍醫局督導。
2006年9月1日，奉國防部「北部地區校院調併」案，將政治作戰學校納入國防大學並更名政治作戰學院；同時將原國防大學軍事學院、中正理工學院、國防
管理學院整編為戰爭學院、陸軍指揮參謀學院、海軍指揮參謀學院、空軍指揮參謀學院、理工學院、管理學院。11月1日，裁撤戰略研究中心。

mrliu918

unread,

Apr 17, 2009, 4:23:40 AM4/17/09

List of institutions of higher learning in Russia - You do have a
choice! You certainly can learn how to make SU-35 from Russia.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_institutions_of_higher_learning_in_Russia

Scholarship applications for Wikimania 2009 are now open. Apply now!

[Hide]
[Help us with translations!]

List of institutions of higher learning in Russia

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search

The following is a list of universities and other higher educational
institutions in Russia:

Contents [hide]
1 Higher educational institutions
2 Higher education in Siberia
3 See also
4 Links

[edit] Higher educational institutions
Academic Law University of the of the Institute of State and Law of
the Russian Academy of Sciences
Academy of State Fire-Prevention Service of the MIA of Russia
Academy of the National Economy attached to the Government of RF
Adygeysky State University
All-Russian Academy of Foreign Trade
All-Russian Institute of Continuous Education in Forestry
Altai State Technical University
Altai State University
Altai State Medical University
Arkhangelsk State Technical University (1925)
Astrakhan State Technical University
Astrakhan State University, former Astrakhan State Pedagogical
University
Baltic Institute of Economics and Finance
Baltic State Technical University
Barnaul State Pedagogical University
Bashkir State University (1957)
Bauman Kazan State Academy of Veterinary Medicine
Bauman Moscow State Technical University (aka Moscow State Technical
University) (1830)
Belgorod State Technological Academy of Construction Materials
Belgorod State University
Biysk Pedagogical State University (1939)
Biysk Technological Institute
Branch of Chelyabinsk State University
Branch of Russian University of People Friendship
Branch of Samara State Technical University
Bratsk State Technical University
Buryat State Agricultural Academy
Buryat State University
Chaykovsky Moscow State Conservatory
Chelyabinsk State University
Chelyabinsk State University of Agriculture and Engineering
Cherepovettz State University
Chernyshevsky Saratov State University
Chita State University
Chita State University of Medicine
Chita State University of Polytechnics
Chuvashsky State University
Dobrolubov Nizhnegorodsky State Linguistic University
Don State Technical University
Dubna International University of Nature, Society, and Human
Eastern Institute of Economics, Humanitarian Sciences, Management, and
Law
Eastern Siberian State Technological University
Essentuky Institute of Management, Business, and Law
European University at St Petersburg (ЕУСПб), St Petersburg (1996)
Far Eastern State Academy of Economics and Management
Far Eastern National University (1956), successor of Oriental
Institute in Vladivostok
Far Eastern State Technical Fishing University
Far Eastern State Technical University
Far Eastern State University of Communication
Finance Academy attached to the Government of RF
Gerasimov Institute of Cinematography
Glinka Voronezh State Agricultural University
Gnessin State Musical College Moscow
Gorky Literature Institute
Hertzen Russian State Pedagogical University
Hetagurov Northern Osetinsky State University
Higher School of Economics
Higher School of Religion and Philosophy
Higher Academic School of Graphic Design
Institute of Cryptography, Communication, and informatics by the
Academy of FSS of Russia
Institute of Topical Education “UrInfo-MSU”
International Academy of Business and Banking
International Academy of Business and New Technologies
International Institute of Economics and Law
International University in Moscow
International University of Fundamental Studies
Irkutsk State Academy of Agriculture
Irkutsk State Academy of Economics (Irkutsk Economics Academy)
Irkutsk State University (1918)
Irkutsk State Linguistic University (1948)
Ivanovo State Power University
Ivanovo State University of Chemistry and Technology
Izhevsk State Technical University
Kaliningrad State University
Kalmytzky State University
Kaluga State Pedagogical University
Kant Russian State University (1967), former Kaliningrad State
University, indirect successor to the Albertina University of
Königsberg (founded 1544)
Karelsky State Pedagogical University
Katanov Hakassky State University
Kazan Institute of Finance and Economics
Kazan Medical University
Kazan State Academy of Architecture and Construction
Kazan State Academy of Culture and Art
Kazan State Conservatory
Kazan State Power Engineering University (1968)
Kazan State Technical University
Kazan State University (1804)
Kemerovo State University (1973)
Kemerovo Technological Institute of Food Industry
Khabarovsk State Technical University
Kolomna State Pedagogical University ru
Korolev Samara State Aerospace University
Kostroma State Technological University
Krasnoyarsk State University (Russian abbreviation is KGU) (1963)
(Started as a division of Novosibirsk State University, became
standalone university in 1969)
Krasnoyarsk State Institute of Trade and Economics
Krasnoyarsk State Medical Academy (Russian abbreviation is KrasGMA)
(1942)
Krasnoyarsk State Pedagogical University (Russian abbreviation is
KGPU) (1932)
Krasnoyarsk State Technical University (Russian abbreviation is KGTU)
(1956)
Kuban State Technological University
Kuban State University (1970)
Kursk State Technical University
Kursk State Medical University
Kuzbass State Technical University (1950)
Kuzbass State University
Lipetzk State Technical University
Lobachevsky Nizhegorodsky State University
Lomonosov Pomorsky State University
Maimonid State Classical Academy
Magnitogorsk State Conservatory
Magnitogorsk State Pedagogical Institute
MAMI Moscow State Technical University
Marysky State Technical University
Marysky State University
MATI Russian State Technological University
Mendeleev Russian University of Chemistry and Technology
Military – Technical University of the Federal Service of Specialized
Construction of Russian Federation
Military Academy of Air Defence Forces of Russian Federation
Military Academy of Communication
Military Academy of Supreme Staff
Missile Forces Military Academy named after Peter the Great
Mordovsky State University
Moscow Academy for Tourism, Hotel and Catering Business
Moscow Academy of Government and Municipal Management
Moscow Agricultural Academy
Moscow Architectural Institute
Moscow Aviation Institute (State Technical University)
Moscow City Pedagogical University
Moscow City Psycho – Pedagogical Institute
Moscow Conservatory
Moscow Engineering Physics Institute
Moscow Institute of Economics, Management, and Law
Moscow Institute of Electronic Technology (Technical University)
Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology
Moscow Institute of Steel and Alloys
Moscow Medical Academy
Moscow Pedagogical University
Moscow Power Engineering Institute
Moscow State Academic School of 1905 Year Memory
Moscow State Academy of Fine Chemical Technology
Moscow State Academy of Instrument-Making Informatics
Moscow State Academy of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology WWW.MGAVM.RU
Moscow State Aviation Technological University (MATI)
Moscow State Construction University
Moscow State Geological Prospecting Academy
Moscow State Industrial University
Moscow State Institute of Electronics and Mathematics
Moscow State Institute of International Relations
Moscow State Institute of Motorcars and Roads
Moscow State Institute of Physics and Engineering (Technical
University)
Moscow State Institute of Radio-engineering Electronics and
Automation
Moscow State Institute of Steel and Alloys
Moscow State Law Academy
Moscow State Linguistic University
Moscow State Mining University
Moscow State Night Metallurgical Institute
Moscow State Open University
Moscow State Social University
Moscow State Technical University (aka Bauman Moscow State Technical
University) (1830)
Moscow State Technical University of Civil Aviation
Moscow State Textile University (aka Kosygin Moscow State Technical
University) (1930)
Moscow State University (1755)
Moscow State University of Agriculture Engineering
Moscow State University of Applied Biotechnology
Moscow State University of Civil Engineering
Moscow State University of Commerce
Moscow State University of Communication
Moscow State University of Culture and Arts
Moscow State University of Economics, Statistics, and Informatics
Moscow State University of Environment Organization
Moscow State University of Food Productions
Moscow State University of Forestry
Moscow State University of Printing
Moscow State University of Railway Engineering
Moscow State University of Service
Moscow State University of Technology "Stankin"
Moscow Technical University of Communication and Informatics
Moscow University for the Humanities (1944)
Moscow University of Consumer Cooperation
Moscow University of Geodesy and Cartography
Murmansk State Technical University
Nekrasov Kostroma State University
Nizhegorodsky State Pedagogical University
Nizhegorodsky State Technical University
Nizhnegorodskaya State Medical Academy
Nizhnevartovsk State University for the Humanities
Nizhny Novgorod Commercial Institute
Nizhny Novgorod State University (1918)
Nizhny Novgorod State University of Architecture and Civil
Engineering
Northern Caucasian State Technical University
Northwestern Academy of Public Service
Northern International University
Northern State Medical University (Arhangelsk State Medical
University)
Novgorod State University
Novosibirsk State Agricultural University
Novosibirsk State University (1959)
Novosibirsk State Technical University (1950)
Obninsk State Technical University for Nuclear Power Engineering
(1953), successor of Obninsk Institute for Nuclear Power Engineering
Omsk State Technical University (1942)
Omsk Academy of Law
Omsk Medical Academy
Omsk Road-Transport Academy
Omsk State Transport University (1961)
Omsk State Agrarian University (1918) (connected with Omsk State
Veterinary Institute and Institute of Agribusiness and Continuing
Education)
Omsk State Pedagogical University
Omsk State University (1974)
Omsk University of Consumer Service Technology
Omsk University of Physical Culture
Orel State Technical University
Orel State University
Oriental Institute (1899) (in Vladivostok)
Orenburg Institute of Moscow State Law Academy
Orenburg State Pedagogical University
Orenburg State University (1955)
Pavlov St. Petersburg State Medical University
Penza Institute of Technology – Branch of Penza State University
Penza State Technical University
Penza State University
Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (1960)
Perm State Technical University
Perm State University (1916)
Perm State Teachers' Training University (1919)
Perm State Medical Academy
Perm State Pharmaceutical Academy
Perm State Agricultural Academy
The Perm State Institute of Art and Culture
Perm branch of Higher school of economics
Petersburg State University of Communication
Petrozavodsk State University
Plekhanov Russian Academy of Economics
Polzunov Altay State Technical University
Prof. Bonch-Bruevich St. Petersburg State University of
Telecommunications
Prof. Ivanov Kursk State Agricultural Academy
Puschino State University
Pyatigorsk State Linguistic University
Rostov State Academy of Architecture and Art
Rostov State Economics University
Rostov State University(1915), successor to the Warsaw Russian
University (founded 1869)
Rostov State University of Communication
Rubtzovsk Industrial Institute
Russian Academy of Public Service attached to the President of RF
Russian Palaeoentomological School (1980)
Russian State Humanitarian University
Russian State Medical University
Russian State Social University
Russian State University of Hydrometeorology
Russian State University of Innovation Technologies and
Entrepreneurship
Russian State University for the Humanities (РГГУ), Moscow (1991)
Russian University of Peoples Friendship
Ryazan State Pedagogical University
Ryazan State Radio Engineering University
Saint Petersburg Institute of Trade and Economics
Saint Petersburg State Academy of Chemistry and Pharmacology
Saint Petersburg State Agrarian University [1]
Saint Petersburg State Conservatory (1862)
Saint Petersburg State Electrotechnical University (1886)
Saint Petersburg State Institute of Fine Mechanics and Optics
St. Petersburg State Medical Academy
Saint Petersburg State Pediatric Medical Academy (1925)
Saint Petersburg State Polytechnical University (1899)
Saint Petersburg State Technological Institute (1828)
Saint Petersburg State University (1819) (successor to Saint
Petersburg Academy, founded 1724)
Saint Petersburg State University of Aerospace Instrumentation
Saint-Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil
Engineering
Saint Petersburg State University of Culture and Arts
Saint Petersburg State University of Economics and Finance (1930)
Saint Petersburg State University of Engineering and Economics
Saint Petersburg State University of Information Technologies,
Mechanics and Optics
Saint Petersburg State University of Low Temperature and Food
Technologies
Saint Petersburg State University of Sea and Technology
Saint Petersburg State University of Water Communications
Sakhalin State University
Samara State Aerospace University
Samara State Technical University
Samara State University
Samara State University of Teacher Training
Saratov State Academy of Law
Saratov State Medical University
Saratov State Technical University
Saratov State University (1909)
Sechenov Moscow Medical Academy
Sergo Ordzhonikidze State University of Management
Seversk State Technological Academy
Shahty Institute – branch of South Russian State Technical University
Sholokhov Moscow State University for Humanities
Siberian Academy of Public Service
Siberian Federal University
Siberian State Aerospace University (Russian abbreviation is SibGAU)
(1960)
Siberian State Academy of Motorcars and Roads
Siberian State Industrial University
Siberian State Medical University (1888)
Siberian State Technological University (Russian abbreviation is
SibGTU), the oldest in the city, founded in 1930 as the Siberian
Institute of Forest)
Siberian State University of Communication
Siberian State University of Telecommunication and Information
Sciences
Siberian University of Small Business
Siberian State University of Communication
Smolensk Humanitarian University
Smolny College
Smolny University
South Russian State Technical University
South Ural State University (1943)
Stankin Moscow State Technical University
State Academy of Natural Gas and Oil
State University – Higher School of Economics
State University of Management
Stavropol State University
Stroganov Moscow Arts and Industrial Institute
Sukachev Institute of Forest (1944)
Surikov Moscow State Academic Art Institute
Taganrog State Pedagogical Institute
Taganrog State University of Radio Technology
Tambov State Technical University
Tolstoy Tula State Pedagogical University
Tomsk Polytechnic University (1896)
Tomsk State Pedagogical University (1902)
Tomsk State University (1878)
Tomsk State University of Architecture and Building (1952)
Tomsk State University of Control Systems and Radioelectronics (1962)
Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum (1811)
Tula State University
Tver State Medical Academy
Tver State University
Tyumen State Oil and Gas University
Tyumen State Agricultural Academy
Tyumen State University
Tziolkovsky Kaluga State Pedagogical University
Udmurdsky State University
Udmurt State University
Ufa State Technical University of Aviation
Ufa State Technical University of Oil
Uhta State Technical University
Ulyanovsk State Agricultural Academy
Ulyanovsk State Technical University
Ulyanovsk State University
Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University
Urals Academy of Architecture
Ural State Academy of Communications
Urals State Academy of Law
Ural State Academy of Mining and Geology
Ural State Economics University
Ural State Forestry Engineering Academy
Ural State Pedagogical University
Ural State Technical University (1920)
Ural State University (1920)
Vladimir State University
Vladivostok State University of Economics and Service (1967)
Voenmeh Baltic State Technical University
Volgograd State Academy of Architecture and Construction
Volgograd State Pedagogical University
Volgograd State Technical University
Volgograd State University
Vologodsky State Pedagogical University
Vologodsky State Technical University
Voronezh State Academy of Forestry Engineering
Voronezh State Academy of Technology
Voronezh State Agricultural University
Voronezh Economics and Law Institute
Voronezh State Medical Academy
Voronezh State Pedagogical University
Voronezh State Technical University
Voronezh State University (1918), successor to the University of
Dorpat (founded 1802 or 1632)
Vyatsky State Pedagogical University
World Technological University
Yakutsk State University (1956)
Yaroslavl State Pedogogical University
Yaroslavl State Technical University
Yaroslavl Demidov State University (1918), successor to the Demidov
Lyceum (founded 1803)
Zabaykalsky State Pedagogical University

[edit] Higher education in Siberia
Abakan State Institute of Education
Abakan State University of Pedagogy
Amur State University
Bratsk State Technical University
Buryat State Agricultural Academy
Chita State Technical University
Chita State University of Medicine
Chita State University of Polytechnics
Eastern Institute of Economics, Humanitarian Sciences, Management, and
Law
Eastern Siberian State Technological University
Far Eastern State University (1899)
Irkutsk Institute of Railway Engineering
Irkutsk State Academy of Agriculture (Irkutsk Institute of
Agriculture)
Irkutsk State Academy of Economics
Irkutsk State University (1918)
Irkutsk State Linguistic University (1948)
Khakass Technical Institute
Kemerovo Agricultural Institute
Kemerovo Art Academy
Kemerovo Medical Academy
Kemerovo State University (1973)
Kemerovo Technological Institute of Food Industry
Krasnoyarsk State University (Russian abbreviation is KGU) (1963)
(Started as a division of Novosibirsk State University, became
standalone university in 1969)
Krasnoyarsk State Institute of Trade and Economics
Krasnoyarsk State Medical Academy (Russian abbreviation is KrasGMA)
(1942)
Krasnoyarsk State Pedagogical University (Russian abbreviation is
KGPU) (1932)
Krasnoyarsk State Technical University (Russian abbreviation is KGTU)
(1956)
Kuzbass State Technical University
Kuzbass State University
Novosibirsk State Agricultural University
Novosibirsk State University (1959)
Novosibirsk State Technical University (1950)
Omsk State Technical University (1942)
Omsk Academy of Law
Omsk Medical Academy
Omsk Road-Transport Academy
Omsk State Transport University (1961)
Omsk State Agrarian University (1918) (connected with Omsk State
Veterinary Institute and Institute of Agribusiness and Continuing
Education)
Omsk State Pedagogical University
Omsk State University (1974)
Omsk University of Consumer Service Technology
Omsk University of Physical Culture
Siberian Academy of Public Service
Siberian State Aerospace University (Russian abbreviation is SibGAU)
(1960)
Siberian State Academy of Motorcars and Roads
Siberian State Industrial University
Siberian State Medical University (1888)
Siberian State Technological University (Russian abbreviation is
SibGTU), the oldest in the city, founded in 1930 as the Siberian
Institute of Forest)
Siberian State University of Communication
Siberian State University of Telecommunication and Information
Sciences
Siberian University of Small Business
South Ural State University (1943)
Sukachev Institute of Forest (1944)
Tomsk Polytechnic University (1896)
Tomsk State Pedagogical University (1902)
Tomsk State University (1878) (First university in Siberia)
Tomsk State University of Architecture and Building (1952)
Tomsk State University of Control Systems and Radioelectronics (1962)
Tuvan Institute of Humanitarian Research
Tuvan State University
Tyumen State Oil and Gas University
Vladivostok State University of Economics and Service (1967)
Yakutsk State University (1956)
Ryazan State Radio Engineering University

[edit] See also
Education in Russia
Education in Siberia
Education in the Soviet Union (Historical)

[edit] Links
[http://www.unesco.org/iau/onlinedatabases/list_data/qr-
nw.html#Russian_Federation List of institutions in the Russia
Federation (these institutions ARE NOT recognised by IAU or UNESCO -
IAU gathers information on higher education around the world from the
national competent bodies and makes it available.)
List of Russian schools
100 Best Schools In Russia
Russian Universities Webometrics Ranking
[show]v • d • eList of universities in Asia

Sovereign
states Afghanistan · Armenia1 · Azerbaijan1 · Bahrain · Bangladesh ·
Bhutan · Brunei · Burma2 · Cambodia · People's Republic of China ·
Cyprus1 · East Timor3 · Egypt4 · Georgia4 · India · Indonesia · Iran ·
Iraq · Israel · Japan · Jordan · Kazakhstan4 · North Korea · South
Korea · Kuwait · Kyrgyzstan · Laos · Lebanon · Malaysia · Maldives ·
Mongolia · Nepal · Oman · Pakistan · Philippines · Qatar · Russia4 ·
Saudi Arabia · Singapore · Sri Lanka · Syria · Tajikistan · Republic
of China5 · Thailand · Turkey4 · Turkmenistan · United Arab Emirates ·
Uzbekistan · Vietnam · Yemen

Dependencies,
autonomies,
other territories Aceh · Adjara1 · Abkhazia1 · Akrotiri and Dhekelia ·
Altai · British Indian Ocean Territory · Buryatia · Christmas Island ·
Cocos (Keeling) Islands · Guangxi · Hong Kong · Inner Mongolia · Iraqi
Kurdistan · Jakarta · Khakassia · Macau · Nagorno-Karabakh ·
Nakhchivan · Ningxia · Northern Cyprus · Palestine (Gaza Strip · West
Bank) · Papua · Sakha · South Ossetia1 · Tibet · Tuva · West Papua ·
Xinjiang · Yogyakarta

Italics indicates an unrecognised or partially recognised country. 1
Sometimes included in Europe, depending on the border definitions. 2
Officially known as Myanmar. 3 Sometimes included in Oceania, and
also known as Timor-Leste. 4 Transcontinental country. 5 Commonly
known as Taiwan.

[show]v • d • eList of universities in Europe

Sovereign
states Albania · Andorra · Armenia1 · Austria · Azerbaijan2 · Belarus
· Belgium · Bosnia and Herzegovina · Bulgaria · Croatia · Cyprus1 ·
Czech Republic · Denmark · Estonia · Finland · France · Georgia2 ·
Germany · Greece · Hungary · Iceland · Ireland · Italy · Kazakhstan3 ·
Latvia · Liechtenstein · Lithuania · Luxembourg · Republic of
Macedonia · Malta · Moldova · Monaco · Montenegro · Netherlands ·
Norway · Poland · Portugal · Romania · Russia3 · San Marino · Serbia ·
Slovakia · Slovenia · Spain · Sweden · Switzerland · Turkey3 · Ukraine
· United Kingdom (England • Northern Ireland • Scotland • Wales) ·
Vatican City

Dependencies,
autonomies,
other territories Abkhazia 2 · Adjara1 · Adygea · Akrotiri and
Dhekelia · Åland · Azores · Bashkortostan · Catalonia · Chechnya ·
Chuvashia · Crimea · Dagestan · Faroe Islands · Gagauzia · Gibraltar ·
Guernsey · Ingushetia · Jan Mayen · Jersey · Kabardino-Balkaria ·
Kalmykia · Karachay-Cherkessia · Republic of Karelia · Komi Republic ·
Kosovo · Madeira · Isle of Man · Mari El · Mordovia · Nagorno-
Karabakh1 · Nakhchivan1 · North Ossetia-Alania · Northern Cyprus1 ·
South Ossetia 2 · Svalbard · Tatarstan · Transnistria · Udmurtia ·
Vojvodina

Italics indicates an unrecognised or partially recognised country. 1
Entirely in Asia, but historically considered European. 2 Partially
or entirely in Asia, depending on the border definitions. 3
Transcontinental country.

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
List_of_institutions_of_higher_learning_in_Russia"
Categories: Russian culture | Science and technology in Russia |
Universities and colleges in Russia | Universities and colleges in
Siberia | Lists of universities and colleges | Education in Russia
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This page was last modified on 14 April 2009, at 20:28 (UTC). All text

mrliu918

unread,

Apr 17, 2009, 5:17:30 AM4/17/09

Quotation from appledaily in Hong Kong

http://appledaily.atnext.com/template/apple/art_main.cfm?iss_id=20090416&sec_id=15335&subsec_id=15339&art_id=12644900

5 大漢赤手空拳施襲
美前軍官被殺　曾累北約炸華使館評分: 7.3 (6人) 瀏覽人次: 9,333 回應: 7

美國維珍尼亞州上月發生殘酷兇殺案，一對夫婦在公園散步，卻遇到至少五名惡
煞襲擊，丈夫被活活打死，妻子重傷昏迷。表面上，這只是一宗普通兇殺案；但
當案情越揭越深，這宗命案越發顯得神秘，因為男死者原是前軍官，他曾在中央
情報局（ CIA ）任職， 1999 年北約誤炸中國駐南斯拉夫大使館，正是他在地圖畫
錯「 X 」，翌年遭撤職。他的死是否與此有關？美國聯邦調查局（ FBI ）正在調
查。.....................

死者曾任綠扁帽
辛西婭送院搶救，上周情況穩定後，向探員講述遇襲經過：當日超過五人施襲，
當中一人更體形魁梧，全部赤手空拳，沒有武器，雖然貝內特曾是陸軍特種部隊
綠扁帽成員，受過搏擊訓練，但依然被五名大漢活活打死。但五名大漢膚色容貌
全無披露。
當過綠扁帽不能擋過襲擊，顯示五名大漢身手非凡，更懸疑的是傳媒揭出， 1999
年，北約空襲南斯拉夫 78 天， 5 月 7 日美軍要炸南斯拉夫的軍需供應採購局
（ FDSR ），但是地圖沒顯示 FDSR 位置，於是美軍委任一名情報軍官利用陸上導
航技術，向戰機指點 FDSR 位置，但該軍官卻在中國使館位置上畫上 X 標記，令使
館被炸，這名錯畫標記的軍官正是時任陸軍中校、在 CIA 任情報官的貝內特。
美國《洛杉磯時報》引述美國官員消息指，地圖中把「 X 」畫在錯誤地方的貝內
特，翌年連同其他六人被解僱，以對這次「致命」事件負責。因貝內特牽涉當年
風波，美國傳媒認為這並不純粹是一宗兇殺案。

..................................

從事不對稱戰役　綠扁帽多以一敵眾
維珍尼亞州遇害 57 歲前軍官貝內特，曾是美國陸軍特種部隊（俗稱綠扁帽）成
員。綠扁帽成員主要從事不對稱戰役，在荷李活電影《第一滴血》中、以一己之
力打敗整支軍隊的經典角色「蘭保」（ Rambo ）便是綠扁帽成員。
綠扁帽受訓過程嚴苛，有成員透露，他們試過在洞穴內跟老鼠和眼鏡蛇共處一個
月，訓練生存能力，而且要精於搏擊，受訓時強調「生存、閃避、抵抗和逃走」
等伎倆，還要用背負 45 公斤背囊跑山練毅力。
《蘋果》資料室

mrliu918

unread,

Apr 18, 2009, 2:50:01 AM4/18/09

Seawolf class submarine from USA 美國海狼級核動力攻擊型潛艇

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seawolf_class_submarine

Seawolf class submarine

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search

Class overview
Operators: United States of America
Preceded by: Los Angeles class
Succeeded by: Virginia class
Building: 0
Planned: 29
Completed: 3
Cancelled: 26
Active: 3
Lost: 0
General characteristics
Displacement: Surfaced: 8,600 tons

Submerged: 9,138 tons[1]
Length: 353 ft (107m)
Beam: 40 ft (12m)
Propulsion: 1 S6W PWR 45,000 hp, 1 secondary propulsion submerged
motor, 1 shaft, 1 Screw
Speed: Surfaced: 18 knots

Submerged: 25+ knots
Range: unlimited except by food supplies
Test depth: 610 Meters, approximately 2000 feet[2]
Complement: 140
Crew: 14 Officers; 126 Enlisted
Armament: 8x660mm torpedo tubes (50 Tomahawk cruise missile/Harpoon/
Mk-48 torpedo)
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Seawolf class submarines
The Seawolf class attack submarine (SSN) was the intended successor to
the Los Angeles class, ordered at the end of the Cold War in 1989. At
one time, an intended fleet of 29 submarines was to be built over a
ten-year period, later reduced to twelve. The end of the Cold War and
budget constraints led to the fleet being canceled at three boats in
1995, and led to the design of the smaller Virginia class.

They are quieter than the previous Los Angeles class submarines,
larger, faster, have twice as many torpedo tubes for a total of 8, and
carry more weapons, but were also much more expensive. They were
intended to combat the then-threat of large numbers of advanced Soviet
ballistic-missile submarines in deep ocean, such as the Typhoon class,
and to reply to the new Soviet Akula class attack submarines. They
were built using HY-100 steel rather than HY-80 steel which is what
previous classes had used. However they also have extensive equipment
for shallow-water operations, including a floodable silo capable of
deploying eight combat swimmers and their equipment at once. The boats
can also carry up to 50 UGM-109 Tomahawk cruise missiles for attacking
land and shipping targets.

海狼級核動力攻擊型潛艇
維基百科，自由的百科全書
跳轉到: 導航, 搜尋
海狼級

艇級概觀
艦種核動力攻擊潛艇
艦名 {{{艦名}}}
擁有國美國
前型洛杉磯級
次型維吉尼亞級
同型三艘
竣工 2004年10月24日（首艘）
結局現役
性能諸元
水上吃水 9.3m
水上排水 8600噸
潛航排水 9142噸
極限潛深最大深度潛800尺(255米)
全長 353尺
全寬 40（10.36米）
動力系統 {{{動力系統}}}
葉軸單軸靜音螺旋槳
水上極速 18節
水中極速 > 30節
乘員 134
魚雷 40具馬克48型魚雷(4個魚雷口)
可換成100枚水雷
火炮 {{{火炮}}}
飛彈戰斧巡弋飛彈
(454 kg 高爆彈頭，射程250 nm)
8x26枚
其他武備 {{{其他武備}}}
艇體結構單層外殼
續航力 {{{續航力}}}
自持力無限
其他
海狼級攻擊潛艇，本是洛杉磯級的繼任者，在冷戰末期1989年開始建造。最昂貴的核潛艇，同時也被認為是最安靜的核潛艇。本來美國海軍打算在10年間
建造29艘海狼級潛艇後來減少到12艘。由於冷戰結束和預算限制，導致在1995年海狼級潛艇的訂單被取消，總共只建造了三艘海狼級潛艇，由較小的弗吉
尼亞級所取代。

海狼級潛艇比以往洛杉磯級潛艇寧靜，更大，更快，有兩倍之多魚雷發射管，共8條，並攜帶更多的武器，但也昂貴得多。作用是打擊當時的威脅，一大批在深海
湧現的先進蘇聯彈道飛彈潛艇，如颱風級，並回應新的蘇聯阿庫拉級核潛艇。但是他們也有廣泛的設備用作淺水作戰，其中包括一個浮筒倉能夠部署八個作戰
蛙人及其裝備。該船還可以攜帶多達50個戰斧巡弋飛彈攻擊陸地和船舶的目標。

mrliu918

unread,

Apr 23, 2009, 5:37:05 AM4/23/09

List of universities in Taiwan

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search

The following is a list of universities in Taiwan, categorised by city
and county:
Contents
[hide]
1 Changhua County
2 Chiayi City
3 Chiayi County
4 Hsinchu County
5 Hsinchu City
6 Hualien County
7 Ilan County
8 Kaohsiung City
9 Kaohsiung County
10 Keelung City
11 Miaoli County
12 Nantou County
13 Penghu County
14 Pingtung County
15 Taoyuan County
16 Taichung City
17 Taichung County
18 Tainan City
19 Tainan County
20 Taipei City
21 Taipei County
22 Taitung County
23 Yunlin County
24 See also

[edit] Changhua County
Chienkuo Technology University
Da-Yeh University
ChungChon Institute of Technology
MingDao University
National Changhua University of Education
[edit] Chiayi City
National Chiayi University
[edit] Chiayi County
National Chung Cheng University
Wufeng Institute of Technology
[edit] Hsinchu County
Minghsin University of Science and Technology
[edit] Hsinchu City
Chung Hua University
Hsuan Chuang University
National Chiao Tung University
National Hsinchu University of Education
National Tsing Hua University
[edit] Hualien County
National Dong Hwa University
National Hualien University of Education
Tzu Chi University
[edit] Ilan County
Fo Guang University
National Ilan University
[edit] Kaohsiung City
Wenzao Ursuline College of Languages
Kaohsiung Medical University
National Kaohsiung Hospitality College
National Kaohsiung Marine University
National Kaohsiung Normal University
National Kaohsiung First University of Science and Technology
National Kaohsiung University of Applied Science
National Sun Yat-sen University
National University of Kaohsiung
[edit] Kaohsiung County
Cheng Shiu University
Fooyin University
I-Shou University
Kao Yuan University of Technology
Shu-Te University
[edit] Keelung City
National Taiwan Ocean University
[edit] Miaoli County
National United University
[edit] Nantou County
National Chi Nan University
[edit] Penghu County
National Penghu University of Science and Technology
[edit] Pingtung County
National Pingtung University of Education
National Pingtung University of Science and Technology
Tajen University
[edit] Taoyuan County
Chang Gung University
Ching Yun University
Chung Yuan Christian University
Kainan University
Lunghwa University of Science and Technology
Yuan Ze University
Vanung University
Ming Chuan University
National Central University
National Defense University
National College of Physical Education and Sports
[edit] Taichung City
Asia University (Taiwan)
China Medical University
Chung Shan Medical University
Feng Chia University
Ling Tung University
Tunghai University
National Chung Hsing University
National Taichung University of Education
[edit] Taichung County
Asia University
Chaoyang University of Technology
Hungkuang University
Providence University
[edit] Tainan City
Kun Shan University
Hsing Kuo University of Management
Leader University
National Cheng Kung University
National Tainan University
[edit] Tainan County
Chang Jung Christian University
Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science
Kun Shan University
Southern Taiwan University of Technology
Tainan National University of the Arts
[edit] Taipei City
China University of Technology
Chinese Culture University
Ming Chuan University
National Chengchi University
National Defense Medical Center
National Taipei University
National Taipei University of Education
National Taipei University of Technology
National Taiwan Normal University
National Taiwan University
National Taiwan University of Arts
National Taiwan University of Science and Technology
National Yang Ming University
Shih Chien University
Shih Hsin University
Soochow University
Taipei Medical University
Taipei Municapital University of Education
Taipei National University of the Arts
Tatung University
[edit] Taipei County
Aletheia University
Fu Jen Catholic University
Huafan University
Mingchi University of Technology
National Taipei University
National Open University
St. John's University
Tamkang University
Tung-Nan Institute of Technology
[edit] Taitung County
National Taitung University
[edit] Yunlin County
National Formosa University
National Yunlin University of Science and Technology
Transworld Institute of Technology
[edit] See also
University alliances in Taiwan
List of colleges and universities by country
List of colleges and universities

[show] v • d • eUniversities in Taiwan

List of universities in Taiwan
University Alliances: TJNUS • TUS • USFO • UST • JPMAS

Northern Taiwan (Public) National Central University • National
Chengchi University • National Chiao Tung University • National
Defense Medical Center • National Defense University • National Taipei
University • National Taiwan Normal University • National Taiwan Ocean
University • National Taiwan University • National Taiwan University
of Arts • National Tsing Hua University • National Yang Ming
University • Taipei National University of the Arts

Northern Taiwan (Private) Aletheia University • Chang Gung University
• Chinese Culture University • Chung Hua University • Chung Yuan
Christian University • Fu Jen Catholic University • Ming Chuan
University • Hsuan Chuang University • Huafan University • Kainan
University • Shih Chien University • Shih Hsin University • Soochow
University • Taipei Medical University • Tatung University • Tamkang
University • Yuan Ze University

Central Taiwan Asia University • China Medical University • Chung Shan
Medical University • Dayeh University • Feng Chia University • Mingdao
University • National Chi Nan University • National Chung Hsing
University • National United University • Providence University •
Tunghai University

Southern Taiwan Chang Jung Christian University • I-Shou University •
Kaohsiung Medical University • Nanhua University • National Cheng Kung
University • National Chiayi University • National Chung Cheng
University • National Kaohsiung University • National Sun Yat-sen
University • National Tainan University • Tainan National University
of the Arts

Eastern Taiwan Fo Guang University • National Dong Hwa University •
National Ilan University • National Taitung University • Tzu Chi
University

Educational Universities Northern Taiwan National Taiwan Normal
University • National Taipei University of Education • National
Hsinchu University of Education • Taipei Municipal University of
Education

Central Taiwan National Changhua University of Education • National
Taichung University

Southern Taiwan National Kaohsiung Normal University • National
Pingtung University of Education

Eastern Taiwan National Hualien University of Education

Technical Universities Northern Taiwan National Taiwan University of
Science and Technology • National Taipei University of Technology •
Ching Yun University • Minghsin University of Science and Technology
• Lunghwa University of Science and Technology • Mingchi University
of Technology • Vanung University • China University of Technology
• St. John's University • Yuanpei University • Jinwen University of
Science and Technology • Takming University of Science and
Technology • Tungnan University

Central Taiwan National Yunlin University of Science and Technology •
National Formosa University • National Chin-Yi University of
Technology • Chaoyang University of Technology • Hungkuang
University • Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology •
Ling Tung University • Chienkuo Technology University

Southern Taiwan National Kaohsiung First University of Science and
Technology • National Kaohsiung University of Applied Sciences •
National Kaohsiung Marine University • National Pingtung University
of Science and Technology • Southern Taiwan University of Technology
• Chia Nan University of Pharmacy & Science • Shu-Te University •
Kun Shan University • Fooyin University • Cheng Shiu University •
Kao Yuan University • Tajen University • Tainan University of
Technology • Far East University • Chung Hwa University of Medical
Technology

Island Area National Penghu University

rst0wxyz

unread,

Apr 23, 2009, 1:09:01 PM4/23/09

If you have nothing better to do than talking to yourself, come and
help me bash Meichi cunt aka abianchen lying bitch on SCC. Re: List

of institutions of higher learning in Russia - You do have a choice!

On Apr 17, 1:23 am, mrliu918 <dragonst...@excite.com> wrote:
> List of institutions of higher learning in Russia - You do have a
> choice! You certainly can learn how to make SU-35 from Russia.
>

> http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_institutions_of_higher_learning_...

Xangdi

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Apr 23, 2009, 1:26:38 PM4/23/09

I knew from the beginning that there was something wrong with
abianchen, because it didn't sound like a man. I thought it was a homo
writing, like RAK, but now we know of course, that it was a woman all
along - an ugly Thai whore.

> ...
>
> read more »- Hide quoted text -
>
> - Show quoted text -

mrliu918

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Apr 24, 2009, 4:06:18 AM4/24/09

Quotation from 鼎盛军事 and other sources:

http://mil.jschina.com.cn/Get/MAN/04301256366.htm

In 1898, the Conservative Coup ended all reforms and exiled Liang to
Japan, where he stayed for the next fourteen years of his life. While
in Tokyo he was befriended by the influential Japanese politician (and
future Prime Minister Inukai Tsuyoshi. In Japan, he continued to
actively advocate democratic notions and reforms by using his writings
to raise support for the reformers’ cause among overseas Chinese and
foreign governments. He continued to emphasize the importance of
individualism, and to support the concept of a constitutional monarchy
as opposed to the radical republicanism supported by the Tokyo-based
Tongmeng Hui (the forerunner of the Kuomintang).

...........During the Boxer Rebellion, Liang was back in Canada, where
he formed the "Save the Emperor Society" (保皇會). This organisation
later became the Constitutionalist Party which advocated
constitutional monarchy. While Sun promoted revolution, Liang preached
reform.

於1912年1月1日（辛亥十一月十三日）在南京宣誓就任，並循革命軍與袁世凱的秘密協議，特申「顛覆滿洲專制政府，鞏固中華民國，圖謀民生幸福……至
專制政府既倒，民國卓立於世界，即當解臨時大總統之職」。月底組成臨時參議院。民國元年2月12日，清帝溥儀發佈《退位詔書》，中華民國終完全取代過去
的帝國體制，

孫中山

維基百科，自由的百科全書
跳轉到: 導航, 搜索

此條目需要補充更多來源。（2007年11月）
請協助添加來自可靠來源的引用以改善這篇條目。無法查證的內容會被提出異議而移除。

本文介紹的是中國政治家。關於孫中山的其他意思，詳見孫中山 (消歧義)。
孫文
第一任中華民國臨時大總統
中國國民黨永久總理

政黨：中國國民黨
籍貫：廣東省香山縣（今中山市）
出生： 1866年11月12日
中國廣東省香山縣永寧鄉翠亨村
逝世： 1925年3月12日（58歲）
中國北京協和醫院
配偶：盧慕貞 1884年-1915年
宋慶齡 1915年-1925年

孫文（1866年11月12日－1925年3月12日），字載之，號逸仙，譜名德明，幼名帝象，是近代中國的民主革命家，中國國民黨總理，第一任中華民
國臨時大總統，亦為中華民國國父，孫文流亡日本時，曾化名「中山樵」，故後人慣以「中山先生」相稱；其後此稱謂便逐漸演化為「孫中山」。
1940年（民國29年），中華民國國民政府通令全國，讚揚孫氏「倡導國民革命，手創中華民國，更新政體，永奠邦基，謀世界之大同，求國際之平等」，尊
稱其為「中華民國國父」。孫文被中國國民黨尊為「永遠的總理」；中國共產黨則稱他為「民主革命的先行者」。

宋慶齡
維基百科，自由的百科全書
(重定向自宋慶齡)
跳轉到: 導航, 搜索
宋慶齡
中華人民共和國名譽主席
1981年5月
性別：女
政黨：中國國民黨（1919年—1947年）
中國國民黨革命委員會（1948年—1981年）
中國共產黨（1981年）
籍貫：海南文昌
出生： 1893年1月27日
松江府上海縣
逝世： 1981年5月29日（88歲）
北京市
配偶：孫中山
親屬：宋嘉澍（父），倪桂珍（母）

宋靄齡（姐），宋美齡（妹）
宋子文、宋子良、宋子安（弟）

學歷
美國佐治亞州梅肯市威斯里安女子學院文學學士

經歷
中國國民黨中央執行委員會委員
中國國民黨中央政治委員會委員
中國國民黨革命委員會名譽主席
中華人民共和國中央人民政府副主席
第一屆全國人大常委會副委員長
第二、三屆中華人民共和國副主席
第四、五屆全國人大常委會副委員長

宋慶齡（1893年1月27日－1981年5月29日），是已故中國革命家及中華民國國父孫中山的第二任妻子。
中華人民共和國成立後，人們沿襲稱孫中山先生為「國父」的這一做法，尊稱宋慶齡為「國母」[1]。1981年5月，在她彌留之際，中華人民共和國全國人
大常委會決定授予宋慶齡中華人民共和國名譽主席的榮譽稱號。

中華革命黨，於1914年由孫中山在日本東京建立，其前身為國民黨。1913年孫中山發動反袁二次革命，失敗後流亡日本，按照傳統會黨的形式重建組織，
名叫中華革命黨，強調對領袖個人效忠。以討伐袁世凱，建立民主政府，反對專制為宗旨，成員大部份都是原同盟會和國民黨成員，以青天白日滿地紅旗為黨旗。
1916年袁世凱死，國會恢復，原國民黨議員重新參加議政活動。1917年張勳復辟，解散國會，而後來段祺瑞討伐張勳後，又不恢復國會，因此，很多議員
響應孫中山號召，南下廣州，召開國會，開展護法運動。1919年西南軍閥排擠孫中山，孫中山回上海，整頓黨務，改名恢復為中國國民黨。

廖仲愷（1877年4月23日－1925年8月20日），廣東省歸善縣鴨仔埗鄉窯前村（今惠州市惠陽區陳江鎮幸福村）人，原名恩煦、又名夷白，字仲愷；
中國國民黨革命元勳之一，中國國民黨黨內重要左派人物。1925年被暗殺。
廖仲愷生於美國三藩市旅美華工家庭。.......................1921年孫中山到廣州任非常大總統，廖為財政部次長。之後在第一
次國共合作期間，任國民黨中央執行委員，財政部長，工人部長，農民部長，黃埔軍校黨代表等職。1925年8月20日在設於惠州會館的國民黨中央黨部（今
越秀南路89號中華全國總工會舊址，立有紀念碑），被暴徒殺害，遺體先是暫厝廣州駟馬崗朱執信墓旁，1935年遷葬南京中山陵側。經調查後相信暗殺是國
民黨右派所為，當中胡漢民被認為有重大嫌疑。
廖仲愷1897年與何香凝結緍。何香凝同為國民黨左派。廖夢醒為廖仲愷之女。廖承志為廖仲愷之子，廖暉為其孫，二人皆在中共負責統戰工作。
廖仲愷與何香凝墓位於南京紫金山南麓天堡城下。

中國國民黨（原名羅馬化：Kuomintang；簡稱國民黨、KMT，英文亦可直譯作「Chinese Nationalist Party」）為中華
民國之國父孫中山所創建的中國原生政黨。其前身依次為興中會、同盟會、國民黨及中華革命黨。
中國國民黨從1928年北伐成功一直到至國民政府退守台灣後的李登輝執政時期為止，一直是執政黨。2000年中華民國總統選舉敗選之後，該黨成為中華民
國的最大在野黨，但仍是中華民國最具規模和影響力的主要政黨。直到2008年，再透過總統選舉重新回到中華民國執政黨地位。

革命時期至民國創立
1894年（清光緒20年），正值中日甲午戰爭，孫中山赴夏威夷檀香山號召華僑親友，創立「興中會」革命救國組織。
1905年（清光緒31年），興中會聯合華興會、光復會等幾個重要革命團體，於日本東京組成同盟會。
1911年（清光緒37年），革命黨人領導的武昌起義，獲中國各省響應，致清宣統皇帝溥儀遜位成功，中華民國肇建，中國政治制度由維持2000多年的帝
制走向民主共和。
1912年（民國元年）8月：中華民國成立，同盟會成為合法組織，在北京安慶會館聯合數個小型政黨組成國民黨。1913年國民黨在代理理事長宋教仁(代
理孫中山)領導下，於全國選舉中在參議院與眾議院皆獲得最多席次為最大黨。同年袁世凱開始執政後發生宋教仁被暗殺案，孫中山等人發動二次革命失敗，國民
黨被袁世凱視為非法組織，被迫解散。
1914年（民國3年）7月，另組中華革命黨於東京。
中國國民黨時期
1919年，中華革命黨改組為中國國民黨。
1924年1月，中國國民黨舉行第一次全國代表大會，促成了第一次國共合作，同時宣佈黨內改組完成，正式進入中國國民黨階段。

孫中山被推為同盟會總理，確定了「驅除韃虜，恢復中華，建立民國，平均地權」的革命政綱，並以華興會機關刊物《二十世紀之支那》改組成為《民報》，在發
刊詞首次提出「三民主義」學說，與梁啟超、康有為等改良派激烈論戰。

保皇会
维基百科，自由的百科全书
(重定向自保救大清光緒皇帝會)
跳转到: 导航, 搜索
保皇会，是康有为等人在中国清朝末年创建政治团体，以鼓吹君主立宪制为主要纲领。
康有为在戊戌变法失败后流亡国外。光绪25年六月十三（1899年7月20日），康有为在加拿大创设保皇会，又名中国维新会。保皇会计划在北美、东南
亚、香港、日本等地设立分会，机关报为澳门《知新报》和横滨《清议报》。
保皇会初期目的是营救光绪帝，斗争对象是慈禧、荣禄、刚毅等守旧派为宗旨。1900年，义和团兴起引致庚子战争爆发后，八国联军进军北京，保皇会遂计划
以此为契机，争取各国支持以营救光绪帝，并与国内的唐才常联系，拟在武汉发动自立军起义。由于保皇会的经费未能及时到位，自立军起义被迫推迟，并于8月
21日被破获，唐才常死难。
此后，由于清政府对于立宪的态度逐渐软化，保皇会开始在国内与岑春煊等人互相呼应，推进合法的立宪运动。其斗争对象也逐渐转向针对孙中山领导的革命派。
1906年清政府宣布实行预备立宪，康有为遂宣告保皇会任务完成。1907年，保皇会改组为帝国宪政会。
来自“http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E7%9A%87%E4%BC%9A”

[編輯] 洋務運動
主條目：洋務運動
1840年鴉片戰爭戰敗後，中國跟世界的關係出現前所未見的改變。接連的外憂內患，使清政府及一眾知識分子逐漸醒覺到必須要改變以自強。同治年間
（1861年）開始，清政府進行洋務運動，希望能夠「師夷長技以制夷」，改良生產技術。各地先後引入外國新科技，開設礦業、工廠，建設鐵路、架設電報
網，培訓技術人材；在軍事上亦建立了遠東最具規模的北洋水師。
1894年至1895年發生甲午戰爭，中國被日本打敗，北洋水師全軍覆沒。證明了洋務運動未能根本改變中國的落後。於是出現了要求從更基本層面，包括政
治體制上，進行變法維新的聲音。

戊戌政變
新政一開始便遭到原來各大臣的抵制。其中直隸總督兼北洋大臣榮祿，與慈禧的關係密切，不單對光緒公開抗命，還與朝中其他保守派人物向慈禧密報，要求慈禧
回朝訓政。9月13日，光緒命康有為離京即到上海。9月16日，光緒在頤和園召見統率北洋新軍的直隸按察使袁世凱，面談後昇任他為侍郎候補。另一方面，
直隸總督榮祿以英俄開戰，催袁急回天津。據袁世凱的日記，之後譚嗣同於9月18日去法華寺夜訪袁世凱，透露慈禧聯同榮祿，要廢除光緒；並說皇上希望袁世
凱可以起兵勤王，誅殺榮祿及包圍慈禧住的頤和園。兩日後（9月20日），袁世凱回到天津，將譚嗣同的計劃向榮祿報告。
一種說法是袁世凱的洩密，是光緒政變失敗的原因；但據近年的考證，慈禧及榮祿等早有廢除新政的計劃，二人在袁世凱9月20日洩密以前也已經有部署和防
備。9月19日，慈禧回宮，9月21日即臨朝，宣布戒嚴，火車停駛；並即幽禁光緒，廢除新政，搜捕維新黨人。是為戊戌政變，結束了只有一百零三天的維
新。維新黨人中，康有為早離開北京，梁啟超逃入日本使館。其他數十人被捕，包括稱為「戊戌六君子」的譚嗣同、楊銳、林旭、劉光第、楊深秀、康廣仁，六人
於9月28日斬於菜市口。徐致靖處以永遠監禁；張蔭桓則發放新疆。所有新政，除京師大學堂外，一律都被廢止。

1900年初，清政府再命各省嚴拿康、梁；梁啟超忙於保皇會與勤王起義事宜；........4、5月間義和團在京津迅速發展，英、法、德、奧、意、
日、俄、美八國決定聯合出兵，6月清政府與各國宣戰；7月20日康有為在加拿大建立「保救大清光緒皇帝會」（簡稱「保皇會」）；7、8月間唐才常策劃、
發動自立軍起義，梁啟超由檀香山急速返回中國；自立軍起義事敗，梁啟超經香港前往新加坡與康有為會面，後應澳洲保皇會邀請前往澳洲；1901年春，梁啟
超再到日本；著《南海康先生傳》；開辦廣智書局；12月21日《清議報》停刊。1901年6月，發表《立憲法議》一文，主張君主立憲。

1905年11月26日同盟会机关报《民报》在东京创刊，与梁启超的《新民丛报》论战，此后革命党和保皇党的论战日益激烈。1906年，梁启超代为清政
府出洋考察的五大臣起草《考察各国宪政报告》，清政府宣布“预备仿行宪政”，梁启超表示支持。1907年10月，梁启超在东京建立“政闻社”，期望推动
清政府实行君主立宪，但后因遭清政府查禁而告解散。1908年，光绪帝和慈禧太后相继逝世，梁启超生活困难，以读书、著述为业。1911年清政府责成袁
世凯组阁，任梁启超为司法副大臣，梁辞而未就。

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梁启超晚年对日认识的变化：日本不可不戒备
鼎盛军事　www.top81.com.cn 录入时间:2005-4-30 12:56:05 956

　　　吴令华

　　梁启超和日本的关系可谓深矣。“戊戌政变”以后，是日本公使馆的主动援救，他才得以流亡海外，旋以东京为据点，继续从事政治活动。十四年后，他回到
祖国，仍与日本多有交往。袁世凯称帝，蔡锷将军在云南奋起护国，梁又是在日本的暗中帮助下，南下助蔡讨袁成功。也就是在此时，他彻底认清了日本奉行军国
主义，妄想吞并中国的野心，从而改变了对日本的认识。当年先父吴其昌在天津师门，亲见每有日人来访，梁先生则蹙眉，连呼讨厌讨厌，可怕可怕；但仍不得不
冠带出迎。一九二七年新秋，梁先生曾对先父详述其认识转变之过程，通夕不寐。

　　梁先生说：“我在护国之役前，脑海中全无反日的思想。不但不反日，但觉其可爱可钦。护国之役后，方觉彼可畏可恨又可怖。戊戌政变后亡命日本，我亲见
明治维新后一个新国家的兴起，朝野上下，人人乐观活跃，勤奋励进，居然将一个千古无闻的蕞尔小国，变成新兴的现代文明强国，真如呼吸清晨晓风，脑清神
爽。回视满清政府的老大腐朽，疲癃残疾，肮脏邋遢，相形对比，越觉日人可爱可敬。当时他们说彼等真心希望中国复兴，愿与中国并立为世界强国，我亦深信不
疑。」日人的确救了梁的命，但它是否真希望中国复兴、并立东亚呢？直到后来，梁才恍然大悟：那时的日本，正跃跃欲登世界文明诸国之列，处处想模仿西欧各
国，见欧洲现代政治，有保护他国政治犯之事，故也想照行，既可以夸耀其文明程度，又可以插足控制中国。这才是其真实目的。

　　但梁启超真正看清日本军国主义的狡猾阴毒，还是在护国之役前后。他说：“后来日人有贺长雄怂恿袁世凯盗国称帝，我开始觉得其可恶。随后日政府提出二
十一条迫袁承认，以换取彼对帝制的支持，我此时已知彼凶狠可恶，但尚未觉其狡毒可怖也。”及至松坡发动护国之役，梁决定南下襄助。袁世凯派人日夜监视，
把守门口。一九一六年的春天，梁只好购胶皮（天津人呼人力车）车夫著衣，易服夜逃。袁发觉后，杀了便警，并发布“务获梁启超，就地正法”之命令，上印有
像片，缉捕较清廷更为严密。令梁奇怪的是：“我自津经沪至港，一路惴惴不知将死于何处，但暗中似有天神护卫，化险为夷，逢凶化吉，反覆思索，不得其
解。”到了香港，日人明目张胆公开援助，此时，他“方恍然沿途暗中保护者非天神也，乃日人也。由香港至越南，彼等更是全体动员，举凡官商军民、间谍浪
人，均全力助我，虽子孙之事父祖不能过。试问彼为何厚爱于我，又何求于我，而奉我如此？”经过反覆思索，他自称“不禁毛骨悚然，不寒而栗，方觉日人之阴
狠毒辣，喻之为猛虎贪狼，犹为未尽。”自此得出结论：“他日欲亡我灭我者，必日人也，不可不戒备。”

　　日本明治维新后，实行军国主义，向外扩张，侵略邻邦。面对清末民初中国政治的混乱局面，未知鹿死谁手，它便多方下注，期在必得。故一面支持袁世凯称
帝，一面暗中协助反袁斗士，用心无所不及，此所以梁先生感觉阴森可怖也。梁先生自述其对日本政策的认识过程，我以为是真实可信的。后来蔡锷死于日本，更
加深了他的戒心。每与先父谈及时事传闻，他常怀疑是否“东洋人”造谣，连蒋介石下野去日，他也耽心会遭日人暗算。梁谈话时，或被日人拜访打断，辄连
呼：“讨厌讨厌，又来『保卫』我了，可怕可怕！”一九二八年，北伐军逼近北京。由于历史的原因，他曾萌发出国避难之念，对先父说：“我无力赴美，将暂去
朝鲜隐居，作朝鲜理学史或朝鲜学案研究，你能随我去协助否？”而不再考虑他所熟悉的日本。

rst0wxyz

unread,

Apr 24, 2009, 4:54:34 AM4/24/09

ne...@millions.com

unread,

Apr 24, 2009, 4:58:41 AM4/24/09

Trying to enlist help from others just to satisfy your silly wish to
be a leader? Ain't nobody following.

rst0wxyz

unread,

Apr 24, 2009, 9:20:52 AM4/24/09

On Apr 24, 1:58 am, ne...@millions.com wrote:
> On Fri, 24 Apr 2009 01:54:34 -0700 (PDT), rst0wxyz
>

> <rst0w...@yahoo.com> wrote:
> >If you have nothing better to do than talking to yourself, come and
> >help me bash Meichi cunt aka abianchen lying bitch on SCC.
>
> Trying to enlist help from others just to satisfy your silly wish to

It's no silly wish.

> be a leader?

I am the leader.

> Ain't nobody following.

Yes, many have followed.

ne...@millions.com

unread,

Apr 24, 2009, 12:34:55 PM4/24/09

Have? Past tense.

Carry on.

Tienshen

unread,

Apr 24, 2009, 12:54:44 PM4/24/09

On Apr 24, 10:58 am, ne...@millions.com wrote:
> On Fri, 24 Apr 2009 01:54:34 -0700 (PDT), rst0wxyz
>

How dare he! Throw him out of here. We all know that you, and only,
are eligible to be leader, right?

ne...@millions.com

unread,

Apr 24, 2009, 1:17:46 PM4/24/09

On Fri, 24 Apr 2009 09:54:44 -0700 (PDT), Tienshen <xan...@who.net>
wrote:

Yeah, sure! only if you want to go around in circles. Oh! abd with
small steps.

Tienshen

unread,

Apr 24, 2009, 1:36:04 PM4/24/09

So, you're telling us that you're a midget chained to a pole, huh?

ne...@millions.com

unread,

Apr 24, 2009, 2:07:34 PM4/24/09

On Fri, 24 Apr 2009 10:36:04 -0700 (PDT), Tienshen <xan...@who.net>
wrote:

>On Apr 24, 7:17 pm, ne...@millions.com wrote:
>> On Fri, 24 Apr 2009 09:54:44 -0700 (PDT), Tienshen <xan...@who.net>
>> wrote:
>>
>> >On Apr 24, 10:58 am, ne...@millions.com wrote:
>> >> On Fri, 24 Apr 2009 01:54:34 -0700 (PDT), rst0wxyz
>>
>> >> <rst0w...@yahoo.com> wrote:
>> >> >If you have nothing better to do than talking to yourself, come and
>> >> >help me bash Meichi cunt aka abianchen lying bitch on SCC.
>>
>> >> Trying to enlist help from others just to satisfy your silly wish to
>> >> be a leader? Ain't nobody following.
>>
>> >How dare he! Throw him out of here. We all know that you, and only,
>> >are eligible to be leader, right?
>>

>> Yeah, sure! only if you want to go around in circles. Oh! and with

>> small steps.
>
>So, you're telling us that you're a midget chained to a pole, huh?

I take umbrage to your remark, sir! At 4'9", I have many followers,
who are most willing and adaptable to marching with me as I head
around the pond in front of the building where these folks work.
There is no need for a chain. A light ribbon suffices.

Tienshen

unread,

Apr 24, 2009, 2:35:52 PM4/24/09

Pink, no doubt.
Those who take umbrage to whatever remark is said about them should
never have entered within these confines in the first place!
O.K., so you're a giant duck.

ne...@millions.com

unread,

Apr 24, 2009, 2:40:26 PM4/24/09

On Fri, 24 Apr 2009 11:35:52 -0700 (PDT), Tienshen <xan...@who.net>
wrote:

Pink? Large duck? I shall enter where I choose in the usenet cyber BS.

rst0wxyz

unread,

Apr 24, 2009, 2:47:08 PM4/24/09

I see you got my responses, giant pink duck, ot is it just a duckling?

Tienshen

unread,

Apr 24, 2009, 4:01:44 PM4/24/09

Abandon all hope, all ye who enter here, Ducky!

ne...@millions.com

unread,

Apr 24, 2009, 7:13:51 PM4/24/09

Whatever. It could be a Falmingo.

rst0wxyz

unread,

Apr 24, 2009, 7:28:06 PM4/24/09

Hummmm!! I wonder what color and shape this "Falmingo" is.
Perhaps, could you draw us a picture of this "Falmingo"?

ne...@millions.com

unread,

Apr 24, 2009, 8:51:15 PM4/24/09

Actually, it's Fall Mingo. :)

rst0wxyz

unread,

Apr 25, 2009, 11:58:33 PM4/25/09

On Apr 24, 5:51 pm, ne...@millions.com wrote:
> On Fri, 24 Apr 2009 16:28:06 -0700 (PDT), rst0wxyz
>
>
>
>
>

Fall Mingo
Winter welcome
Spring forward
Summner mango.
How sweet!!!

ne...@millions.com

unread,

Apr 26, 2009, 12:34:20 AM4/26/09

thank you. May I borrow your pros to show my wife?

DCI

rst0wxyz

unread,

Apr 26, 2009, 12:38:57 AM4/26/09

On Apr 25, 9:34 pm, ne...@millions.com wrote:
> On Sat, 25 Apr 2009 20:58:33 -0700 (PDT), rst0wxyz
>
>
>
>
>

> <rst0w...@yahoo.com> wrote:
> >On Apr 24, 5:51 pm, ne...@millions.com wrote:
> >> On Fri, 24 Apr 2009 16:28:06 -0700 (PDT), rst0wxyz
>
> >> <rst0w...@yahoo.com> wrote:
> >> >On Apr 24, 4:13 pm, ne...@millions.com wrote:
> >> >Hummmm!! I wonder what color and shape this "Falmingo" is.
> >> >Perhaps, could you draw us a picture of this "Falmingo"?
>
> >> Actually, it's Fall Mingo.
>
> >Fall Mingo
> >Winter welcome
> >Spring forward
> >Summner mango.
> >How sweet!!!
>
> thank you. May I borrow your pros to show my wife?
>

> DCI- Hide quoted text -

>
> - Show quoted text -

You are welcome
Comes summer
More than a 100
Where to cool off?

mrliu918

unread,

Apr 27, 2009, 2:48:32 AM4/27/09

A chinese hero and martial act expert does not need Japanese weapon.
真正的中国武術家不需要日本武士刀和日本武術.

We have been lied to about Bruce Lee in our entire life. Bruce Lee is
against Japanese imperialism only in movie; it appear to me that Lee
know more about karate and jujitsu than Chinese martial act. Kato (The
Green Hornet) is a Japanese name and Kato is a karate expert. A
chinese martial act expert never fight with karate techniques and flip-
flop on his own national identity.

"At 22 Lee also met Professor Wally Jay, and began to receive informal
instruction in Jujitsu from him. The two would have long conversations
about theories surrounding the martial arts and grew to be longtime
friends.[33]"

I am very disappointed by Bruce Lee given the fact that Lee never earn
any championship in Chinese martial act. Lee only received recognition
from Japanese in Long Beach International Karate Championships. Bruce
Lee is just another actor who would trade almost anything with plenty
of cash.

真正的中国武術家不需要日本武士刀和日本武術，我今天對李小龍大失所望，因爲我發現"李小龍與美國廣播公司簽訂過30集電視劇《青蜂俠》的演出合約，擔
演配角「加藤」（Kato），加藤是日本人的名字，《青蜂俠》中的「加藤」是日本人的角色，「加藤」使用的是日本人的武士空手道。" 李小龍根本沒有
民族立場，不過是位為了金錢暴利隨波逐流的演員。

真正的中国武術家不需要日本武士刀和外国兵器。

勿忘国耻 , 甲午战争的总指挥李鸿章是怎么样断送台湾和当年亚洲第一大舰队，北洋水师，中华民族的命运因一个人的错误决策从此改变。
“ 实践是检验真理的唯一标准。 ”“ 百多人的敢死队，十五国空手道黑带和区域冠军，一流的剑道高手，十把日本武士刀当场把鸡头砍断，并请在场观礼宾
客吃烤鸡，阴险恶毒，对抗他们的竟只有一条皮帶和被刀锋削成碎片的外衣，有了这种经历后你一定能学地勇者无懼，仁者无敌的精神。 ” “ 只会说空话，
叫口号，电影里装腔作势，表演花拳绣腿的人在战场上往往不堪一击。别忘了渡江战役和解放南京战役的历史教训。国家民族的命运和前途不能作为賭博的资本。
　漢代李陵戰敗投敵叛漢 ; 滿清李鸿章在甲午战争中徹底失敗 , 把台灣 , 朝鮮 , 中國沿海利益割讓日本，滿清國勢一落千丈，走上亡國滅族的
不歸路；民國李宗仁一場豪賭 , 竟在數月內輸光中華民國的老本, 共產黨軍隊從此如入無人之境 , 結束了長達三年內戰 . 庸才誤國 , 朽木不
可雕。

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Lee
http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E5%B0%8F%E9%BE%99
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kato_(The_Green_Hornet)
http://www.kendo-fik.org/english-page/english-page2/World-Kendo-Championships.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kendo
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jujitsuhttp://surnames.behindthename.com/php/search.php?terms=Japanese&title=Japanese+Names&usage=yeshttp://www.japanesefamouspeople.com/z.htmlhttp://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9F%94%E8%A1%93http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasukuni_Shrine#Politicians.27_visits
http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9D%96%E5%9B%BD%E7%A5%9E%E7%A4%BE#.E6.9D.8E.E7.99.BB.E8.BE.89.E4.B8.8E.E9.9D.96.E5.9B.BD.E7.A5.9E.E7.A4.BE

Japanese Famous People: Z
Find Famous Japanese People of Actors, Actress, Athletes, ... Name:
Zanpaku Kato. Japanese Name: 加藤善博. Blood Type: A. Gender: Male. Date
of Birth: 1958-Oct-07 ...www.japanesefamouspeople.com/z.html - Cached
At 22

Lee also met Professor Wally Jay, and began to receive informal
instruction in Jujitsu from him. The two would have long conversations
about theories surrounding the martial arts and grew to be longtime
friends.[33]

1964 Long Beach International Karate Championships

At the invitation of Ed Parker, Lee appeared in the 1964 Long Beach
International Karate Championships[39] and performed repetitions of
two-finger pushups (using the thumb and the index finger) with feet at
approximately a shoulder-width apart. In the same Long Beach event he
also performed the "One inch punch".[40] The description of which is
as follows: Lee stood upright, his right foot forward with knees bent
slightly, in front of a standing, stationary partner. Lee's right arm
was partly extended and his right fist approximately an inch away from
the partner's chest. Without retracting his right arm, Lee then
forcibly delivered the punch to his partner while largely maintaining
his posture, sending the partner backwards and falling into a chair
said to be placed behind the partner to prevent injury, though the
force of gravity caused his partner to soon fall onto the floor.His
volunteer was Bob Baker of Stockton, California. "I told Bruce not to
do this type of demonstration again", he recalled. "When he punched me
that last time, I had to stay home from work because the pain in my
chest was unbearable."[41]

1967 Long Beach International Karate Championships

Lee also appeared at the 1967 Long Beach International Karate
Championships[39] and performed various demonstrations, including the
famous "unstoppable punch" against USKA world karate champion Vic
Moore. Lee told Moore that he was going to throw a straight punch to
the face, and all he had to do was to try and block it. Lee took
several steps back and asked if Moore was ready, when Moore nodded in
affirmation, Lee glided towards him until he was within striking
range. He then threw a straight punch directly at Moore's face, and
stopped before impact. In eight attempts, Moore failed to block any of
the punches.[42]

Upon the 1936 premiere of the radio program, Kato was presented as
being Japanese. The actions of Tojo, et al., soon made this bad public
relations, and there was no specification of ethnicity for the
character for several years, with Filipino eventually being used. A
long-standing urban legend maintained that the switch from one to the
other occurred immediately after the 1941 bombing of Pearl Harbor, but
this is simply not so. In recent years, there has been a growing but
equally erroneous belief that Kato was initially said to be a Filipino
of Japanese ancestry. The fact is that he was first said to be
Japanese, then by 1940 nothing more specific than "Oriental," and
eventually Filipino. A side note to this subject is the fact that the
first of Universal's two movie serials, produced in 1939 but not
released to theaters until early 1940, had a passing reference in the
opening chapter that Kato was "a Korean" (the same dialogue exchange
also specified the location of Reid's saving the other's life as
Singapore).

Kendō (剣道 ,kendō?), meaning "Way of the Sword", is a modern Japanese
martial art of sword-fighting based on traditional Japanese
swordsmanship, or Kenjutsu.[1]Kendō is a physically and mentally
challenging activity that combines strong martial arts values with
sport-like physical elements.

柔術是一種源自日本的武術，在日本廣義的指徒手的武術，又可以指中心精神是避免對方的攻擊力量，並轉化為制服敵人的技術。又有許多不同的流派，各種流着
重在不同的技巧（如：拋、摔、錨定、鎖等）。

1964年，他應邀出席美國加州長堤國際空手道錦標賽（Long Beach Karate Tournament）作表演。他被電視劇《蝙蝠俠》製作
人威廉·多茲爾（William Dozier）賞識，邀請試鏡，於1966年4月30日，李小龍與美國廣播公司簽訂了30集電視劇《青蜂俠》的演出合
約，擔演配角「加藤」（Kato），但只能播出一季共26集。其後以「加藤」角色演出3集《蝙蝠俠》及在《無敵鐵探長》（Ironside）和《新娘駕
到》（Here Come the Brides）中客串。

剑道是日本传统的竞技性器械武术。正式比赛通常在室内进行，因选手赤足，因此对场地木地板的质量有较高要求。选手一对一进行比赛，双方均穿剑道服，戴护
具，持竹剑，按规则相互击打有效部位，由裁判计点数判胜负。亦可举行团体比赛，由选手数相等的团体双方分别一对一决出胜负后计算总分。

On June 7, 2007 former President of the Republic of China Lee Teng-hui
visited the Shrine to pay tribute to his older brother who died in the
Japanese Imperial Navy; he too volunteered as a Japanese Imperial Army
officer. Yasukuni Shrine (靖国神社 ,Yasukuni Jinja?) is a Shinto shrine
located in Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan. It is dedicated to the kami
(spirits) of soldiers and others who died fighting on behalf of the
Emperor of Japan.[1] Currently, its Symbolic Registry of Divinities
lists the names of over 2,466,000 enshrined men and women whose lives
were dedicated to the service of Imperial Japan, particularly to those
killed in wartime.[2]The shrine is a source of controversy. Of the
almost 2.5 million enshrined, 1,068 have been convicted of war crimes
by a post World War II court.[3] Fourteen Class-A war criminals are
enshrined at Yasukuni, including former Prime Minister Hideki Tojo,
Kenji Doihara, Iwane Matsui, Heitaro Kimura, Koki Hirota, Seishiro
Itagaki, Akira Muto, Yosuke Matsuoka, Osami Nagano, Toshio Shiratori,
Kiichiro Hiranuma, Kuniaki Koiso and Yoshijiro Umezu. Two of the war
criminals, Yōsuke Matsuoka and Osami Nagano, died in prison before
verdicts could be handed down.[4] The Yūshūkan—a shrine-owned history
museum—has been accused of revisionism in its accounts of Japan's
actions in World War II, as well as glorification of Japan's
aggressive militaristic past.[5] Visits to the shrine by Japanese
Cabinet members and Prime Ministers, in particular, have been the
cause of protests at home as well as abroad. South Korea, North Korea,
People's Republic of China and Republic of China have protested
against various visits since 1985. The Taipei Times described the
shrine in a 2008 article as "Japan's ultimate taboo subject."[6]

[编辑] 李登辉与靖国神社
中华民国前总统李登辉的胞兄李登钦(日本名：岩里武则)在第二次世界大战期间当日本海军，被派往菲律宾参与马尼拉战役时战死，遗体下落不明，但死后被日
本政府当战亡军人入册靖国神社供奉。他在2007年6月7日访日期间，以私人身份到靖国神社悼念其兄长。[9]虽然日本政府强调这不影响中日关系，但中
华人民共和国新华社则发表文章，指李氏参拜靖国「暴露了台独分子的丑恶嘴脸」，并指他是「一个日本军国主义思想化了的民族败类」。[10]

[编辑] 中華民國立法委員赴靖國神社抗議

中華民國與靖國神社

[编辑] 台灣團結聯盟參拜靖國神社

主条目：2005年台灣團結聯盟參拜靖國神社事件
在靖國神社供奉的陣亡二戰日軍軍人當中，當時是日本領土的台灣以及朝鮮也有很多被徵入伍的台灣和韓國人也在内，比如中華民國前總統李登輝胞兄李登欽（日
語名：岩里武則）便被奉祀其中。2005年4月4日，台灣團結聯盟主席蘇進強等一行10人，在日本東京的靖國神社進行參拜活動，並在之後引發一連串爭
議。蘇進強表示，他是以台灣人和台灣本土政黨的立場，對第二次世界大戰期間被日本軍徵召陣亡而被奉祀在神社內的約28,000名台灣英靈以及為國犧牲的
日本人表示敬意。儘管當時這些台籍日本兵是以日本國國民身分被徵召而陣亡沙場，但他們仍都是台灣人，然而戰後由於中華民國與中華人民共和國的執政當局先
後基於政治考量而放棄求償，因此不僅在台灣的戰爭遺屬未曾受到任何撫恤，戰死的台灣人更是連受國家祭祀追念的機會都沒有。故台聯主張在終戰六十週年這具
有特別意義的時刻，參拜靖國神社，以追念英年早逝的台灣菁英以及他們那個受到不公平對待的年代。蘇並表示，其參拜行為並非表示贊同發動侵略的軍國主義。
台聯參拜靖国神社的活動，又引發中國的不滿；對於蘇表示並非表示贊同軍國主義的立場，中國媒體刻意忽略報導，而只強調其參拜行為即屬錯誤，中國認為靖国
神社祭奉包括甲级战犯在内的日本军人，是极具争议的宗教场所。台灣前教育部長杜正勝則認同台聯參拜靖國神社，他認為台籍日本兵，在當時無論是被動的或帶
有主動性的，因為那時是日本國民，投入太平洋戰爭，犧牲了生命，日本政府就把他們當做為日本國犧牲的人加以奉祀。不論是中國戰區或太平洋戰區犧牲生命的
台灣同胞，表示致意是應該的。支持者遭到反對者的批評，被稱為2005年台灣團結聯盟參拜靖國神社事件。[來源請求]

--- 2009年3月1日星期日，yu fung liu <mrli...@yahoo.com.hk> 寫道﹕

寄件人: yu fung liu <mrli...@yahoo.com.hk>
主題: Yahoo! Image Search results from yu fung liu
日期: 2009 3 1 星期日下午 12:45

yu fung liu thought you might be interested in this Yahoo! Image
Search result:
http://swordforum.com/funnies/spoof-bruce-lee.jpg
yu fung liu added this message:
bruce lee and samurai
sword_______________________________________________________________
Search over 1.5 billion images across the web with Yahoo! Image
Search.
http://images.search.yahoo.com

引語: Around 1990, ten republican guards attacked and knocked out a US
marine hand to hand combat top trainer, Lee (a relative of Bruce Lee
and Jeet Kune Do expert) within five minutes in a military exercise.
In order to stop them from causing more harm with bayonets, I engaged
them unarmed and knocked out all of them. Based on Lee's performance
in the military exercise and my past boxing experience with martial
art experts from military around the world, I found Jeet Kune Do to be
impractical in combat and it does not have any advantage over karate,
Taekwondo, Chinese Kung Fu and other martial act.

My only deadly mistake in life and its consequence for rescuing
westerners and Lee:
Current situation: Lost contact with most family members and business
friends. File missing person report on some family members.
Phone were illegally intercepted. In coma for months after car
accident in Canada between 2003-2004. Kidnapped by Canadian hospital
in 2008. Waiting for food offered by homeless shelter.
现状: 被害至家破人亡

關於我自己: Born in 1970, not on forth of July.

Email: mrli...@yahoo.com.hk
Cell phone: 852-93460474

My world record around 1990:
All contenders are required to complete blood test by Olympic
doctors.

European and gladiators in Europe fight predators and animals with
swords for thousand of years, Yu Fung Liu from China knocked out the
most wild predators without weapon in the shortest period of time.

Never lost a round in hundred of battles so far,

Gladiators Record:
knocked out bison, tigers, bears, lions, panthers and other
predators.
Boxing record:
knocked out and knocked down Mike Tyson three times in a single game.
knocked out the most Olympic boxing champions and martial art experts
in the shortest period of time.
Interviewed the most military personnel in the world.

I rescued Lee based on humanitarian ground and the need to restore
justice around 1990. It never suggest endorsement and alliance with
the Lee's family and his form of martial act.

Comparison of treatment between Islamic fighters and veterans of the
West, It is time for a change!

Reward for Western fighter and athlete and reward for American
veterans

National Coalition for Homeless Veterans - Community
NCHV will end homelessness among veterans by shaping public policy,
educating the public, and building the capacity of service providers.
www.nchv.org/veteran.cfm - Cached

Reward for muslim fighter and athlete and reward for Christian convert
to Islam

Muhammad Ali
A month later an all-white jury found him guilty of draft evasion, and
Ali was imprisoned. ... Draft Evasion convicted 1967, overturned by
the Supreme Court 1971.
www.nndb.com/people/487/000022421 - Cached

Muhammad Ali Center
The six-story, 96,750 sq ft (8,988 m2). museum opened on November 19,
2005 at a cost of $80 million.[1] It also includes a 40,000 sq ft
(3,700 m2). two-level amphitheater and plaza that will be connected to
the Louisville Museum Plaza upon its construction.

http://www.alicenter.org
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Center
http://www.why-christians-convert-to-islam.com/
http://muslimconverts.com/converts/index.htm
http://www.northjersey.com/news/njpolitics/33204374.html
http://www1.va.gov/homeless/page.cfm?pg=1
http://www.nchv.org/veteran.cfm

They reward Muhammad Ali for draft evasion and his role in anti-war
movement. It is better to be Muhammad Ali than a homeless veteran.
Everyone inclusing the American public wants the West to lose the war

mrliu918

unread,

Apr 27, 2009, 2:55:02 AM4/27/09

rst0wxyz

unread,

Apr 28, 2009, 11:33:53 AM4/28/09

On Apr 26, 11:55 pm, mrliu918 <mrliu...@gmail.com> wrote:
> A chinese hero and martial act expert does not need Japanese weapon.

This was how China became the "sick man of Asia",
believing only in your own superiority,
and refusing to learn and adapt to others' ideas.

> http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Leehttp://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E5%B0%8F%E9%BE%99http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kato_(The_Green_Hornet)http://www.kendo-fik.org/english-page/english-page2/World-Kendo-Champ...http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kendohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jujitsuhttp://surnames.behindthename.com...http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9D%96%E5%9B%BD%E7%A5%9E%E7%A4%BE#.E6...

>
> Japanese Famous People: Z
> Find Famous Japanese People of Actors, Actress, Athletes, ... Name:
> Zanpaku Kato. Japanese Name: 加藤善博. Blood Type: A. Gender: Male. Date

> of Birth: 1958-Oct-07 ...www.japanesefamouspeople.com/z.html- Cached

> People's Republic of China and Republic of China have ...
>
> read more »

mrliu918

unread,

May 3, 2009, 4:01:57 AM5/3/09

Quotation:

http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E6%B0%A3%E6%AD%8C
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queue_(hairstyle)
http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E5%89%83%E9%AB%AE%E6%98%93%E6%9C%8D&variant=zh-hk
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangzhou_massacre
http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%89%AC%E5%B7%9E%E5%8D%81%E6%97%A5
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shi_Kefa
http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E5%8F%AF%E6%B3%95
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wen_Tianxiang
http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%A4%A9%E7%A5%A5
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yue_Fei
http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B2%B3%E9%A3%9E

Queue (hairstyle)

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Jump to: navigation, search

Queue (hairstyle)

Chinese American man with queue in San Francisco's Chinatown

Chinese name
Traditional Chinese: 辮子
Simplified Chinese: 辫子
[show]Transliterations
Mandarin
- Hanyu Pinyin: biànzi
Cantonese
- Jyutping: bin1 zi2

Manchu name
Manchu: (soncoho)
The queue or cue is a hairstyle in which the hair is worn long and
gathered up into a pigtail. It was worn traditionally by certain
Native American groups, Indian Brahmins (see Kudumi) and the Manchu of
Manchuria. In the 18th century it was common for Europeans to wear
their hair long.

Contents [hide]
1 Chinese queue
1.1 The Manchu tradition
1.2 Queue Order
1.3 Resistance to the queue
2 Native American queue
3 See also
4 References
5 Further reading

[edit] Chinese queue
The Chinese queue was a specific hairstyle worn by the Manchus from
central Manchuria and later imposed on the Chinese in China. The
hairstyle consisted of the hair on the front of the head being shaved
off above the temples and the rest of the hair braided into a long
ponytail, or queue. The ponytail was never to be cut for it would
justify execution as treason. In the early 1910s, although the Chinese
no longer had to wear it, many still wore it as a tradition.

[edit] The Manchu tradition
The Manchu hairstyle was forcefully introduced to China by Nurhaci in
the early 17th century. Nurhaci achieved the creation of a Manchu
state in Manchuria, later becoming the Qing Dynasty of China, after
having defeated the Ming forces in northern China. Once firmly in
power, Nurhaci commanded all men in the areas he had conquered to
adopt the Manchu hairstyle. The Manchu hairstyle was significant
because it meant that they did not like slavery[clarification needed].
It was a symbol of Ming Chinese submission to Manchu rule. The queue
also aided the Manchus in identifying those Chinese that refused to
accept Manchu domination of the Chinese state.

[edit] Queue Order

A soldier during the Boxer Rebellion with queue and conical straw
hatThe Queue Order (traditional Chinese: 剃髮令; simplified Chinese: 剃发令;
pinyin: tìfàlìng), or tonsure decree, was a series of laws violently
imposed by the Manchu invaders of China in the seventeenth century.

Traditionally, adult Han Chinese did not cut their hair. According to
the Classic of Filial Piety, Confucius said

“ We are given our body, skin and hair from our parents; which we
ought not to damage. This idea is the quintessential of filial duty. (身
體髮膚，受之父母，不敢毀傷，孝至始也。)[1] ”

As a result of this ideology both men and women wound their hair into
a bundle or into various hairstyles. Manchu men, on the other hand,
shaved their foreheads, leaving a long rattail called the queue.

When the Manchus broke through Shanhai Pass in 1644, they forced
surrendering Han Chinese to adopt the queue as a sign of submission. A
year later, after the Manchus had reached South China, Dorgon imposed
the Queue Order for all Han Chinese, giving the Han Chinese 10 days to
shave their hair into a queue, or face death. Although Dorgon admitted
that followers of Confucianism might have grounds for objection, most
Han officials had instead cited the Ming Dynasty's traditional System
of Rites and Music as their reason for resistance. This led Dorgon to
question their motives: "If officials say that people should not
respect our Rites and Music, but rather follow those of the Ming, what
can be their true intentions?"[2]

The slogan adopted by the Qing was "Keep your hair and lose your head,
or keep your head and cut your hair" (Chinese: 留發不留頭，留頭不留發; pinyin:
liú fā bù liú tóu, liú tóu bù liú fā).[3] The Han Chinese people
resisted the order and the Manchu rulers struck back with deadly
force, massacring all who refused to shave their hair. The three
massacres at Jiading and the ten-day massacre at Yangzhou are two of
the most infamous massacres, with estimated death tolls in the tens
(or even hundreds) of thousands.[4] The imposition of this order was
not uniform; it took up to 10 years of martial enforcement for all of
China to be brought into compliance.

The purpose of the Queue Order was to demonstrate loyalty to the Qing
and, conversely, growing one's hair came to symbolize revolutionary
ideals (such as during the Taiping Rebellion).[5]

[edit] Resistance to the queue
Han Chinese resistance to adopting the queue was widespread and
bloody. The Chinese in Liaodong rebelled in 1622 and 1625 in response
to the implementation of the mandatory hairstyle. The Manchus
responded swiftly to this rebellion by killing the educated elite and
instituting a stricter separation between Han Chinese and Manchus. In
1645, the adoption of the queue was taken a step further by the ruling
Manchus when it was decreed that any man who did not adopt the Manchu
hairstyle within ten days would be executed. The intellectual Lu Xun
summed up the Chinese reaction to the implementation of the mandatory
Manchu hairstyle by stating, “In fact, the Chinese people in those
days revolted not because the country was on the verge of ruin, but
because they had to wear queues.”

The queue became a symbol of the Qing Dynasty until 1911, when the
Xinhai Revolution led to a complete change in hairstyle almost
overnight. The queue became unpopular as it became associated with a
fallen government. See, for instance, Lu Xun's short story Storm in a
Teacup. Chinese citizens in Hong Kong changed to short haircuts
collectively[6].

剃髮易服

維基百科，自由的百科全書
跳轉到: 導航, 搜索

街上留髮辮的中國人，三藩市，1910年剃髮易服，又稱「薙髮令」或「剃髮令」，是指中國明末清初時期滿族統治者強迫全國蒙古族、漢族（及其它南方少數
民族）改剃滿族髮型、改穿滿族服裝的政令

目錄 [隱藏]
1 背景
2 實行
3 原由
4 抵抗
5 剃髮易服造成的社會矛盾
6 例外
7 影響
8 參考文獻
9 參見

[編輯] 背景
清帝國由居於今中國東北的滿族人建立。在入關之前，滿族統治者在關外已然推行「剃髮易服」政策。對被征服或投效的漢人一律強令改變髮式、更換服裝，投降
的明朝將士也必須剃髮易服，作為效忠的標誌。

漢族自古亦十分重視衣冠服飾。《孝經》有言：「身體髮膚，受之父母，不敢毀傷，孝之始也。」漢人成年之後就不可剃髮，男女都把頭髮綰成髮髻盤在頭頂。

滿族的髮型與漢人迥異，滿人男性把前顱、兩鬢的頭髮全部剃光，僅後顱留下頭髮，編成一條長辮垂下，此種增加頭皮面積的髮型有助於打仗時佩戴頭盔與軍帽，
頭皮面積增多磨擦力增加，可減少少打仗時頭盔或軍帽歪斜遮眼或掉落的機率，增加安全性也避免被友軍誤殺。

漢人的服裝漢服以交領、右衽、無扣等為主要特色，滿服的主要特點是立領、對襟、盤扣等。

[編輯] 實行
清軍於1644年（明崇禎十七年）入關後頒發第一次的「剃髮令」，因引起漢人的不滿和反抗，於是公開廢除此令。1645年清兵進軍江南後，漢臣孫之獬受
到其他漢大臣的排擠，惱羞成怒之下向攝政王多爾袞提出重新頒發「剃髮令」，而多爾袞亦正有此意；遂趁勢多爾袞下令再次頒發「剃髮令」，規定清軍所到之
處，無論官民，限十日內盡行剃頭，削髮垂辮，不從者斬。其執行口號是：「留髮不留頭，留頭不留髮」。

[編輯] 原由
滿清統治者推行「剃髮易服」的原因一般認為：

滿族統治者將剃髮作為漢人是否接受清朝統治的重要身體標誌。
滿族統治者希望通過剃髮易服來打擊、摧垮漢族尤其是上層人士的民族精神。
確立滿族的統治地位，確保滿族不被漢族同化。
後來的歷史表明，滿族統治者的這一措施基本達到了預期效果。漢人逐漸淡忘本民族服飾，習慣了滿族的髮式和服裝。

[編輯] 抵抗
漢族人民為保護世代相承的文物衣冠進行了此起彼伏的鬥爭。滿清入侵者對此進行了暴力鎮壓。1645年發生的嘉定三屠即與「剃髮易服」有關

[編輯] 剃髮易服造成的社會矛盾
「剃髮易服」是清初主要的社會矛盾之一。針對當時各地漢人的抗爭此起彼伏的情況，當時的陳名夏曾說過：「留髮復衣冠，天下即可太平。」然而不久他就因為
說了這句話而被滿門抄斬。順治二年十月，原任陝西河西道孔聞謤（孔子後人）上書：「近奉剃頭之例，四氏子孫又告廟遵旨剃髮，以明歸順之誠，豈敢再有妄
議。但念先聖為典禮之宗，顏、曾、孟三大賢並起而羽翼之。其定禮之大莫要于冠服。……惟臣祖當年自為物身者無非斟酌古制所載章甫之冠，所衣縫掖之服，遂
為萬世不易之程，子孫世世守之。自漢、唐、宋、金、元以迄明時，三千年未有令之改者，誠以所守者是三代之遺規，不忍令其湮沒也。即剃頭之例，當時原未議
及四氏子孫，自四家剃髮後，章甫縫掖不變於三千年者未免至臣家今日而變，使天下雖知臣家之能盡忠，又惜臣家未能盡孝，恐于皇上崇儒重道之典有未備也。應
否蓄髮，以複本等衣冠，統惟聖裁。」多爾袞回應如下：「剃髮嚴旨，違者無赦。孔聞謤疏求蓄髮，已犯不赦之條，姑念聖裔免死。況孔子聖之時，似此違制，
有玷伊祖時中之道。著革職永不敘用。」[1]順治十年，刑部逮捕了兩個因為扮演旦角而沒有剃髮的人，清廷因此下詔：「剃頭之令，不遵者斬，頒行已久，並
無戲子准與留髮之例。今二犯敢於違禁，好生可惡。着刑部作速刊刻告示，內外通行傳飭，如有借前項戲子名色留髮者限文到十日內即行剃髮；若過限仍敢違禁，
許諸人即為拿獲，在內送刑部審明處斬，在外送該管地方官奏請正法。如見者不行舉首，勿論官民從重治罪。」　[2]由此可見一斑。

[編輯] 例外
剃髮令規定，女性、小孩、人死後之衣冠畫像、隸役、和尚、道士、舞台演員、婚禮服裝仍可穿漢族服式。

[編輯] 影響
滅明後，滿清族統治者取得勝利，漢族男子被迫普遍剃髮結辮，改穿滿族衣冠。也有不願改換衣冠者逃到海外，或遁入空門帶髮修行。

辛亥革命推翻清朝後，剃髮令廢除，不少人（包括滿人，由於怕受到漢人報復，因此也改變髮型）遂剪去辮子，但仍有如張勳等保皇人士，堅持留辮子並率領辮子
軍，以表示對清朝的效忠。而當時在日本統治下的台灣，薙髮與纏足、吸食鴉片並列為台灣三大陋習之一，但與後兩者不同，日本人未對台灣人的髮型進行強制規
範，而台灣人在受到日本統治影響後，多為自發性主動剪去辮子。

而經過幾百年的影響，漢人已經不認識本民族的服裝，而經過西式改良的滿人服飾，成為多數中國人包括漢人認識的服飾。諸如旗袍、長袍馬褂等等。2001年
在上海舉行的APEC會議，會後領袖代表所穿着的服飾，雖稱為唐裝但實際上和唐朝沒有什麼關係，而即是馬褂經西式改造而成。

當今中國社會有部分人士主張「回復漢服」的運動，希望推廣鼓勵漢人重新穿着傳統漢服，不過在現代中國服裝高度西化影響下，尚未能成為潮流。

[編輯] 參考文獻
^ 清世祖實錄，一六四五年十月初三日孔聞謤揭帖．
^ 顧, 誠．南明史，第六章第二節．

Yangzhou massacre

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search

The Yangzhou massacre (Chinese: 楊州十日; pinyin: Yángzhōu Shí Rì;
literally "Yangzhou Ten Days") took place in the Qing dynasty China in
1645 when Manchu conquerers led by Prince Dodo conducted mass killings
of the residents of Yangzhou. The atrocity lasted for ten days and the
alleged number of victims was close to 800,000 (though some scholars
doubt its accuracy).

The alleged reasons for the massacre were:

To punish the residents because of resistance efforts led by Ming
official Shi Kefa.

To warn the rest of the population of the consequences of resisting
the invaders.

The book An Account of Ten days at Yangzhou by Wang Xiuchu, (English
by Lynn A. Struve under the title:Voices from the Ming-Qing Cataclysm:
China in Tigers' Jaws) was a first-person eyewitness account of the
massacre.

Following are excerpts from Voices from the Ming-Qing Cataclysm: China
in Tigers' Jaws:

“ Several dozen people were herded like sheep or goats. Any who lagged
were flogged or killed outright. The women were bound together at the
necks with a heavy rope--strung one to another like pearls. Stumbling
with each step, they were covered with mud. Babies lay everywhere on
the ground. The organs of those trampled like turf under horses'
hooves or people's feet were smeared in the dirt, and the crying of
those still alive filled the whole outdoors. Every gutter or pond we
passed was stacked with corpses, pillowing each others arms and legs.
Their blood had flowed into the water, and the combination of green
and red was producing a spectrum of colors. The canals, too, had been
filled to level with dead bodies. ”
“ Then fires started everywhere, and the thatched houses...caught fire
and were soon engulfed in flames...Those who had hidden themselves
beneath the houses were forced to rush out from the heat of the fire,
and as soon as they came out, in nine cases out of ten, they were put
to death on the spot. On the other hand, those who had stayed in the
houses--were burned to death within the closely shuttered doors and no
one could tell how many had died from the pile of charred bones that
remained afterwards.

揚州十日

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揚州十日是南明弘光元年，清朝順治二年（1645年）發生在清軍攻破揚州城後對城中平民進行大屠殺的事件。由於當時南明將領史可法對清軍的殊死抵抗，在
同年四月廿五日（5月20日），清軍攻佔揚州後，當時大雨傾盆，多鐸宣布在揚州城內進行了屠殺。當時的倖存者王秀楚所著《揚州十日記》中記載屠殺共持續
十日，故名「揚州十日」。

揚州十日插圖有關揚州十日的記載主要來自《揚州十日記》，這是一本僅八千字不到的小書；但此書長期被清廷禁止無法流通，導致清末以前大部分人對此屠殺事
件一無所知。直到清末有心人士將此書由日本帶回，「揚州十日」事件才廣為世人所知，陳天華在《獅子吼》寫道：「有當時一個遺民，于萬死一生之中，逃出性
命，做了一本《揚州十日記》，敘述殺戮之慘。」可說是為辛亥革命的成功造就了輿論準備。《揚州十日記》在史學界影響很大，一些書籍如：《清代通史》、
《辭源》、《辭海》，《中外歷史年表》、《清史編年》等皆予引用。

據《揚州十日記》所載，清軍攻破揚州城後進行了為期十天的大肆屠殺，史載：「諸婦女長索系頸，累累如貫珠，一步一跌，遍身泥土；滿地皆嬰兒，或襯馬蹄，
或藉人足，肝腦塗地，泣聲盈野。」「初四日，天始霽。道路積屍既經積雨暴漲，而青皮如蒙鼓，血肉內潰。穢臭逼人，復經日炙，其氣愈甚。前後左右，處處焚
灼。室中氤氳，結成如霧，腥聞百里。」後來由城內僧人收殮的屍體就超過了80萬具。

近來有人對《揚州十日記》記錄的死亡人數提出質疑。他們認為，從南明兵力、揚州守軍、清軍兵力、居民人數等幾個主要方面考查，一、當時清軍不足三萬人；
二、揚州人口不可能超過八十萬人；三、負責埋死的僧人也僅有三千人，無以應付八十萬具屍體，另外焚屍的巨量木柴亦難以取得；四、揚州新舊兩城的面積（約
380萬平方公尺），扣除一半的建築物佔地，也不足以承擔八十萬人口；從諸多數據均可說明《揚州十日記》關於清軍屠殺至少八十萬人的說法應為誇大。真實
發生於歷史上的，應是屠城五日（至1645年5月25日），順治二年五月二日（5月27日），開始賑濟口糧。

目錄 [隱藏]
1 詩篇
2 參考
3 相關條目
4 外部連結

[編輯] 詩篇
由《揚州歷代詩詞》所收，不下５０首。如「兵戈南下日為昏，匪石寒松聚一門。痛殺懷中三歲子，也隨阿母作忠魂。」（清黃宗羲《卓烈婦》）；「深閨日日綉
鳳凰，忽被干戈出畫堂。弱質難禁罹虎口，只余夢魂繞家鄉。」（張氏《絕命詩五首》之一）；「明日還家撥餘燼，十三人骨相依引。樓前一足乃焚餘，菊花（婢
女名）左股看奚忍！」（清蔣士銓（焚樓行》）等等，均令人不忍卒讀。

[編輯] 參考

[編輯] 相關條目
嘉定三屠
入關戰爭
史可法

[編輯] 外部連結
維基文庫中相關的原始文獻：
揚州十日記http://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/揚州十日記
王秀楚，揚州十日記

Shi Kefa

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search

Shi Kefa.Shi Kefa (Chinese: 史可法, 1601—1645), born in Kaifeng, Henan,
was a Ming general and calligrapher, who in the last days of the Ming
Dynasty gave his life resisting the advancing Qing armies. The
victorious Qing subsequently raised a memorial to him in recognition
of his courage.

Contents [hide]
1 Biography
2 Calligraphy
3 See also
4 References

[edit] Biography
Shi was born in Kaifeng, Henan in 1601. When he was 44 years old, Shi
was put in charge of the doomed city of Yangzhou. At the time, the
Ming was already beginning to collapse and the Ming soldiers had lost
their will to fight. However, Shi was still able to convince his men
that a defense of the city was possible.

史可法
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史可法史可法（1601年－1645年），字宪之，又字道邻，祥符人（今河南开封），祖籍順天府大興縣（今北京），東漢溧阳侯史崇第四十九世裔孙。明南
京兵部尚書東閣大學士，因抗清被俘，不屈而死。南明朝廷謚之忠靖。清高宗追謚忠正。其後人收其著作，編為《史忠正公集》。

目录 [隐藏]
1 生平
1.1 早期生涯
1.2 南明時期
1.3 揚州殉國
2 評價
3 注釋
4 参见

[编辑] 生平

正氣歌
維基百科，自由的百科全書
(重定向自正氣歌)
跳轉到: 導航, 搜尋
《正氣歌》是南宋末代左宰相文天祥所作的詩，創作于元大都的監獄中。景炎三年（1279年）陰曆十月一日，文天祥絕食八日未死，被押送抵達大都，安置在
館驛。十月初五日被關進兵馬司牢房，與宋右丞相賴旦臣同囚。文天祥在大都監獄中度過了三年，與賴旦臣常被忽必烈傳召上殿，就中華道統存續問題與忽必烈、
喇嘛國師八思巴開始四人精彩激烈文化辨論近三年；終讓二人開始佩服中華道統文化之博大精深，遂改採行漢化政策。文天祥強忍痛苦，寫出了不少詩篇。其中
《正氣歌》這首不朽名作是在獄中寫出的。開卷點出獄中有「水、土、日、火、米、人、穢」七氣，而文天祥說要「以一正氣而敵七氣」，歌中吟道：「哲人日已
遠，典刑在夙昔。風簷展書讀，古道照顏色」，乃千古絕唱。

維基文庫中相關的原始文獻：
正氣歌http://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/正氣歌
您可以在維基教科書中查找此百科條目的相關電子教程：
正氣歌註釋取自"http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E6%AD
%A3%E6%B0%94%E6%AD%8C&variant=zh-tw"

Wen Tianxiang

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Jump to: navigation, search

This is a Chinese name; the family name is 文 (Wen).

Bust of Wen Tianxiang in his temple in Beijing.Wen Tianxiang (Chinese:
文天祥; pinyin: Wén Tiānxiáng; Wade-Giles: Wen T'ien-hsiang; June 6, 1236
– January 9, 1283 AD), Duke of Xinguo, was a scholar-general in the
last years of the Southern Song Dynasty. For his resistance to Kublai
Khan's invasion of Song, and for his refusal to yield to the Yuan
Dynasty despite being captured and tortured, he is a popular symbol of
patriotism and righteousness in China. He is considered one of three
heroes of the Song's last years, alongside Liu Xiufu and Zhang Shijie.
[citation needed]

His symbolic role can be seen from the following fact of 1908: in Wen
Tianxiang's historical shrine in Haifeng Chen Jiongming persuaded over
thirty young men of the village to swear secret support for a national
revolution. (Leslie H. Dingyan Chen, Chen Jiongming and the Federalist
Movement: Regional Leadership and Nation Building in Early Republican
China, Ann Arbor: Center for Chinese Studies, University of Michigan,
1999, pp 13-14)

Contents [hide]
1 Biography
2 Ancestry and descendants
3 Wen Tianxiang monuments
4 Famous quotations
5 Published works on Wen Tianxiang's life and poetry
6 See also

[edit] Biography

文天祥
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文天祥祠中的塑像
文天祥狀元及第文天祥（1236年6月6日－1283年1月9日），南宋末期吉州廬陵（今江西吉安縣）人，初名雲孫，字天祥。選中貢士後，換以天祥為
名，改字履善。寶祐四年（1256年）中狀元後再改字宋瑞，後因住過文山，而號文山。

文天祥以忠烈名傳後世，受俘期間，元世祖以高官厚祿勸降，文天祥寧死不屈，從容赴義，生平事蹟被後世稱許，與陸秀夫、張世傑被稱為「宋末三傑」。

[编辑] 生平

Yue Fei

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search

Statue of Yue Fei, from the Yue Fei Mausoleum in Hangzhou. The four
characters on the banner reads, Huan wo he shan, or "Return my rivers
and mountains".
Names (details)
Known in English as: Yue Fei, Yueh Fei, Yo Fei, Yao Fei, Ngok Fei,
Nawk Fai
Traditional Chinese: 岳飛
Simplified Chinese: 岳飞
Hanyu Pinyin: Yuè Fēi
Wade-Giles: Yüeh Fei
Cantonese: Ngok[1] Fei[2]
Courtesy name: Pengju
Traditional Chinese: 鵬舉
Simplified Chinese: 鹏举
Hanyu Pinyin: Péngjǔ
Wade-Giles: P'eng Chü
Cantonese: Paang4 Geui2
Posthumous name(s): Wumu , Zhongwu
Chinese: 武穆 , 忠武
Hanyu Pinyin: Wǔmù , Zhōngwǔ
Wade-Giles: Wumu , Jungwu
Cantonese: Mou5 Muk6 , Jung1 Mou5
This article contains Chinese text. Without proper rendering support,
you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Chinese
characters.
Yue Fei (traditional Chinese: 岳飛; simplified Chinese: 岳飞; pinyin: Yuè
Fēi; March 24, 1103 - January 27, 1142) was a famous Chinese patriot
and military general who fought for the Southern Song Dynasty against
the Jurchen armies of the Jin Dynasty.[2] Since his death, Yue Fei has
evolved into the standard model of loyalty in Chinese culture.

岳飞
维基百科，自由的百科全书
跳转到: 导航, 搜索
岳飛

岳飛雕像，武汉黄鹤楼后

出生 1103年3月24日
相州湯陰
去世 1142年1月27日
臨安府
身份军事统帅
岳飛（1103年3月24日－1142年），字鹏举，河北（指黄河以北，而非今河南河北之省界，下同）相州湯陰（今河南安阳市湯陰縣）永和鄉孝悌里人，
中国南宋时期的著名将领、民族英雄。岳飞一生与中国北方女真族金国作战，抵御外来侵略，但是最后由于受到统治者的猜忌而被监禁、杀害。宋孝宗淳熙六年
（1169年）追諡武穆，宋寧宗嘉定四年（1211年）追封鄂王，故后人也称“岳武穆”或“岳王”。

mrliu918

unread,

May 5, 2009, 3:30:50 AM5/5/09

to rst0...@yahoo.com

On Apr 24, 4:54 pm, rst0wxyz <rst0w...@yahoo.com> wrote:
> If you have nothing better to do than talking to yourself, come and
> help me bash Meichi cunt aka abianchen lying bitch on SCC.

Opened response to rst0wxyz (rst0...@yahoo.com)

Mr butterfly and bicycle:

For my entire life, I have challenged 200-500 lbs bears, 200-500 lbs
tigers, 200-500 lbs lions, 200 lbs Mike Tyson with less than 5% fat,
Olympic boxing champions with more than 10 years of formal training in
world class facilities, 200-400 lb Japanese Sumo champions, martial
act experts from military who claimed too many life with bayonets in
war. All my contenders in the ring are either in heavy weight category
or someone with far more experience than myself in world class
training in martial act. All my contenders in the ring are required to
complete blood test by Olympic doctors to ensure that they are at the
peak of their performance and at the best time of physical age. Of
course, all the contenders are served with notice and warning prior to
their voluntary engagement in the ring.

Mr butterfly and bicycle:

The difference between us is a matter of character and tactics. As I
notice, you always prefer to pose as a loyal servant of someone and
launch undeclared war against them from behind after stealing their
trust. Your expertise to prey on the weak, the old, the handicapped,
the wounded, the insane, the retarded, the death and the hopeless
earned you a reputation worldwide.

I don't know if you could ever find any common ground between us to
begin with for our cooperation.

Should you find any similarity in character and tactics between us in
the future, contact me again.

rst0wxyz

unread,

May 5, 2009, 3:51:10 AM5/5/09

On May 5, 12:30 am, mrliu918 <dragonst...@excite.com> wrote:
> On Apr 24, 4:54 pm, rst0wxyz <rst0w...@yahoo.com> wrote:
>
> > If you have nothing better to do than talking to yourself, come and
> > help me bash Meichi cunt aka abianchen lying bitch on SCC.
>

> Opened response to rst0wxyz (rst0w...@yahoo.com)

>
> Mr butterfly and bicycle:
>
> For my entire life, I have challenged 200-500 lbs bears, 200-500 lbs
> tigers, 200-500 lbs lions, 200 lbs Mike Tyson with less than 5% fat,
> Olympic boxing champions with more than 10 years of formal training in
> world class facilities, 200-400 lb Japanese Sumo champions, martial
> act experts from military who claimed too many life with bayonets in
> war. All my contenders in the ring are either in heavy weight category
> or someone with far more experience than myself in world class
> training in martial act. All my contenders in the ring are required to
> complete blood test by Olympic doctors to ensure that they are at the
> peak of their performance and at the best time of physical age. Of
> course, all the contenders are served with notice and warning prior to
> their voluntary engagement in the ring.
>
> Mr butterfly and bicycle:
>
> The difference between us is a matter of character and tactics. As I
> notice, you always prefer to pose as a loyal servant of someone and
> launch undeclared war against them from behind after stealing their
> trust. Your expertise to prey on the weak, the old, the handicapped,
> the wounded, the insane, the retarded, the death and the hopeless
> earned you a reputation worldwide.
>
> I don't know if you could ever find any common ground between us to
> begin with for our cooperation.
>
> Should you find any similarity in character and tactics between us in
> the future, contact me again.

Man!!! you are as bad a liar as abianchen aka Meichi cunt.

abian...@yahoo.com

unread,

May 5, 2009, 8:21:04 AM5/5/09

Rusty Old Fool, you old homo, most people here including yourself know
I am a Chinese guy from Taiwan, using photos of a beautiful innocent
Thai girl “Meichi” to flame me only shows how pathetic you are! Why
don’t you stay on the topic or apologize for your false claim [BS].

Rusty Old Fool, I only ask you to back up your false claim [BS] that
Confucius teachings (impotence of education, family value, discipline,
etc) brought the downfall of China, Singapore. Japan, Korea, HK,
Taiwan... but you could not because you have never read Analects of
Confucius and you have no idea what Confucianism is...so you got mad,
you curse, talk dirty, isn't it sad?

Rusty Old Fool, you also defended Nazi's Holocaust. One netter said he
thinks you are more crazy than he had previously thought, then you
cursed that netter too. I think that netter was right!

> Man!!! you are as bad a liar as abianchen aka Meichi cunt.- Hide quoted text -

rst0wxyz

unread,

May 5, 2009, 11:54:53 AM5/5/09

abum_chump is a hate-monger out to create trouble. A lying bitch is
always a lying bitch no matter what. Meichi cunt aka abianchen filthy
smelly pussy is here in SCC stirring up hatred and ill-feelings among
members. She should be shot on sight.

abian...@yahoo.com

unread,

May 5, 2009, 12:38:26 PM5/5/09

Rusty Old Fool, you also defended Nazi's Holocaust. One netter said he
thinks you are more crazy than he had previously thought, then you
cursed that netter too. I think that netter was right!

rst0wxyz

unread,

May 5, 2009, 3:22:27 PM5/5/09

abian...@yahoo.com

unread,

May 6, 2009, 12:39:30 AM5/6/09

Rusty Old Fool, you also defended Nazi's Holocaust. One netter said he
thinks you are more crazy than he had previously thought, then you
cursed that netter too. I think that netter was right!

mrliu918

unread,

May 6, 2009, 3:20:18 AM5/6/09

to rst0...@yahoo.com, abian...@yahoo.com

Madama_Butterfly and Heqin policy in Japan: The secret weapon of Japan
for hundred years:

糊蝶夫人的百年声誉: 和亲也是搞国防

Quotation from wikepedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madama_Butterfly
http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%9D%B4%E8%9D%B6%E5%A4%AB%E4%BA%BA
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Saigon
http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%B2%A2%E5%B0%8F%E5%A7%90
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-dressing
http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%89%AE%E8%A3%9D

Madama Butterfly

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search

"Madame Butterfly" redirects here. For the swimmer nicknamed "Madame
Butterfly", see Susie O'Neill.
For the 1915 film, see Madame Butterfly (1915 film).
Operas by Giacomo Puccini

Le Villi (1884)
Edgar (1889)
Manon Lescaut (1893)
La bohème (1896)
Tosca (1900)
Madama Butterfly (1904)
La fanciulla del West (1910)
La rondine (1917)
Il trittico: Il tabarro (1918)
Il trittico: Suor Angelica (1918)
Il trittico: Gianni Schicchi (1918)
Turandot (completed 1926 by Alfano)

v • d • e
Madama Butterfly (Madame Butterfly) is an opera in three acts
(originally two acts) by Giacomo Puccini, with an Italian libretto by
Luigi Illica and Giuseppe Giacosa.

Contents [hide]
1 Overview
2 Version history
3 Performance history
4 Roles
5 Synopsis (standard version)
5.1 Act 1
5.2 Act 2
5.3 Act 3
6 Recordings
7 Adaptations
8 Sources
9 References
10 External links

[edit] Overview
Puccini based his opera in part on the short story "Madame
Butterfly" (1898) by John Luther Long, which was dramatized by David
Belasco. Puccini also based it on the novel Madame Chrysanthème (1887)
by Pierre Loti. According to American scholar Arthur Groos, the opera
was based on events that actually occurred in Nagasaki in the early
1890s.[1]

The original version of the opera, in two acts, premiered on February
17, 1904, at La Scala in Milan. It was very poorly received despite
the presence of such notable singers as soprano Rosina Storchio, tenor
Giovanni Zenatello and baritone Giuseppe De Luca in the lead roles.
This was due in large part to the late completion and inadequate time
for rehearsals. Puccini revised the opera, splitting the second act
into two acts and making other changes. On May 28, 1904, this version
was performed in Brescia and was a huge success.

The opera is set in the city of Nagasaki. Japan's best-known opera
singer Tamaki Miura won international fame for her performances as Cio-
Cio San; her statue, along with that of Puccini, can be found in
Nagasaki's Glover Garden.

The opera is a staple of the standard operatic repertoire by companies
around the world and is the most-performed opera in the United States,
where it ranks as Number 1 in Opera America's list of the 20 most-
performed operas in North America.[2]

蝴蝶夫人

维基百科，自由的百科全书
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普契尼的歌剧作品

群妖围舞 (1884)
埃德加 (1889)
玛侬·雷斯考特 (1893)
波希米亚人 (1896)
托斯卡 (1900)
蝴蝶夫人 (1904)
西部女郎 (1910)
燕子 (1917)
三部曲·大衣 (1918)
三部曲·修女安洁丽卡 (1918)
三部曲·贾尼斯基基 (1918)
杜兰朵 (1926)

查 • 论 • 编 • 历
《蝴蝶夫人》(Madama Butterfly)，是由意大利剧作家普契尼(Giacomo Puccini)创作之歌剧。该剧由雷基·伊利卡及乔赛
普·贾科萨撰写剧本，并根据隆恩的故事及伯勒斯科的戏剧作为蓝本。

蝴蝶夫人目录 [隐藏]
1 简史
2 剧情大纲
2.1 第一幕
2.2 第二幕
2.3 第三幕
3 相关
4 外部参考

[编辑] 简史
《蝴蝶夫人》曾在1904年2月17日当天于米兰市的史卡拉歌剧院首演，可惜，该次首演却落得惨淡收场。然而，普契尼并没有气馁，反而大幅修改剧本—将
较为长的第二幕分作两幕；改编完成的版本其后亦在1904年5月28日于一处名为布雷西亚的小镇作演出，该演出最终获得空前成功。正因如此，该歌剧更于
1907年以大热姿态登陆纽约市的大都会歌剧院。

如今，《蝴蝶夫人》于意大利演出时有两幕，在美国演出则有三幕；歌唱者方面，蝴蝶夫人一角首演时由罗西纳·史托尔齐欧(Rosina
Storchio)所饰演，上世纪著名的日本女高音三浦环(Tamaki Miura)亦曾饰演蝴蝶夫人一角，并大受好评。而华裔女高音黄莺所饰演的蝴
蝶夫人比西方的演员更贴近这个角色的东方特质：音色在高音中满含东方女性的柔婉，随着情节与情绪的进展，柔婉中又不断添加进羞涩、喜悦、思念、绝望，表
情与动作也与角色更贴切（SONY Columbia 公司出品了该版《蝴蝶夫人》的DVD）。

剧情大纲
注意：下文中包含记述作品情节的段落，或许会降低欣赏原作的兴致。

[编辑] 第一幕
故事讲述一位美国军官与日本艺妓的爱情故事。

在居酒屋中，一位在日本驻守美国军官平克顿遇上了一位漂亮的艺妓蝴蝶。平克顿当场向蝴蝶求爱，蝴蝶接受了，于是他们举办了婚礼。媒公五郎撮合此次婚事，
及安排他们于山间一所小屋暂宿。新娘子遂邀请众艺伎朋友们，参与这次充满喜悦及欢欣的大婚，而美国领事官夏普莱斯(Sharpless)亦有出席，但其
后当听闻平克顿于日后可能会娶一个来自美国的妻子时，顿感晴天霹雳。

婚礼进行期间，蝴蝶夫人的和尚叔父来了，他怒责蝴蝶夫人竟敢背弃自己家族所信仰的佛教。平克顿深深感动；而蝴蝶亦竟然为了他，如此的牺牲，他当下决定要
好好照顾妻子。可惜他后来必须移防，于是和他妻子说：“你要记住，我一定在樱花盛开时回来！”

Miss Saigon

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Jump to: navigation, search

Miss Saigon

Original poster
Music Claude-Michel Schönberg
Lyrics Alain Boublil
Richard Maltby, Jr.

Book Claude-Michel Schönberg
Alain Boublil
Based upon Opera by Giacomo Puccini
Madame Butterfly
Productions 1989 West End

1991 Broadway
1992 Japan
1993 Toronto
1993 Japan
1994 Hungary
1994 Los Angeles
1995 Sydney
1995 Germany
1996 Netherlands
1997 Denmark
2000 Philippines
2000 Poland
2001 UK tour
2002 Estonia
2002 Sweden
2004 UK tour
2005 US tour
2004 Japan
2006 South Korea
2007 Australia
2007 Bulgaria
2007 Czech Republic
2007 Canada
2007 Finland
2007 Brazil
2007 Switzerland
2008 Japan
2009 New Zealand
2008 Uruguay

Miss Saigon is a West End musical by Claude-Michel Schönberg and Alain
Boublil, with lyrics by Boublil and Richard Maltby, Jr. It premiered
at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, in London on September 20, 1989,
closing after 4,264 performances on October 30, 1999. On April 11,
1991, it opened at the Broadway Theatre in New York City, and closed
on January 28, 2001 after 4,092 performances.[1] The musical
represented Schönberg and Boublil's second major success, following
Les Misérables in 1980. As of April 2009, Miss Saigon is still the
10th longest-running Broadway musical in musical theatre history.[2]

Miss Saigon is a modern adaptation of Giacomo Puccini's opera Madame
Butterfly, and similarly tells the tragic tale of a doomed romance
involving an Asian woman abandoned by her American lover. The setting
of the plot is relocated to the 1970s Saigon during the Vietnam War,
and Madame Butterfly's American Lieutenant and Japanese geisha
coupling is replaced by a romance between an American GI and a
Vietnamese bar girl.

The show's inspiration was reportedly a photograph, inadvertently
found by Schönberg in a magazine. The photo showed a Vietnamese mother
leaving her child at a departure gate at Tan Son Nhut Air Base to
board a plane headed for the United States where her father, an ex-GI,
would be in a position to provide a much better life for the child.
Schönberg considered this mother's actions for her child to be "The
Ultimate Sacrifice," an idea central to the plot of Miss Saigon.[3]

Highlights of the show include the evacuation of the last Americans in
Saigon from the Embassy roof by helicopter while a crowd of abandoned
Vietnamese scream their despair, the victory parade of the new
communist regime and the frenzied night club scene on the edge of
defeat.

Miss Saigon was part of the major European influence on Broadway in
the 1980s, along with the musicals Cats, The Phantom of the Opera, and
Les Misérables.

Contents [hide]
1 Production history
2 Synopsis
2.1 Act 1
2.2 Act 2
3 Major characters
4 Musical numbers
5 Casts
6 Awards and nominations
6.1 1991 Tony Awards
6.2 Other awards
7 Controversy
8 References
9 External links

西贡小姐

维基百科，自由的百科全书
跳转到: 导航, 搜索

《西贡小姐》是由克劳德-米歇尔·勋伯格(Claude-Michel Schonberg )与阿兰·鲍伯利(Alain Boublil)共同创作
的一部音乐剧。该剧于1989年9月20日，在英国伦敦特鲁里街(Drury Lane)的皇家歌剧院(Theatre Royal)首次公演，共演出
4264场，于1999年10月30日才结束。在1991年4月11日《西贡小姐》在美国纽约百老汇歌剧院公演，于2001年1月28日结束，共演出
4092场。[1]

《西贡小姐》是普契尼歌剧《蝴蝶夫人》的现代改编版。它讲述的，也是一个亚洲女子被白人情人抛弃的悲剧故事。故事背景被挪到20世纪70年代的西贡，而
《蝴蝶夫人》里的美国军官和日本歌妓被改成了美国大兵和越南吧女。

这部音乐剧的灵感来自于一本杂志里的照片。勋伯格看到了这张照片，照片上一位越南母亲在胡志明国际机场的登机口送她的孩子到美国去，那里有孩子的父亲，
一名前美国军人，而他能在美国提供这孩子较良好的生活环境。勋伯格认为这位母亲为孩子的做法是“最大的牺牲”，这也成为了《西贡小姐》一剧的中心主题。
[2]

《西贡小姐》在80年代是百老汇上受欧洲影响的几大剧目之一，其他有《猫》，《歌剧魅影》，和《悲惨世界》。

目录 [隐藏]
1 制作历史
2 剧情概要
3 详细剧情介绍
3.1 第一幕
3.2 第二幕
4 获奖情况
4.1 托尼奖
4.2 其他奖项
5 争议论坛
6 原伦敦剧组演员
7 发行版本
8 脚注
9 外部连接

[编辑] 制作历史
《西贡小姐》自1989年在伦敦公演起就在全世界各个城市得到空前的成功，在斯图加特和多伦多，连剧场都为了演出该剧而经过专门设计。在1994年12
月，伦敦剧组打破了之前由《窈窕淑女》保持的特鲁里街皇家歌剧院公演最久音乐剧的记录。

该剧于1991年在百老汇公演之后，人们普遍认为它无论在评奖上还是售票上，都会成为该年度的最佳音乐剧。它的确打破了好几项百老汇记录，包括预售票超
过了两千四百美元、最高票价一百美元、以及在39个星期之内就付清了投资人的资金。[3]然而，虽然该剧满载了无数提名和赞美，在1989/90年度的
劳伦斯·奥立弗奖和1991年度的东尼奖上，它却没能得到最佳音乐剧的奖项。

当伦敦剧组于1999年结束演出、百老汇剧组于2001年结束演出之后，伦敦原班人马又展开了一次长时间的巡回演出，在从英国到爱尔兰在内的六大剧场
里，每个地方停留数月。巡回演出在皇宫剧场，曼彻斯特首演，之后在伯名翰竞技场、南安普敦的五月花剧场、爱丁堡剧院、布里斯托尔竞技场、和都柏林的点剧
院演出。这次极为成功的巡回演出于2003年结束。原制作人卡麦隆·麦金塔又开始筹划一台可以在稍小型剧场演出的版本，这个“新”巡回演出在2004年
7月再次开始了。

《西贡小姐》目前在美国和其他国家都有国家或地区级的巡回演出，最近一次的英国国家巡回演出于2004年8月在普利茅斯的皇家剧场首演，将于2006年
初结束。该次演出是最近以来相当成功的一次，剧场有牛津, 米尔顿凯恩斯、沃金、诺威治、诺丁汉、卡地夫、布里斯托尔、伯名翰、曼彻斯特、格拉斯哥、布
拉德福、贝尔法斯特、南安普敦、爱丁堡、阿伯丁、利物浦和桑德兰。演出于2006年6月在布里斯托尔结束。结束的原因是人员要转移到其他国家，包括韩
国和澳大利亚的演出。[4]

[编辑] 剧情概要
注意：下文中包含记述作品情节的段落，或许会降低欣赏原作的兴致。
《西贡小姐》的故事发生在1975年至1978年间。它讲述了一位保护西贡美国大使馆的美国陆军作战队士兵克里斯，金，因战争失去双亲，不得不在西贡夜
总会/妓院工作的一名年轻的越南女人。两人在互不请愿的情况下发生关系，但之后互相产生爱意。在美国撤离的大混乱中克里斯与金失散了，他被迫返回美国，
在之后的三年里两个人都饱受了这场恋情给他们带来的情感折磨。

在此同时，剧情跟随工程师，一个越南的夜总会皮条客发展。他是金的老板，他梦想着移民到美国去实现他的美国梦，但在战后越南的新共产党政权统治下，他的
梦想破碎了。工程师、金、还有金与克里斯的儿子谭(Tam)最终以“船家人”的身份逃渡到泰国，在那里，他们被迫再次捡起皮条/妓女的职业勉强度日。

克里斯现在已经与一个名叫艾伦(Ellen)的美国女人结婚了。他通过他在军队里认识的朋友约翰，知道了金存活下来的消息，也知道了谭的存在。约翰的工
作是救济被美国父亲遗留在越南的混血孩子。克里斯和金在曼谷重逢了，金得知她的爱人现在已经有了新妻子之后(与蝴蝶夫人的情况类似)，她选择了自尽，以
保证自己的孩子被克里斯带到美国，有更好的生活。

虽然剧情十分悲哀，但是《西贡小姐》的优秀音乐与强有力的合唱给这部音乐剧增加了活力与情感深度，使它经久不衰。该剧的高潮包括最后一批美国人从驻西贡
大使馆撤离时，美国人坐直升机离开，下面大群被抛弃的越南人伤心欲绝；新共产党政府的大游行；还有美国即将失败前的夜总会疯狂景象。

[编辑] 详细剧情介绍

Cross-dressing

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transvestism. (Discuss)
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Cross-dressing is the act of wearing clothing commonly associated with
another gender within a particular society.[1] The usage of the term,
the types of cross-dressing both in modern times and throughout
history, an analysis of the behaviour, and historical examples are
discussed in the article below.

Nearly every human society throughout history has distinguished
between male and female gender by the style, color, or type of
clothing they wear and has had a set of norms, views, guidelines, or
even laws defining what type of clothing is appropriate for each
gender. Cross-dressing is a behavior which runs significantly counter
to those norms and therefore can be seen as a type of transgender
behavior. It does not, however, necessarily indicate transgender
identity; a person who cross-dresses does not always identify as
having a gender different from that assigned at birth.

The term cross-dressing denotes an action or a behavior without
attributing or proposing causes for that behavior. Some people
automatically connect cross-dressing behavior to transgender identity
or sexual, fetishist, and homosexual behavior, but the term cross-
dressing itself does not imply any motives. However, referring to a
person as a cross-dresser suggests that their cross-dressing behavior
is habitual and may be taken to mean that the person identifies as
transgendered. The term cross-dresser should therefore be used with
care to avoid causing misunderstanding or offense.

Contents [hide]
1 Varieties of cross-dressing
2 Clothes
3 Social issues
4 Analyses
4.1 Female-bodied cross-dressers
4.2 The classic psychoanalytic view
4.3 The problem of attributing motives for cross-dressing
5 Some famous examples of cross-dressing
5.1 In Greek mythology
5.2 In Norse myths and legends
5.3 In Indian mythology: The Mahabharata
5.4 Famous historical examples of cross-dressing people
5.5 Cultural examples of cross-dressing
5.5.1 Folklore
5.5.2 Literature
5.5.3 Theater
5.5.3.1 Cross-dressing characters
5.5.3.2 Cross-dressing actors and actresses
5.5.4 Opera
5.5.5 Music
5.5.6 Cross-dressers from other fields
6 See also
7 References
8 Further reading

[edit] Varieties of cross-dressing
There are many different kinds of cross-dressing, and many different
reasons why an individual might engage in cross-dressing behaviour.[2]

Drag queens are a form of cross-dressing as performance art.Some
people cross-dress as a matter of comfort or style. They have a
preference towards clothing which is only marketed to or associated
with the opposite sex. In this case, a person's cross-dressing may or
may not be visible to other people.

Some people cross-dress in order to shock others or challenge social
norms.

Both men and women may cross-dress in order to disguise their true
identity. Historically, some women have cross-dressed in order to take
up male-dominated or male-exclusive professions, such as military
service. Conversely, some men have cross-dressed in order to escape
from mandatory military service.[3]

Single-sex theatrical troupes often have some performers cross-dress
in order to play roles written for members of the opposite sex. Cross-
dressing, particularly the depiction of males wearing dresses, is
often used for comic effect onstage and onscreen.

Drag is a special form of performance art based on cross-dressing. A
drag queen is usually a male-bodied person who performs as an
exaggeratedly feminine character, in heightened costuming sometimes
consisting of a showy dress, high-heeled shoes, obvious makeup, and
wig. A drag queen may imitate famous female film or pop-music stars. A
faux queen is a female-bodied person employing the same techniques.

A drag king is a counterpart of the drag queen but usually for much
different audiences. A female-bodied person (often lesbians) who adopt
a masculine persona in performance or imitates a male film or pop-
music star. Some female-bodied people undergoing gender reassignment
therapy also self-identify as drag kings although this use of "drag
king" would generally be considered inaccurate.

Transgendered people who are undergoing or have undergone gender
reassignment therapy are usually not regarded as cross-dressing.
Namely, a transsexual who has completed gender reassignment surgery is
certainly not considered cross-dressing, unless they were to wear
clothes of the gender opposite of what they have transitioned to. Pre-
operative transsexuals may be considered similarly.

A transvestic fetishist is a person (typically a heterosexual male)
who cross-dresses as part of a sexual fetish.

The term underdressing is used by male cross-dressers to describe
wearing female undergarments under their male clothes. The famous low-
budget filmmaker Edward D. Wood, Jr. said he often wore women's
underwear under his military uniform during World War II.

Some people who cross-dress may endeavour to project a complete
impression of belonging to another gender, down to mannerisms, speech
patterns, and emulation of sexual characteristics. This is referred to
as passing or "trying to pass" depending how successful the person is.
An observer who sees through the cross-dresser's attempt to pass is
said to have read them. There are books and magazines on how a man may
look more like a woman.[4]

Sometimes either person of a heterosexual couple will wear it to
arouse the other. For example, the Male would wear skirts or lingerie
and/or the Female will wear boxers or other male clothing. (See also
forced feminization)

Others may choose to take a mixed approach, adopting some feminine
traits and some masculine traits in their appearance. For instance, a
man might wear both a dress and a beard. This is sometimes known as
genderfuck.

Utilitarian purposes also bring about forms of crossdressing, such as
support hose for men with bad circulation in their legs, or the
wearing of bras for men with gynecomastia (male breasts).

David Henry Hwang's 1988 play M. Butterfly focuses on a love affair
between a French diplomat and a male Beijing opera singer who plays
dan (旦), or female, roles.

Shi Pei-Pu was a male Peking Opera singer. Spying on behalf of the
Chinese Government during the Cultural Revolution, he cross-dressed in
order to gain information from Bernard Boursicot, a French diplomat.
Their releationship lasted 20 years, during which they married. David
Henry Hwang's 1988 play M. Butterfly is loosely based on their story.

扮裝
維基百科，自由的百科全書
跳轉到: 導航, 搜尋
扮裝又稱易服、變裝，是人類一項受予複雜解釋的行為，指任何人為任何理由、動機穿著「被視為屬於另一個性別」的服裝。成語易弁而釵就是男扮女裝的意
思。

目錄 [隱藏]
1 扮裝的複雜意義
2 兩性定義、人民兩性觀念缺陷之兩極化、引申扮裝行為被抑壓的歷史背景
2.1 詞語定義
2.2 自然界的陰陽定律與兩性定義[3]
2.3 人類社會兩性觀念缺陷之兩極化
2.3.1 上述邏輯締造成人間甚麼樣的效果？
3 扮裝的理由動機的問題
4 有關「跨性別」之「性別認同」所作的扮裝
5 戀異性裝癖者
6 職業與扮裝
6.1 演員與表演
6.2 特種行業
7 掩飾身份的扮裝
7.1 衍生的社會問題
8 引申參考
9 參考文獻

[編輯] 扮裝的複雜意義
由於人、理由、性別、衣物都相當的複雜多變，因此扮裝也是相當複雜多變。很多人扮裝並不是為了性或是戀物癖的理由。同樣的，儘管扮裝也是一種跨性別的行
為，不是每一個扮裝的人都有跨性別的感覺或認同。甚至一種行為是否是扮裝也很複雜，例如某些人認為男性穿耳洞戴耳環是男性的裝扮（他們所處環境之風氣只
有女士才戴耳環而又默認之故引申出此念），某些人卻認為不是，這兩類人對扮裝的定義就不同。這很視乎於社會與民俗對於衣著所造就的風氣與潮流。

扮裝一詞的意義未必與理由無關。像是某些跨性別者就把扮裝當作一種身份、認同。

扮裝一詞的意義甚至也不限於性別，也有Cosplay、角色扮演、化粧舞會扮演行為等意思。

[編輯] 兩性定義、人民兩性觀念缺陷之兩極化、引申扮裝行為被抑壓的歷史背景

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On May 5, 3:30 pm, mrliu918 <dragonst...@excite.com> wrote:
> On Apr 24, 4:54 pm, rst0wxyz <rst0w...@yahoo.com> wrote:
>
> > If you have nothing better to do than talking to yourself, come and
> > help me bash Meichi cunt aka abianchen lying bitch on SCC.
>

> Opened response to rst0wxyz (rst0w...@yahoo.com)

yas...@gmail.com

unread,

May 10, 2009, 9:25:45 AM5/10/09

On Apr 24, 2:26 am, Xangdi <xan...@mail.com> wrote:
> I knew from the beginning that there was something wrong with
> abianchen, because it didn't sound like a man. I thought it was a homo
> writing, like RAK, but now we know of course, that it was a woman all
> along - an ugly Thai whore.
>
> On Apr 24, 1:09 am, rst0wxyz <rst0w...@yahoo.com> wrote:> If you have nothing better to do than talking to yourself, come and
> > help me bash Meichi cunt aka abianchen lying bitch on SCC. Re: List
> > of institutions of higher learning in Russia - You do have a choice!
>
> > On Apr 17, 1:23 am, mrliu918 <dragonst...@excite.com> wrote:
>
> > > List of institutions of higher learning in Russia - You do have a
> > > choice! You certainly can learn how to make SU-35 from Russia.
>
> > >http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_institutions_of_higher_learning_...
>
> > > Scholarship applications for Wikimania 2009 are now open. Apply now!
> > > [Hide]
> > > [Help us with translations!]
>
> > > List of institutions of higher learning in Russia

> > > From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
> > > Jump to: navigation, search

> > > The following is a list of universities and other higher educational
> > > institutions in Russia:
>
> > > Contents [hide]
> > > 1 Higher educational institutions
> > > 2 Higher education in Siberia
> > > 3 See also
> > > 4 Links
>
> > > [edit] Higher educational institutions
> > > Academic Law University of the of the Institute of State and Law of
> > > the Russian Academy of Sciences
> > > Academy of State Fire-Prevention Service of the MIA of Russia
> > > Academy of the National Economy attached to the Government of RF
> > > Adygeysky State University
> > > All-Russian Academy of Foreign Trade
> > > All-Russian Institute of Continuous Education in Forestry
> > > Altai State Technical University
> > > Altai State University
> > > Altai State Medical University
> > > Arkhangelsk State Technical University (1925)
> > > Astrakhan State Technical University
> > > Astrakhan State University, former Astrakhan State Pedagogical
> > > University
> > > Baltic Institute of Economics and Finance
> > > Baltic State Technical University
> > > Barnaul State Pedagogical University
> > > Bashkir State University (1957)
> > > Bauman Kazan State Academy of Veterinary Medicine
> > > Bauman Moscow State Technical University (aka Moscow State Technical
> > > University) (1830)
> > > Belgorod State Technological Academy of Construction Materials
> > > Belgorod State University
> > > Biysk Pedagogical State University (1939)
> > > Biysk Technological Institute
> > > Branch of Chelyabinsk State University
> > > Branch of Russian University of People Friendship
> > > Branch of Samara State Technical University
> > > Bratsk State Technical University
> > > Buryat State Agricultural Academy
> > > Buryat State University
> > > Chaykovsky Moscow State Conservatory
> > > Chelyabinsk State University
> > > Chelyabinsk State University of Agriculture and Engineering
> > > Cherepovettz State University
> > > Chernyshevsky Saratov State University
> > > Chita State University
> > > Chita State University of Medicine
> > > Chita State University of Polytechnics
> > > Chuvashsky State University
> > > Dobrolubov Nizhnegorodsky State Linguistic University
> > > Don State Technical University
> > > Dubna International University of Nature, Society, and Human
> > > Eastern Institute of Economics, Humanitarian Sciences, Management, and
> > > Law
> > > Eastern Siberian State Technological University
> > > Essentuky Institute of Management, Business, and Law
> > > European University at St Petersburg (ЕУСПб), St Petersburg (1996)
> > > Far Eastern State Academy of Economics and Management
> > > Far Eastern National University (1956), successor of Oriental
> > > Institute in Vladivostok
> > > Far Eastern State Technical Fishing University
> > > Far Eastern State Technical University
> > > Far Eastern State University of Communication
> > > Finance Academy attached to the Government of RF
> > > Gerasimov Institute of Cinematography
> > > Glinka Voronezh State Agricultural University
> > > Gnessin State Musical College Moscow
> > > Gorky Literature Institute
> > > Hertzen Russian State Pedagogical University
> > > Hetagurov Northern Osetinsky State University
> > > Higher School of Economics
> > > Higher School of Religion and Philosophy
> > > Higher Academic School of Graphic Design
> > > Institute of Cryptography, Communication, and informatics by the
> > > Academy of FSS of Russia
> > > Institute of Topical Education “UrInfo-MSU”
> > > International Academy of Business and Banking
> > > International Academy of Business and New Technologies
> > > International Institute of Economics and Law
> > > International University in Moscow
> > > International University of Fundamental Studies
> > > Irkutsk State Academy of Agriculture
> > > Irkutsk State Academy of Economics (Irkutsk Economics Academy)
> > > Irkutsk State University (1918)
> > > Irkutsk State Linguistic University (1948)
> > > Ivanovo State Power University
> > > Ivanovo State University of Chemistry and Technology
> > > Izhevsk State Technical University
> > > Kaliningrad State University
> > > Kalmytzky State University
> > > Kaluga State Pedagogical University
> > > Kant Russian State University (1967), former Kaliningrad State
> > > University, indirect successor to the Albertina University of
> > > Königsberg (founded 1544)
> > > Karelsky State Pedagogical University
> > > Katanov Hakassky State University
> > > Kazan Institute of Finance and Economics
> > > Kazan Medical University
> > > Kazan State Academy of Architecture and Construction
> > > Kazan State Academy of Culture and Art
> > > Kazan State Conservatory
> > > Kazan State Power Engineering University (1968)
> > > Kazan State Technical University
> > > Kazan State University (1804)
> > > Kemerovo State University (1973)
> > > Kemerovo Technological Institute of Food Industry
> > > Khabarovsk State Technical University
> > > Kolomna State Pedagogical University ru
> > > Korolev Samara State Aerospace University
> > > Kostroma State Technological University
> > > Krasnoyarsk State University (Russian abbreviation is KGU) (1963)
> > > (Started as a division of Novosibirsk State University, became
> > > standalone university in 1969)
> > > Krasnoyarsk State Institute of Trade and Economics
> > > Krasnoyarsk State Medical Academy (Russian abbreviation is KrasGMA)
> > > (1942)
> > > Krasnoyarsk State Pedagogical University (Russian abbreviation is
> > > KGPU) (1932)
> > > Krasnoyarsk State Technical University (Russian abbreviation is KGTU)
> > > (1956)
> > > Kuban State Technological University
> > > Kuban State University (1970)
> > > Kursk State Technical University
> > > Kursk State Medical University
> > > Kuzbass State Technical University (1950)
> > > Kuzbass State University
> > > Lipetzk State Technical University
> > > Lobachevsky Nizhegorodsky State University
> > > Lomonosov Pomorsky State University
> > > Maimonid State Classical Academy
> > > Magnitogorsk State Conservatory
> > > Magnitogorsk State Pedagogical Institute
> > > MAMI Moscow State Technical University
> > > Marysky State Technical University
> > > Marysky State University
> > > MATI Russian State Technological University
> > > Mendeleev Russian University of Chemistry and Technology
> > > Military – Technical University of the Federal Service of Specialized
> > > Construction of Russian Federation
> > > Military Academy of Air Defence Forces of Russian Federation
> > > Military Academy of Communication
> > > Military Academy of Supreme Staff
> > > Missile Forces Military Academy named after Peter the Great
> > > Mordovsky State University
> > > Moscow Academy for Tourism, Hotel and Catering Business
> > > Moscow Academy of Government and Municipal Management
> > > Moscow Agricultural Academy
> > > Moscow Architectural Institute
> > > Moscow Aviation Institute (State Technical University)
> > > Moscow City Pedagogical University
> > > Moscow City Psycho – Pedagogical Institute
> > > Moscow Conservatory
> > > Moscow Engineering Physics Institute
> > > Moscow Institute of Economics, Management, and Law
> > > Moscow Institute of Electronic Technology (Technical University)
> > > Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology
> > > Moscow Institute of Steel and Alloys
> > > Moscow Medical Academy
> > > Moscow Pedagogical University
> > > Moscow Power Engineering Institute
> > > Moscow State Academic School of 1905 Year Memory
> > > Moscow State Academy of Fine Chemical Technology
> > > Moscow State Academy of Instrument-Making Informatics
> > > Moscow State Academy of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology WWW.MGAVM.RU
> > > Moscow State Aviation Technological University (MATI)
> > > Moscow State Construction University
> > > Moscow State Geological Prospecting Academy
> > > Moscow State Industrial University
> > > Moscow State Institute of Electronics and Mathematics
> > > Moscow State Institute of International Relations
> > > Moscow State Institute of Motorcars and Roads
> > > Moscow State Institute of Physics and Engineering (Technical
> > > University)
> > > Moscow State Institute of Radio-engineering Electronics and
> > > Automation
> > > Moscow State Institute of Steel and Alloys
> > > Moscow State Law Academy
> > > Moscow State Linguistic University
> > > Moscow State Mining University
> > > Moscow State Night Metallurgical Institute
> > > Moscow State Open University
> > > Moscow State Social University
> > > Moscow State Technical University (aka Bauman Moscow State Technical
> > > University) (1830)
> > > Moscow State Technical University of Civil Aviation
> > > Moscow State Textile University (aka Kosygin Moscow State Technical
> > > University) (1930)
> > > Moscow State University (1755)
> > > Moscow State University of Agriculture Engineering
> > > Moscow State University of Applied Biotechnology
> > > Moscow State University of Civil Engineering
> > > Moscow State University of Commerce
> > > Moscow State University of Communication
> > > Moscow State University of Culture and Arts
> > > Moscow State University of Economics, Statistics, and Informatics
> > > Moscow State University of Environment Organization
> > > Moscow State University of Food Productions
> > > Moscow State University of Forestry
> > > Moscow State University of Printing
> > > Moscow State University of Railway Engineering
> > > Moscow State University of Service
> > > Moscow State University of Technology "Stankin"
> > > Moscow Technical University of Communication and Informatics
> > > Moscow University for the Humanities (1944)
> > > Moscow University of Consumer Cooperation
> > > Moscow University of Geodesy and Cartography
> > > Murmansk State Technical University
> > > Nekrasov Kostroma State University
> > > Nizhegorodsky State Pedagogical University
> > > Nizhegorodsky State Technical University
> > > Nizhnegorodskaya State Medical Academy
> > > Nizhnevartovsk State University for the Humanities
> > > Nizhny Novgorod Commercial Institute
> > > Nizhny Novgorod State University (1918)
> > > Nizhny Novgorod State University of Architecture and Civil
> > > Engineering
> > > Northern Caucasian State
>
> > ...
>
> > read more »- Hide quoted text -

>
> > - Show quoted text -

Why the Kursk State Medical University Russia is especial?

The Kursk State Medical University (KSMU) is the FIRST University in
Russia to begin Graduate/Undergraduate programs in English Medium,
presently is the LEADING Higher Medical Establishment in Russia taught
in English medium.
An emphasis on innovative research and investment in high-quality
facilities and first-rate infrastructure means that no less than 14
Faculties, 80 Departments are rated internationally or nationally as
'Excellent'.
• KSMU is the GOLD Medal Winner for the Best Medical University in
Russia.
• FIRST University in Russia to begin Graduate/Undergraduate programs
in English Medium
• KSMU celebrated her 74th Anniversary on 19th February 2009.
• KSMU is the ONLY Medical University in Russia with a two admission
intakes for foreign students in September & February.
• KSMU hold the HIGHEST foreign Medical Students population in Russia.
• Over 30 Nationalities and 1500 Foreign Students registered and
studying at KSMU, including more than 400 Malaysians & 250 Srilankans.

The Kursk State Medical University offers both PREMEDICAL & MEDICAL
programs in English Medium.

Visit www.ksmu.info for more details………

abia...@mail.com

unread,

May 10, 2009, 10:30:36 AM5/10/09

Rusty Old Homo Fart, which part of Confucius teachings brought
downfall of China in last couple of centuries as you falsely claimed
here? Are you saying that impotence of education, family value,
discipline etc Confucius teachings brought downfall of China, HK,
Singapore, Japan, S. Korea, and Taiwan as you falsely claimed here?
Are you saying that impotence of education, family value, discipline
etc Confucius teachings will bring the downfall to a nation?

Of course, you have never read Analects of Confucius so you have no
clue what Confucianism is. So I don't expect any intelligent answers
except silly repetitive curses from you. So blah blah blah! I must
have hit bull's eye about you being a homo! Psycho Rusty Old Fool, you
pathetic old homo, most people here including yourself know I am a
Chinese gay from Taiwan, using photos of a beautiful innocent Thai

girl “Meichi” to flame me only shows how pathetic you are! Why don’t
you stay on the topic or apologize for your false claim [BS].

Taiwan... but you could not because you have never read Analicks of

Confucius and you have no idea what Confucianism is...so you got mad,
you curse, talk dirty, isn't it sad?

Rusty Old Fool, you also defended Nazi's Holocaust. One netter said he

thinks you are more crazy than he had previously thought and you are
commie stooge, then you cursed that netter too. I think that netter
was right! Show us that you are really a man and not an ugly old woman
dressed as a man!

I hope the California fires burn you out!

abia...@mail.com

unread,

May 10, 2009, 10:31:48 AM5/10/09

rst9...@yahoo.com

unread,

May 10, 2009, 11:15:48 PM5/10/09

A picture is worth a thousand words. Many pictures mean a million
words - http://www.flickr.com/photos/meichi_cunt_aka_abianchen_filthy_smelly_pussy/

mrliu918

unread,

May 11, 2009, 3:33:52 AM5/11/09

Quotation:

明朝遗民:

拒绝为清廷做官的名人和拒绝在不平等条约上签字的名人

·历史书签:拒绝在不平等条约上签字的公使王树增 (3/25) ·先锋作家苏童:我给自己动了一个大手术 (3/23) ·谭利华的背影...·名
人佚事:陈蘅哲、胡适、任叔永的情感纠葛 (3/21) ·北京青年报:...

2009年2月24日 ... 您现在的位置：中国金乡 >> 政务信息 >> [专题]民国名人真迹系列报道 >> 正文 ... 拒绝中国提出废
除二十一条不平等条约的要求,激起了全国人民的愤慨。5月4日, ... 撤消卖国贼曹汝霖、章宗祥、陆军舆的职务,并宣布拒绝在巴黎和约上签
字。 ...

2009年5月8日 ... 毛泽东亲眼见到了新文化运动中那些著名人物的活动，也结交了一些名人学者。 ... “拒绝和约签字!”“废止二十一
条!”“誓死收回青岛!”“抵制日货!”等口号。 ... 学生统一罢课，并向北京政府提出了拒绝巴黎和约、废除一切不平等条约等六项要
求。 ... 章宗祥三人，并答应不在巴黎和约上签字。6月28日，中国代表拒绝在和约上签字。 ...

山西现代名人事迹_百度知道
为表示对清廷剃发的反抗，他拜寿阳五峰山道土郭静中为师，出家为道，道号“真山”。 ... 明朝末亡之时，他的思想带有强烈的进步倾向，不重视当时学
者重理学的倾向。 .... 而傅山却没有任何幻想，
zhidao.baidu.com/question/78861977.html - 41k - Similar pages

http://zhidao.baidu.com/question/78861977.html
东海高士董樵及其册页|美术文粹|艺术评论|中华美术网
第一次起义失败后，董樵不满于七有条件地与清廷妥协而再次隐居。 ... 董樵的祖父永贞，是明朝庠生，早逝于万历六年（1578年）。 ... 以
南明兵部右侍郎出使北京与清廷谈判，拒绝清廷的威胁收买而被幽禁，于顺治二年闰六月英勇就义。 .... 3、吴肃公，字雨若，清宣城（今属安徽）
人，是明末清初江南遗民作家群中重要的学者、史学家、文学家。 ...
dangan.rongcheng.gov.cn/jintaiyemian/guancangjie... - 40k - Similar
pages

http://dangan.rongcheng.gov.cn/jintaiyemian/guancangjieshao/dongqiao.htm
[DOC](ㄧ) 顾炎武，原名绛，字忠清，明亡后改名炎武，字宁人，号亭林，复以 ...
炎武才高学博，治学精神，谨严笃实，反对纯文学，为清代朴学导师。 ... 但是也有一些学者认为，他们是明朝的臣民，到清朝做官是丧失气节的
事。 .... 反清运动失败后，他为了逃避清廷的追捕，隐姓埋名，四处躲藏，一直到西元一六六九年，才在 ... 还有很多明末的遗民虽未参加武
装斗争，却始终坚持不合作态度，不赴考试，不受官职，宁甘老死 ...
203.71.210.5/tpchinese/resource/%E4%BD%9C%E8%80%85%E8... - Similar
pages

http://203.71.210.5/tpchinese/resource/%E4%BD%9C%E8%80%85%E8%A3%9C%E5%85%85%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99/%E9%A1%A7%E7%82%8E%E6%AD%A6.doc
金山漫游
他曾两次下狱，拒绝清廷官禄利诱，表现了崇高的民族气节。 ... 宁人，号亭林”：顾炎武字宁人，宁即南京是明朝的南郡，宁人表明自己决心做明朝遗
民，不仕清庭，号亭 ... ( 采访张明法谈两个亭林的关系与今日的联系，侧重两个名人的志向与节气对今天的激励和 ...
jsq.sh.gov.cn/gb/shjs/ztjc/jsmy/userobject1ai249... - 9k - Similar
pages
http://jsq.sh.gov.cn/gb/shjs/ztjc/jsmy/userobject1ai24922.html

雅台语人_教学工坊_顾炎武
但是也有一些学者认为，他们是明朝的臣民，到清朝做官是丧失气节的事。 ... 全国各地的地方志和历代名人奏章，开始编写一本重要的历史地理著作
《天下郡国利病书》。 .... 反清运动失败后，他为了逃避清廷的追捕，隐姓埋名，四处躲藏，一直到西元一六六九年， .... 明末爱国遗民以诗名
者还有杜睿、钱澄之、归庄、申涵光、吴嘉纪、屈大均等。 ...
203.68.192.50/huanyin/anfa_ku.htm - 24k - Similar pages

..............................................................

[DOC]清代官绅的晚年生活
遗民、隐士可以说是后一种人的典型，在清代，这一类的人相当多，下面举两个人物的言行，以见其一斑 ... 青年时代向往清明政治，明朝灭亡，甘愿隐
逸，不做清朝的官，也不合作。 ... 七十三岁的傅氏深知应试就是合作，就要做官，与己愿相违，故而称病拒绝。 ... 总之，傅山在威逼利诱的情
况下，竭力自持，坚守初衷，不与清廷合作，保持了晚节 ...
ccsh.nankai.edu.cn/noscript/ccsh/xslt/fengerkang/wenxian/1... -
Similar pages

顾景星:结茅为庐著大书_历史名人_名人_中华故园愈往北去,随着轿子忽悠忽悠地颠簸,顾景星的心就一跳一跳地焦灼:进了京,不试不行,那就是硬抗朝
廷,试则必给清廷做官,做官是违背自己心愿的。...明朝知识分子的法子,就是组织明朝遗民们撰写明史,反思明朝...
www.gu999.com.cn/ReadNews.asp?NewsID=247 2009-04-11 快照

昆山抗清往事-顾炎武-汉网论坛- hanminzu.com/bbs...在地下你见到年迈的父母,请秉告二老吧:明朝的遗民还有我这个人。这一年
顾炎武已经六十八岁了。...但是也有一些学者认为,他们是明朝的臣民,到清廷做官是丧失气节的事。他们宁愿冒杀头的危险,也不肯应召。...
www.hanminzu.com/bbs/dispbbs.asp?boardI... 2009-05-02 快照

http://www.gd.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/swnews/2008-01/14/content_12210082.htm

顾炎武为什么不齿钱谦益？
2008-01-14 10:23 来源：南方都市报

拒绝过诱惑的人，对屈服于诱惑的人会特别深恶痛绝。

顾炎武是清朝初年的知名学者，满清入关后，他投效南明朝廷，且屡次参加抗清义军，但都失败以终。有一次他被捕入狱，朋友假造了一张顾炎武的名
帖，请在清廷当官的学界大佬钱谦益帮忙营救。顾炎武后来知道了，非常生气，非要讨回名帖不可。朋友不肯讨还，他索性在大街上贴告示，声明他给钱谦益的那
张名帖是假的，弄得钱谦益十分尴尬。

顾炎武不仅不想和钱谦益有任何瓜葛，而且显然还相当不齿他的为人，这有两个原因：一是钱谦益乃是一个有名的大学者，在南明弘光朝廷任礼部尚书，
本应以气节为重，但在清军攻破南京后却变节投降，是所谓的“贰臣”；一是顾炎武原本也有机会以投靠满清来换取个人富贵，但却义无反顾地加以拒绝，
1678年康熙皇帝开博学鸿儒科，想招致礼遇明朝遗民，他还以死坚拒推荐。一个拒绝过诱惑的人，会对那些屈服于诱惑的人特别不以为然，特别深恶痛
绝。

心理学家弥尔曾做过一个实验：先以问卷调查一群学生对作弊的态度，每个人都认为作弊是不对的；然后让他们参加可以得到奖品的竞试，有些学生在竞
试中作弊得了奖，有些学生则没有作弊而没有得奖。随后再做一次问卷调查，结果在竞试中作弊的同学，为了合理化他们的行为，对作弊的态度变得比以前宽容。
反之，抗拒诱惑而没有得奖的学生，则会对作弊变得比以前更加深恶痛绝，更不齿作弊的人。

除了不齿钱谦益，顾炎武还写了《廉耻》一文，并在文中说“人之不廉而至于悖礼犯义，其原皆生于无耻也。故士大夫之无耻，是谓国耻。”他会对“士
大夫之无耻”感到特别不齿，原因也在于此。同样的道理，我们也可以说，对“红包”深恶痛绝的人，往往并非没有人送他红包，而是有人想送他红包，但他
却“决定”不收的人。（王溢嘉）

yas...@gmail.com

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May 12, 2009, 1:01:29 AM5/12/09

rst0wxyz

unread,

May 12, 2009, 3:07:54 AM5/12/09

Please do. This ugly meichi cunt aka abianchen filthy smelly pussy
needs a lot of bashing very badly.
She's ALSO A PERPETUAL LIAR with a very endowed ass-hole, an endowed
pussy hole, and no balls.

mrliu918

unread,

May 13, 2009, 3:02:02 AM5/13/09

Mr butterfly's worldwide reputation of brutality, thievery, and
treason for hundreds of years

这百多年来, 梁启超和梁家到底教会了日本人什么, 留给了日本什么? 梁启超对中日关系的贡献到底是什么? The legacy of
Liang qichao in Japan for past hundred years.

Woman's role in war and racial conflict - Takako Nishizaki and
Japanese obsession with butterfly

After Japan and Black defeated Leung (aka Liang), Leung offered "Heqin
policy" (princess and girls aka butterfly) to Muhammad Ali and Japan
in exchange of power, influence, peace treaty, protection, merit and
recognition. Japan copy from Leung and use the same tactics on
American after his unconditional surrender at the end of World War
II. Between 70-90, Leung (aka Liang) offered girls aka butterfly to
black and Muhammad Ali in order to counterbalance white and racism in
the west. These butterfly are considered as a substitution for white
woman in African community.

糊蝶夫人的百年声誉: 和亲也是搞国防 Madama_Butterfly & Heqin policy in Japan: The

secret weapon of Japan for hundred years:

Madama_Butterfly and Heqin policy in Japan: The secret weapon of
Japan
for hundred years: 糊蝶夫人的百年声誉: 和亲也是搞国防

Quotation from wikepedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takako_Nishizaki
http://search.yahoo.com/search?p=cross+dressing&fr=yfp-t-501&toggle=1&cop=mss&ei=UTF-8&fp_ip=HK
http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%B4%8E%E5%B4%87%E5%AD%90
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Madama Butterfly

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"Madame Butterfly" redirects here. For the swimmer nicknamed "Madame
Butterfly", see Susie O'Neill.
For the 1915 film, see Madame Butterfly (1915 film).
Operas by Giacomo Puccini

v • d • e
Madama Butterfly (Madame Butterfly) is an opera in three acts
(originally two acts) by Giacomo Puccini, with an Italian libretto by
Luigi Illica and Giuseppe Giacosa.

Contents [hide]
1 Overview
...............
10 External links

剧情大纲
注意：下文中包含记述作品情节的段落，或许会降低欣赏原作的兴致。

[编辑] 第一幕
故事讲述一位美国军官与日本艺妓的爱情故事。

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Takako Nishizaki

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Please help improve this article or section by expanding it. Further
information might be found on the talk page. (July 2008)

Violinist Takako Nishizaki was the first student to complete the
Suzuki Method course at age nine. Before she was ten, Takako Nishizaki
had already played for artists like Isaac Stern and Georges Duhamel.
When she was in the U.S. in 1962, Takako Nishizaki was awarded the
Fritz Kreisler Scholarship. In 1969, she won first prize in Juilliard
Concerto Competition while performing Mozart’s Sinfonia Concertante
with Nobuko Imai.
Takako Nishizaki performed and recorded with pianists such as Andras
Schiff, Jenö Jandó and Michael Ponti. She also performed in chamber
music ensembles alongside Itzhak Perlman and Pinchas Zuckerman.
She is married to Naxos record label owner Klaus Heymann.
[edit] References
Takako Nishizaki biography and discography at Naxos.com
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takako_Nishizaki"
Categories: Japanese classical violinists | Living people | Year of
birth missing (living people) | Juilliard School of Music alumni
Hidden categories: Articles to be expanded since July 2008 | All
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西崎崇子

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日语写法
日语原文西崎崇子
假名にしざきたかこ
罗马字 Nishizaki Takako

西崎崇子，BBS（1944年4月14日－）是日本小提琴家。
自幼从父西崎信二学习小提琴，是铃木镇一所创的铃木教学法的首位学员。五岁开始在公众场合演出。
1962年去美国深造并获弗里茨·克莱斯勒奖学金（Fritz Kreisler Scholarship）。
1967年在黎文特利特国际比赛中获亚军。
1969年在朱利亚德协奏曲比赛（Juilliard Concerto Competition）中获冠军，当时她与今井信子（Nobuko
Imai）一起演奏了莫扎特交响协奏曲。
后与拿索斯唱片公司老板克劳斯·海曼（Klaus Heymann）结婚，定居香港。
西崎崇子录制的《梁祝小提琴协奏曲》总销量超过三百万张[1]。
由于西崎崇子致力推广古典音乐及慈善活动，2003年获香港特别行政区政府颁授铜紫荆星章。
[编辑] 注释
^ 西崎崇子，拿索斯
[编辑] 外部链接
biography and discography of Takako Nishizaki at Naxos.com
取自"http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E5%B4%8E
%E5%B4%87%E5%AD%90&variant=zh-cn"
5个分类: 获颁授香港铜紫荆星章者 | 日本音乐家 | 小提琴家 | 爱知县出身人物 | 1944年出生
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Cross-dressing

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search

Single-sex theatrical troupes often have some performers cross-dress

扮裝一詞的意義未必與理由無關。像是某些跨性別者就把扮裝當作一種身份、認同。

扮裝一詞的意義甚至也不限於性別，也有Cosplay、角色扮演、化粧舞會扮演行為等意思。

[編輯] 兩性定義、人民兩性觀念缺陷之兩極化、引申扮裝行為被抑壓的歷史背景

男性陰陽人（外陰內陽）：其性染色體主要為「XY」（生理上為男士），但其個別生理與心理上的發展特點則受「XX」染色體影響，可能出現以下任何近似
普遍女性的特徵：
外表女性化，
有女性化的身材，
體形短小纖柔，
皮膚光滑、汗毛柔細，
心理狀態與大腦運作模式都有可能與普遍女性相似。

女性陰陽人（外陽內陰）：其性染色體主要為「XX」（生理上為女士），但其個別生理與心理上的發展特點則受「XY」染色體影響，可能出現以下任何近似普
遍男性的特徵：
外表男性化，
體形高大粗壯，
體毛多、聲音低沈，

心理狀態與大腦運作模式都有可能與普遍男性相似。
[編輯] 人類社會兩性觀念缺陷之兩極化
可是人類社會迄今一直普遍也把人類陰陽的介定與塑造均推至絕對極端──往往習慣按照一個人擁有雄性性器官抑或雌性性器官，而同時把兩類人的心理性別都絕
對兩極地區分塑造，並因此定義所謂「男性化」和所謂「女性化」，又規範了兩類人應有的著裝風格──「男裝」與「女裝」，且以為一切為「陰陽兩極化」所作
的都是理所當然，更對跨界者與自然處於灰色地帶者（即陰陽非兩極化者）標籤為異常並施以壓力，彷彿把兩種人類訣裂成為兩種完全水火不容的生物（實際上所
謂兩種生物都只是由同一種生物──「人類」如何分別受兩種性染色體影響身心發展的）。

頭髮方面，西方男士認為在勞動方面把頭髮留長不僅處理和保養困難，更容易釀成意外，因此男士留長髮逐漸式微，「甚至變成異習」。
至於現代當代東方男士絕少留長髮，一來受近代西方文化傳入東方社會所影響，二來則乃中華民國立國後強迫所有男士剃去滿州人慣留之鬢辮以收徹底剷除滿清餘
孳之效。

此「以其人性別對其人性格思維言行舉止服裝等作絕對二元性決定與鮮明區分」的邏輯人為觀念於人類社會維持多年，根深蒂固；儘管這個邏輯被認為是科學根據
不足，且局部干擾抑壓著人類心理與文化的自然發展和多元發展，可是迄今企圖作鮮明突破者尚未為多，主要是與社會輿論壓力關卡（例如人類美感觀念）未解決
有關。況且，在人類歷史上，也鮮有因穿著「被視為屬於另一個性別」的服裝而自然死亡或遭強行處死的個案。

[編輯] 扮裝的理由動機的問題
研究扮裝的理由、動機有不少問題。歷史上的扮裝案例，除非是明顯與一個特定事件有關，或由扮裝者刻意強調其扮裝動機，通常都很難確定扮裝者之動機。而且
現在作出的性別分類，像是同性戀、跨性別，在過去的扮裝案例上未必有意義。而且即使在現在，扮裝的人的動機也很難確定，常出現說法反覆的情形。
[編輯] 有關「跨性別」之「性別認同」所作的扮裝
某些人是為自身的性別認同認同另一個性別而扮裝。像是某些跨性別者就覺得在日常生活中與人交流時為求心安理得與自在，而穿著另一個性別的衣物，以表達自
己正確的心理性別，繼而在自己與他人交流時希望他人適度按照「男女社群話題之異」來相應調整話題。
跨性別包括了許多次分類，比如變性者（transsexual）、變裝者（cross-dresser）、扮裝者（transvestites）、扮裝
國王（drag kings）與扮裝皇后（drag queen）。
通常戀異性裝癖者或是異裝癖（transvestic fetishist）不包含在這裡面，因為在大部分的情況下這並不是一個性別議題
（gender issue）（不過在實踐上很難分）。
在本文中為行文方便起見，扮裝是指行為而與理由動機無關。。但是扮裝一詞的意義未必與理由無關。某些跨性別者就以「扮裝」或是意義相關的CD
（cross-dressing）、TV（transvestic）來稱呼相關的行為或人物。在此，扮裝可說就是一種身分認同。
[編輯] 戀異性裝癖者
人類扮裝的動機，有因為性別認同障礙而扮裝，也有因為純粹戀異性裝癖而扮裝。
這裡需要特別注意的是，戀異性裝癖不能劃到跨性別類別裡來，原因與分別如下：
跨性別者乃認為自己心理性別和生殖性別不一致，並基於在「社會普遍習慣把男女衣著風格作鮮明區分」的風氣下務求取得大眾對其內心真正性別即心理性別之認
同，而進行扮裝。他們對異性服飾並不會有慾望，假如人類都回復一絲不掛，他們就不會再有扮裝的需要和擔憂，故此以戀異性裝癖並不適用於判定到跨性別者
上。
戀異性裝癖的扮裝則並非因為如跨性別者般其內心不認同自己的生殖性別，而是純粹迷戀該等服飾之功能以達求滿足自身性慾幻想之目的。
很多戀異性裝癖者跟人間既有的刻板印象不同，不是跨性別也不是同性戀。而許多人就只是單純把自己定義為跨性別者，儘管他們也可能符合以上所述的其中一個
分類。

mrliu918

unread,

May 13, 2009, 3:43:40 AM5/13/09

Gladiator VS predators: a challenge or testimony to Darwin's Theory of
Evolution

> > Opened response to rst0wxyz (rst0w...@yahoo.com)

> with drug, doping, poison earned you a reputation worldwide of
> brutality, thievery, and treason.

>
> I don't know if you could ever find any common ground between us to
> begin with for our cooperation.
>
> Should you find any similarity in character and tactics between us in
> the future, contact me again.

Quotation:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwin's_Theory_of_Evolution
http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%A7%8D%E8%B5%B7%E6%BA%90
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduction_to_evolution
http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E8%AB%96&variant=zh-hk

On the Origin of Species

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

(Redirected from Darwin's Theory of Evolution)
Jump to: navigation, search
"Origin of Species" redirects here. For other uses, see Origin of
Species (disambiguation).
On the Origin of Species

The title page of the 1859 edition
of On the Origin of Species
Author Charles Darwin
Country United Kingdom
Language English
Subject(s) Evolutionary biology
Publisher John Murray
Publication date 24 November 1859
Media type print (hardback & paperback)
ISBN ISBN 0-486-45006-6
Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species, published 24 November 1859,
is a seminal work of scientific literature considered to be the
foundation of evolutionary biology. Its full title was On the Origin
of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of
Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life. For the 6th edition of 1872,
the shorter title was changed to The Origin of Species. Darwin's book
introduced the theory that populations evolve over the course of
generations through a process of natural selection, and presented a
body of evidence that the diversity of life arose through a branching
pattern of evolution and common descent. This included evidence that
he had accumulated on the voyage of the Beagle in the 1830s, and his
subsequent findings from research, correspondence, and
experimentation.

Various evolutionary ideas had already been proposed to explain new
findings in biology. There was growing support for such ideas among
dissident anatomists and the general public, but during the first half
of the 19th century the English scientific establishment was closely
tied to the Church of England, and science was part of natural
theology. Ideas about the transmutation of species were controversial
as they conflicted with the beliefs that species were unchanging parts
of a designed hierarchy and that humans were unique, unrelated to
animals. The political and theological implications were intensely
debated, but transmutation was not accepted by the scientific
mainstream.

The book was written to be read by non-specialists, and it attracted
widespread interest on its publication. Darwin's eminence as a
scientist meant that his findings had to be taken seriously, and the
evidence he presented generated scientific, philosophical, and
religious discussion. Within two decades this led to widespread
scientific agreement that evolution with a branching pattern of common
descent had occurred. The debate over the book contributed to the
campaign by T.H. Huxley and his fellow members of the X-club to
secularize science by promoting scientific naturalism. Scientists were
slow to give natural selection the significance that Darwin thought
appropriate, and during the eclipse of Darwinism various other
mechanisms of evolution were given more credit. With the modern
evolutionary synthesis of the 1930s and 1940s Darwin's concept of
evolutionary adaptation through natural selection became central to
modern evolutionary theory, which is the unifying concept of the life
sciences.

Contents [hide]
1 Summary of Darwin's theory
2 Background
2.1 Developments before Darwin's theory
2.2 Inception of Darwin's theory
2.3 Further development
3 Publication
3.1 Events leading to publication
3.2 Time taken to publish
3.3 Publication and subsequent editions
3.4 Publication outside Great Britain
4 Content
4.1 Title pages and introduction
4.2 Variation under domestication and under nature
4.3 Struggle for existence, natural selection, and divergence
4.4 Variation and heredity
4.5 Difficulties for the theory
4.6 Geologic record
4.7 Geographic distribution
4.8 Classification, morphology, embryology, rudimentary organs
4.9 Concluding remarks
5 Structure and style
5.1 Nature and structure of Darwin's argument
5.2 Literary style
6 Reception
6.1 Impact on the scientific community
6.1.1 Impact outside Great Britain
6.1.2 Natural selection
6.2 Religious attitudes
6.3 Modern influence
7 Notes
8 References
9 Further reading
9.1 Contemporary reviews
10 External links

[edit] Summary of Darwin's theory

Darwin shortly after publicationDarwin's theory is based on key facts
and inferences drawn from them, which biologist Ernst Mayr summarised
as follows:[1]

Every species is fertile enough that if all offspring survived to
reproduce the population would grow (fact).
Despite periodic fluctuations, populations remain roughly the same
size (fact).
Resources such as food are limited and are relatively stable over time
(fact).
A struggle for survival ensues (inference).
Individuals in a population vary significantly from one another
(fact).
Much of this variation is inheritable (fact).
Individuals less suited to the environment are less likely to survive
and less likely to reproduce; individuals more suited to the
environment are more likely to survive and more likely to reproduce
and leave their inheritable traits to future generations, which
produces the process of natural selection (inference).
This slowly effected process results in populations changing to adapt
to their environments, and ultimately, these variations accumulate
over time to form new species (inference).

[edit] Background

物種起源

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物種起源
On the Origin of Species

1859年版《物種起源》的標題頁
作者查爾斯·達爾文
國家／地區英國
語言英文
題材演化生物學
出版社 John Murray出版社，倫敦
出版日期 1859年11月24日
《物種起源》（英語：The Origin of Species），全名《物競天擇，適者生存之物種起源論》 [1]，是達爾文論述生物演化的重要著
作，出版於1859年。該書大概是19世紀最具爭議的著作，其中的觀點大多數為當今的科學界普遍接受。

在該書中，達爾文首次提出了演化論的觀點。他使用自己在1830年代環球科學考察中積累的資料，試圖證明物種的演化是通過自然選擇（天擇）和人工選擇
（人擇）的方式實現的。

目錄 [隱藏]
1 背景
2 理論的形成
3 主要內容
4 批評
5 中文譯本
6 註釋

.............................

[編輯] 主要內容
達爾文在書中提出兩個理論。第一，他認為所有的動植物都是由較早期、較原始的形式演變而來；其次，他認為生物演化是通過自然選擇而來。

其理論重點如下：

物種並非一成不變，而是會隨環境變動而改變。
生物的演化是長時間連續性的緩慢改變，不是突然性的劇變。
同一類生物有着共同的祖先，例如哺乳類是由同一個祖先演變而來。
生物族群會隨着繁殖而擴大，並超過其生存空間與食物供應的極限，引起個體間的競爭；不適應環境的個體會被淘汰，適者才能生存，並繁衍後代。

Introduction to evolution

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search

This article is intended as an accessible, non-technical introduction
to the subject. For the main encyclopedia article, see Evolution.

Triceratops and nest by Karen Carr.
Natural selection does not lead to perfection; dramatic changes in the
environment often lead to mass extinctions, as in the case of the
dinosaurs nearly 65 million years ago.
Overview
Life forms reproduce to make offspring.
The offspring differs from the parent in minor random ways.
If the differences are helpful, the offspring is more likely to
survive and reproduce.
This means that more offspring in the next generation will have the
helpful difference.
These differences accumulate resulting in changes within the
population.
Over time, this process gradually leads to entirely new types of
life.
This process is responsible for the many diverse life forms in the
world today.

Haeckel's Paleontological Tree of Vertebrates (c. 1879).
The evolutionary history of species has been described as a "tree",
with many branches arising from a single trunk. While Haeckel's tree
is somewhat outdated, it illustrates clearly the principles that more
complex modern reconstructions can obscure.
Evolution is the process of change in all forms of life over
generations, and evolutionary biology is the study of how evolution
occurs.

Every generation an organism inherits features (called traits) from
its parents through genes. Changes (called mutations) in the genes can
produce a new trait in the offspring of an organism. Traits which help
the organism survive and reproduce are more likely to accumulate in a
population than traits that are unfavorable, a process called natural
selection. The overproduction of offspring and heritability of traits
are two additional facts of life that support the scientific
foundation of natural selection.[1]

With each passing generation, some traits become more common in
populations of organisms while other traits disappear. The forces of
evolution are most evident when populations become isolated, either
through geographic distance or by some other mechanism preventing
genetic exchange. After enough time, isolated populations can branch
off into new species.[2][3]

The understanding of evolutionary biology began with the 1859
publication of Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species. In addition,
Gregor Mendel's work with plants helped to explain the hereditary
patterns of genetics. This led to an understanding of the mechanisms
of inheritance.[4] Further discoveries on how genes mutate, as well as
advances in population genetics explained more details of how
evolution occurs. Scientists now have a good understanding of the
origin of new species (speciation). They have observed the speciation
process happening both in the laboratory and in the wild. This modern
view of evolution is the principal theory that scientists use to
understand life.

Contents [hide]
1 Darwin's idea: evolution by natural selection
2 Source of variation
3 Modern synthesis
4 Evidence for evolution
4.1 Fossil record
4.2 Comparative anatomy
4.3 Molecular biology
4.4 Co-evolution
4.5 Artificial selection
5 Species
6 Different views on the mechanism of evolution
6.1 Rate of change
6.2 Unit of change
7 Summary
8 See also
9 Notes
10 References
11 Further reading
12 External links
13 Related information

[edit] Darwin's idea: evolution by natural selection
For more details on this topic, see Common descent.
Charles Darwin developed the idea that each species had developed from
ancestors with similar features, and in 1838, he described how a
process he called natural selection would make this happen.[5]
Darwin's idea of how evolution works relied on the following
observations:[6]

If all the individuals of a species reproduced successfully, the
population of that species would increase uncontrollably.
Populations tend to remain about the same size from year to year.
Environmental resources are limited.
No two individuals in a given species are exactly alike.
Much of this variation in a population can be passed on to offspring.

Charles Darwin proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection.

Darwin noted that orchids exhibited a variety of complex adaptations
to ensure pollination; all derived from basic floral parts.Darwin
deduced that since organisms produce more offspring than their
environment could possibly support, there must be a competitive
struggle for survival - only a few individuals can survive out of each
generation. Darwin realized that it was not chance alone that
determined survival. Instead, survival depends on the traits of each
individual and if these traits aid or hinder survival and
reproduction. Well-adapted, or "fit", individuals are likely to leave
more offspring than their less well-adapted competitors. Darwin
realized that the unequal ability of individuals to survive and
reproduce could cause gradual changes in the population. Traits that
help an organism survive and reproduce would accumulate over
generations. On the other hand, traits that hinder survival and
reproduction would disappear. Darwin used the term natural selection
to describe this process.[7]

Natural selection is commonly equated with survival of the fittest,
but this expression originated in Herbert Spencer's Principles of
Biology in 1864, after Charles Darwin published his original works.
Survival of the fittest describes the process of natural selection
incorrectly, because natural selection is not only about survival and
it is not always the fittest that survives.[8]

Observations of variations in animals and plants formed the basis of
the theory of natural selection. For example, Darwin observed that
orchids and insects have a close relationship that allows the
pollination of the plants. He noted that orchids have a variety of
structures that attract insects - so that pollen from the flowers gets
stuck to the insects' bodies. In this way, insects transport the
pollen from a male to a female orchid. In spite of the elaborate
appearance of orchids, these specialized parts are made from the same
basic structures that make up other flowers. In Fertilisation of
Orchids Darwin proposed that the orchid flowers did not represent the
work of an ideal engineer, but were adapted from pre-existing parts,
through natural selection.[9]

Darwin was still researching and experimenting with his ideas on
natural selection when he received a letter from Alfred Wallace
describing a theory very similar to his own. This led to an immediate
joint publication of both theories. Both Wallace and Darwin saw the
history of life like a family tree, with each fork in the tree's limbs
being a common ancestor. The tips of the limbs represented modern
species and the branches represented the common ancestors that are
shared amongst many different species. To explain these relationships,
Darwin said that all living things were related, and this meant that
all life must be descended from a few forms, or even from a single
common ancestor. He called this process, "descent with modification".
[6]

Darwin published his theory of evolution by natural selection in On
the Origin of Species in 1859. His theory means that all life,
including humanity, is a product of continuing natural processes. The
implication that all life on earth has a common ancestor has met with
objections from some religious groups who believe even today that the
different types of life are due to special creation.[10] Their
objections are in contrast to the level of support for the theory by
more than 99 percent of those within the scientific community today.
[11]

[edit] Source of variation

演化論

維基百科，自由的百科全書
跳轉到: 導航, 搜索

此條目需要補充更多來源。（2009年2月7日）
請協助添加來自可靠來源的引用以改善這篇條目。無法查證的內容會被提出異議而移除。
生物學系列
演化與演化論

機制與過程
適應
遺傳漂變
基因流
突變
選擇
物種形成

研究與歷史
證據
歷史
現代綜合理論
社會影響

演化生物學領域
生態遺傳學
演化發育生物學
人類演化
分子演化
種係發生學
群體遺傳學

生物學主題首頁
檢 * 論 * 編 * 歷
演化論，是用來解釋生物在世代與世代之間具有變異的現象。從古希臘時期直到19世紀的這段時間，曾經出現一些零星的思想，認為一個物種可能是從其他物種
演變而來，而不是從地球誕生以來就是今日的樣貌。

目錄 [隱藏]
1 拉馬克主義
2 達爾文主義
2.1 新達爾文主義
3 驟變說
4 災變說
5 中性理論
6 宗教團體的看法
7 參考文獻
8 外部連結

[編輯] 達爾文主義
當今演化學絕大部分以查爾斯·達爾文的演化論為主軸，已為當代生物學的核心思想。達爾文的演化論以天擇說和地擇說為理論基石。達爾文晚年將演化論加入性
擇，有別於天擇，以強調交配競爭對於演化的重要性。天擇指生物的遺傳特徵在自然環境的限制下，物種在生存競爭中，若某種特徵性狀具有優勢或劣勢，劣勢者
不利於生存而被環境淘汰，優勢者得以繁殖而將優勢性狀遺傳後代。這就是所謂「物競天擇，適者生存」。地擇說則說明了同一物種受到地形障礙分隔，比如地殼
大陸移動或海洋隔開的島嶼，在夠長時間之後，物種產生了性狀特徵的差異，比如亞洲象和非洲象。

以天擇的定義來說，一般中文大眾經常將演化等同於進化，其實是錯誤的，因為性狀特徵的優勢或劣勢取決於地球當時期的客觀環境，比如冰河時期的生物的厚毛
皮和高體脂肪可能利於生存，但一旦到了冰期氣候轉溫的時候，這些性狀可能不利於調節體溫。因此漫長時間演化，並非朝進步的方向演進，而是決定哪種性狀特
徵是環境的「適者」。

達爾文演化論提出的當時，很可惜的是，孟德爾的遺傳學發現並未受到世人注意。因此達爾文演化論的實質基礎，並沒有遺傳科學做為支持，僅為生物現象觀察的
總結。1930年代，部份科學家將達爾文的演化論與孟德爾遺傳學合而為一，即現代綜合理論，成為當代生物演化學的完整理論。隨着分子生物學的發展，演化
學的內涵，從原先對「性狀特徵」的天擇，推展為「基因」的天擇。當代演化學和生物分類學，諸多物種之間的同源關係，用演化樹來表示，其鑑定方式皆採取
DNA定序結合統計學來建構。物種間的演化樹建立為電腦資料庫之後，對於其他學科甚有幫助，比如，在蛋白質體學中用以分析蛋白質之間的關係，或是利用已
確知結構之物種的蛋白質，來協助建立另一物種之蛋白質結構。

[編輯] 新達爾文主義
主條目：現代綜合理論

mrliu918

unread,

May 13, 2009, 4:00:41 AM5/13/09

Gladiator VS predators: a challenge or testimony to Darwin's Theory of
Evolution

On 5月5日, 下午3時30分, mrliu918 <dragonst...@excite.com> wrote:
> On Apr 24, 4:54 pm, rst0wxyz <rst0w...@yahoo.com> wrote:
> > If you have nothing better to do than talking to yourself, come and
> > help me bash Meichi cunt aka abianchen lying bitch on SCC.
> > Opened response to rst0wxyz (rst0w...@yahoo.com)
>
> Mr butterfly and bicycle:
>
> For my entire life, I have challenged 200-500 lbs bears, 200-500 lbs
> tigers, 200-500 lbs lions, 200 lbs Mike Tyson with less than 5% fat,
> Olympic boxing champions with more than 10 years of formal training in
> world class facilities, 200-400 lb Japanese Sumo champions, martial
> act experts from military who claimed too many life with bayonets in
> war. All my contenders in the ring are either in heavy weight category
> or someone with far more experience than myself in world class
> training in martial act. All my contenders in the ring are required to
> complete blood test by Olympic doctors to ensure that they are at the
> peak of their performance and at the best time of physical age. Of
> course, all the contenders are served with notice and warning prior to
> their voluntary engagement in the ring.
>
> Mr butterfly and bicycle:
>
> The difference between us is a matter of character and tactics. As I
> notice, you always prefer to pose as a loyal servant of someone and
> launch undeclared war against them from behind after stealing their
> trust. Your expertise to prey on the weak, the old, the handicapped,
> the wounded, the insane, the retarded, the death and the hopeless

> with drug, doping, poison earned you a reputation worldwide of
> brutality, thievery, and treason.
>

> I don't know if you could ever find any common ground between us to
> begin with for our cooperation.
>
> Should you find any similarity in character and tactics between us in
> the future, contact me again.

Quotation:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Chimpanzee
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorilla
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_(biology)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomically_modern_humans
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_and_genetics
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_genetic_variation
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(classification_of_human_beings)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_and_health
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_and_intelligence

mrliu918

unread,

May 13, 2009, 4:08:47 AM5/13/09

mrliu918

unread,

May 13, 2009, 4:13:04 AM5/13/09

mrliu918

unread,

May 13, 2009, 4:17:47 AM5/13/09

.....................

4.1 Title pages and introduction
4.2 Variation under domestication and under nature
4.3 Struggle for existence, natural selection, and divergence
4.4 Variation and heredity
4.5 Difficulties for the theory

....................

mrliu918

unread,

May 19, 2009, 4:00:30 AM5/19/09

李蓮英與鄭和只是封建制度下苦命人 - 反對搞誅連

宦官太監乱政

Quotation

李蓮英墓為何在恩濟莊?
恩濟莊太監墓中規模最大的要數李蓮英的墓地了。民間傳說,李蓮英在建墳時耗資巨大,不惜任何代價,動員數千民工。 ... 都傳說北京有座鄭和衣冠
冢,李蓮英對鄭和無限崇仰,每年清明節都要到鄭和的墓前朝拜。李蓮英生前安排埋葬此處的目的就是為了與鄭和齊名後世。 ...
big5.huaxia.com/ly/fsdl/ 00265804.html - 網頁紀錄 - 更多此站結果

"历代宦官之乱_历史中国历代宦官之乱朝代君主宦官乱政事实结果秦二世赵高矫诏,立胡亥为二世皇帝,擅权,指鹿为马,弒二帝。...
宦官乱政事实结果秦二世赵高矫诏,立胡亥为二世皇帝,擅权,指鹿为马,弒二帝。..."

"九千岁——明·魏忠贤

　　魏忠贤，本是一市井恶少，目不识丁，却谙熟拍马绝技，入宫不久，得太监王安提拔，又与皇孙奶娘客印月打得火热，并接近万历皇帝，地位和权势与日俱
进。明熹宗朱由校即位后，他和客印月开始揽权干政。他恩将仇报除王安，逼走魏朝，杖杀朝臣，大兴冤狱，捕杀东林党，私植党羽，自称“九千岁”，为历代阉
官专权乱国的最高峰。

　　清代厚黑第一阉——李莲英

　　李莲英在清宫长达52年。是慈禧太后最宠爱的贴身太监，也是清代品位最高、权势最大、财富最多、任职时间最长的一个大宦官。他对主子的奴才嘴脸，和
对同类的凶狠残暴，达到了登峰造极的地步。朝中大员及外省督抚，无不对其巴结奉承，仰其鼻息；举凡国政朝纲、清廷要务，无不与闻，无不参预。　　清宫太
监趣闻"

本文来自: 历史中国(www.lishizg.cn) 详细出处参考：http://www.lishizg.cn/html/mr/tj/
04041622009_2.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Lianying
http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E8%93%AE%E8%8B%B1
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zheng_He
http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%84%AD%E5%92%8C
宦官太監乱政

Li Lianying

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This article does not cite any references or sources. Please help
improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources.
Unverifiable material may be challenged and removed. (April 2008)

Li Lianying (Traditional Chinese: 李連英; Simplified Chinese: 李连英;
pinyin: Lǐ Liányīng, November 12, 1848 - March 4, 1911) was a royal
eunuch during the Qing Dynasty, and was a favorite of the Empress
Dowager Cixi, who was the de facto ruler of China for forty years from
1869–1909. He served as the Head Eunuch (太监总管) until getting deposed
in 1908. Li Lianying was known to be dominant in court affairs,
controlling everything from the actions of other eunuchs, to which
officials could be granted an audience by the Empress Dowager. Such
things often involved large amounts of bribery, and Li Lianying made a
fortune out of it.
[edit] Miscellaneous
The 1991 film Li Lianying: The Imperial Eunuch, directed by Tian
Zhuangzhuang presents a portrait of Li Lianying.
This Chinese biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia
by expanding it.

This biography of a member of a nobility or an article about
nobility is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

Zheng He

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search
Not to be confused with Zhang He, the Three Kingdoms general.

A model of a Zheng He treasure ship.
Zheng He (traditional Chinese: 鄭和; simplified Chinese: 郑和; pinyin:
Zhèng Hé; Wade-Giles: Cheng Ho; Birth name: 馬三寶 / 马三宝; pinyin: Mǎ
Sānbǎo; Arabic/Persian name: حجّي محمود شمس Hajji Mahmud Shams) (1371–
1433), was a Hui Chinese mariner, explorer, diplomat and fleet
admiral, who made the voyages collectively referred to as the travels
of "Eunuch Sanbao to the Western Ocean" (Chinese: 三保太監下西洋) or "Zheng
He to the Western Ocean", from 1405 to 1433.
There are claims that Persian stories of Sinbad the Sailor are based
on the voyages of Zheng He. [1] [2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Life
1.1 Religious views
2 Expeditions
3 Voyages
4 Menzies controversy
5 Sailing charts
6 Size of the ships
6.1 Modern study of ship dimensions
6.2 Accounts of medieval travellers
7 Zheng He and Islam in Southeast Asia
7.1 In Malacca
7.2 In Thailand
8 Connection to the history of Late Imperial China
9 Reliques left
10 Commemoration
10.1 Zheng He's tomb and museum
10.2 Zheng He map
10.3 Maritime Day
11 Further reading
12 See also
13 References
14 External links

[edit] Life
Zheng He was born in 1371 in modern-day Yunnan Province, which was at
that time the last stronghold of the Yuan Dynasty in its struggle with
the victorious Ming Dynasty. Like most Hui people, Zheng He was a
Muslim.[3][4] The term Hui in Chinese refers to the Islamic religion
because of its association with the Hui ethnic group.
According to the History of Ming, he was originally named Mǎ Sānbǎo (馬三
保) and his home was Kunyang (昆阳), present day Jinning (晋宁). He
belonged to the Semu social caste. He was a sixth-generation
descendant of Sayyid Ajjal Shams al-Din Omar, a famous Khwarezmian
Yuan governor of Yunnan Province, originally from Bukhara in modern
day Uzbekistan. The family name "Ma" came from Shams al-Din's fifth
son Masuh (Mansour). Both his father, Mir Tekin, and grandfather,
Charameddin, had made the pilgrimage to Mecca[5], and their travels
contributed to the young boy's education.[citation needed]
In 1381, following the defeat of the Northern Yuan, a Ming army was
dispatched to Yunnan to put down the Mongol rebel Basalawarmi. Ma
Sanbao, then only eleven years old, was captured and made a eunuch. He
was sent to the Imperial court, where he eventually became a trusted
adviser of the Yongle Emperor, assisting him in deposing his
predecessor, the Jianwen Emperor. In return for meritorious service,
the eunuch received the name Zheng He from the Yongle Emperor.
[edit] Religious views
Although his precise religious views were not recorded, Zheng He has
been portrayed by subsequent generations as either an orthodox Muslim
who helped spread his faith into southeast Asia, or as a possible
syncretist. The Galle Trilingual Inscription set up by Zheng He around
1410 in Sri Lanka records offerings he made at a Buddhist mountain
temple.[6] In around 1431, he set up a commemorative pillar at the
temple of the Taoist goddess Tian Fei, the Celestial Spouse, in Fujian
province, to whom he and his sailors prayed for safety at sea.[7] This
pillar records his veneration for the goddess and his belief in her
divine protection, as well as a few details about his voyages.[8]
Visitors to the Jinghaisi (静海寺） in Nanjing are reminded of the
donations Zheng He made to this non-Muslim area. Although he had been
buried at sea, a monument was built to him on land, and this monument
was later renovated in an Islamic style. In the modern world Zheng He
has been used as a symbol of religious tolerance.[citation needed] The
government of the People's Republic of China uses him as a model to
integrate the Muslim minority into the Chinese republic.[citation
needed]
[edit] Expeditions
Between 1405 and 1433, the Ming government sponsored a series of seven
naval expeditions. Emperor Yongle designed them to establish a Chinese
presence, impose imperial control over trade, and impress foreign
peoples in the Indian Ocean basin. He also might have wanted to extend
the tributary system.
Zheng He was placed as the admiral in control of the huge fleet and
armed forces that undertook these expeditions. Zheng He's first voyage
consisted of a fleet of around 300 ships[9][10] (other sources say 200)
[11] holding almost 28,000 crewmen. These were probably mainly large
six-masted ships - it is now thought that the large and flat nine-
masted "treasure ships" were probably river ships used by the Emperor.
[11]

Museum in honour of Zheng He, Nanjing
[edit] Zheng He's tomb and museum
Zheng He's tomb in Nanjing has been repaired and a small museum has
been built next to it, although his body is missing as he was buried
at sea off the Malabar coast near Calicut in Western India.[citation
needed] However, his sword and other personal possessions were
interred in the typical Muslim tomb inscribed with Arabic characters.
[edit] Zheng He map

So-called Zheng He Map, 1763; Collection of Liu Gang

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李連英
維基百科，自由的百科全書
(重定向自李蓮英)
跳轉到: 導航, 搜尋
李連英[1]（1848年11月12日－1911年3月4日），河北河間府大城縣李家村人，是晚清一個著名的太監。他在當太監期間深得慈禧太后的器重，
統領全宮所有宦官。
[編輯] 生平
李連英出身河北省一個窮困家庭，後來入宮擔任太監。當其時宮內首席太監乃安德海，安德海死後他獲得慈禧重用，不久就調李連英到內宮伺候。
李連英為慈禧紅人時，以謹小慎微見稱，外廷大臣對李亦爭相財物巴結攏絡；對於一般宮內妃嬪觸怒慈禧，他總是儘量替人美言遮蓋，曲意回護，所以宮內左右都
對他有正面評價。
1908年慈禧太后去世後，隆裕太后准李連英出宮回家居住，至1911年辛亥革命爆發前夕去世，死因最早認為是痢疾病故，但1966年發掘李連英墓發
現，墓中只有頭骨，屍身無存，使得其真實死因陷入爭論之中。
李連英道光二十八年十月十七日（1848年11月12日）生。
咸豐五年（1855年）8歲淨身，
咸豐六年（1856年）進宮，9歲。
咸豐十年（1860年）12歲，英法聯軍燒圓明園，隨駕去熱河。
咸豐十一年（1861年）13歲，咸豐死，隨兩宮太后返京。
同治六年（1867年）19歲，被封為二總管。
同治八年（1869年）21歲，安德海被殺，李蓮英晉封為大總管。
光緒十四年（1888年）40歲，隨醇親王視察海軍。
光緒二十四年（1898年）50歲，一度寵衰。
光緒二十六年（1900年）52歲，八國聯軍進北京，隨駕逃西安。
光緒二十七年（1901年）53歲，隨駕還朝。
光緒三十四年（1908年）60歲，慈禧太后死，向隆裕太后請求退休。
宣統元年（1909年）61歲，太后死百日後離宮。
宣統三年（1911年）64歲死，葬於恩濟莊。
不過李連英的墳墓在文革時就被破壞了，現在只剩墓誌銘的拓片保留了下來。
[編輯] 佚聞
後世流傳有許多關於李連英的傳說故事。受後世對慈禧太后的負面評價影響，李蓮英形象多以負面居多。
李蓮英在北京城內曾有一處宅院，在弓弦衚衕1號，佔地15畝。
[編輯] 參考
^ 太監「李蓮英」還是「李連英」
取自"http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E6%9D%8E%E9%80%A3%E8%8B
%B1&variant=zh-tw"
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鄭和

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鄭和（1371年－1433年），原名馬三宝，中國明代航海家、外交家、太監。
目录
[隐藏]
1 生平
2 航海生涯
2.1 鄭和出使暹羅國
2.2 鄭和出使日本國
2.3 鄭和下西洋
3 鄭和遺跡
4 鄭和紀念
4.1 郑和墓
4.2 郑和故居
4.3 郑和寺庙
4.4 中国航海节
4.5 鄭和號
4.6 郑和公园
4.7 宝船遗址公园
4.8 电视纪录片《1405：郑和下西洋》
4.9 大型电视剧《郑和下西洋》
4.10 书籍
4.11 郑和群礁
4.12 郑和铜钟
5 东南亚人供奉和祭拜郑和
6 参考文献
7 外部链接

[编辑] 生平
鄭和原本姓馬名三宝，雲南昆陽（今晉寧昆阳镇）寶山鄉知代村人。
鄭和六世先祖赛典赤·赡思丁（Sayyid Ajjal Shams al-Din Omar）是元初来自中亚的色目贵族，是布哈拉国王穆罕默德的后
裔，曾任云南行省平章，追封为咸阳王；曾祖父伯顏（Bayan）在元大德十一年（1307年）任中书平章，曾祖母馬氏，祖父米的纳哈只，祖母溫氏。父馬
哈只（原名米里金）封滇阳候，母溫氏。族人自称咸阳世家。米里金生马三宝，袭封滇阳候[1]。马姓是汉化的阿拉伯语“默罕默德”。
鄭和出生於明洪武四年(1371年)。洪武十三年1381年冬，明朝軍隊進攻雲南。马三宝10岁，被擄入明營，被閹割成太監，之後進入朱棣的燕王府。在
靖難之變中，马三宝在河北郑州（在今河北任丘北，非河南郑州）[2]为燕王朱棣立下战功。永乐二年（1404年）明成祖朱棣在南京御书“郑”字賜马三宝
郑姓，改名为和，任為內官監太監，官至四品，地位僅次於司禮監。宣德六年（1431年）钦封郑和为三宝太监。
宣德八年（1433年）四月郑和在印度西海岸古里去世；赐葬南京牛首山[3]。
郑和以长兄马文铭之长子为嫡，名郑文铭，字恩来，世袭锦衣千户候[4]，居南京三山街（今马府街）马府。郑和后裔至今已传21代。

mrliu918

unread,

May 21, 2009, 3:35:31 AM5/21/09

看李*龙家族和梁小丑怎样卖国通敌

据老许说, 三位日本访华军官在公众地方轮奸妇女时被一名营救者(可能就是梁**和陶*所指的法国佬与狗)杀死,
日方因死者心脏被搞烂认定为谋杀, 向中方施压, 要求追捕身上有日本刀伤痕的杀人者. 李*龙家族和梁家为了乘机消灭异己,
讨好日方, 换取日方和外国势力支持所谓"功夫皇帝"的称号., 竟多次指使手下或利用儿童手持利刃,
分别在亚洲与加拿大多次行刺异己和仇家, 意图砍伤对手, 伪造当事人与日方死者的搏斗伤痕, 然后向日方交代, 一石二鸟.

李*龙家族和梁家更利用下毒的手段和海外黑白两道的关系, 将异己和仇家充当涉案者或相关人士,
并诱骗至外地, 美国, 加拿大, 由亲日派系处理, 或在转机日本时, 直接交给日方, 以此讨好日方和外国势力,
换取所谓"功夫皇帝"的称号.

由于李*龙并非专业运动员, 没有太多比赛经验, 实战经历, 演艺事业的成就又无法取代在擂台和
运动场上建立的可靠和可信的地位, 无法令所有人信服, 一统拳坛, 体坛和武术界. 况且运动员对先天身体质素的要求极高,
(至今没有拳击运动员得到多过三届冠军, 18 岁至 30 岁, 奥运会每四年一次) 受伤的可能性很大, 职业寿命太短,
赛场上的胜负概率很难保证, 胜则一鸣惊人, 败则多因运动伤害难以东山再起. 事业风险太大.

李*龙家族和梁家为了以舞换武, 以假乱真, 以戏得天下, 掩藏本身在拳击运动上的劣质基因, 利用他人的子女打黑拳,
承受生命与伤残风险, 再用电脑技术移花接木, 金钱美女借种借兵, 威破利诱下巧取豪夺, 必要时使用黑社会手段,
过桥抽板, 杀人灭口, 以成全自己"功夫皇帝"和家族帝制的野心和狂想.

在这个问题上, 加拿大见钱眼开, 不讲法律, 不守国际法, 为了讨好日方, 参与下毒和伪造证据, 将相关人等诱骗到日本,
选择了加日友谊, 放弃了中加友谊, 甚至出卖法国裔同胞. 白求恩的铜像该被拆除.

孙中山,毛泽东的政治思想和哪篇著作不是公开的?!
孙中山,毛泽东怎能和那些靠骗取清廷及父兄信任才窃取权力的人相比?!!!

主题: chinese martial act expert does not need Japanese weapon.中国武術家不需要日本
武士刀

A chinese hero and martial act expert does not need Japanese weapon.

真正的中国武術家不需要日本武士刀和外国兵器.

> 生物族群會隨着繁殖而擴大，並超過其生存空間與食物供應的極限，引起個體間的競爭；不適應環境的個體會被淘汰，適者才能生存，並繁衍後代。- 隱藏被引用文字 -
>
> - 顯示被引用文字 -

rst9...@yahoo.com

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May 21, 2009, 6:21:16 PM5/21/09

ne...@millions.com

unread,

May 21, 2009, 9:57:03 PM5/21/09

On Thu, 21 May 2009 15:21:16 -0700 (PDT), rst9...@yahoo.com wrote:

>If you have nothing better to do than talking to yourself, come and
>help me bash Meichi cunt aka abianchen lying bitch on SCC.

So you are able to untie the straight jacket belts.

rst9...@yahoo.com

unread,

May 21, 2009, 10:02:39 PM5/21/09

On May 21, 6:57 pm, ne...@millions.com wrote:

> On Thu, 21 May 2009 15:21:16 -0700 (PDT), rst9w...@yahoo.com wrote:
> >If you have nothing better to do than talking to yourself, come and
> >help me bash Meichi cunt aka abianchen lying bitch on SCC.
>
> So you are able to untie the straight jacket belts.

Any bond by butterfingers can be broken easily.

abian...@yahoo.com

unread,

May 22, 2009, 12:56:03 AM5/22/09

Rusty Old Fool,most people here including yourself know I am a Chinese
guy from Taiwan, using photos of a beautiful innocent Thai girl
“Meichi” to attack me only shows how pathetic you are! Why don’t you

stay on the topic or apologize for your false claim [BS].

Taiwan... but you could not because you have never read Analects of

Confucius and you have no idea what Confucianism is...so you got mad,
you curse, talk dirty, isn't it sad?

Rusty Old Fool, you also defended Nazi's Holocaust. BillMoore said he

thinks you are more crazy than he had previously thought, then you

cursed that him too. I think he was right!

rst9...@yahoo.com

unread,

May 22, 2009, 4:46:29 AM5/22/09

You, too, ne...@millions.com, If you have nothing better to do than

abian...@yahoo.com

unread,

May 22, 2009, 4:55:21 AM5/22/09

Hey Rusty Old Fool, why don't we be friends? Come to New York, and
I'll give you the best blow job in your life. I'll even let you anal
me.

rst9...@yahoo.com

unread,

May 22, 2009, 10:32:52 AM5/22/09

Message has been deleted

mrliu918

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May 24, 2009, 5:00:35 AM5/24/09

Other than their track record of failure in military affair and
modern
warfare, Leung (aka Liang) and Lee ( aka Li) are thieves of the
century in professional boxing ?

Do not participate in underground ring and do not fight for the cheap
thief.

Quotation:

http://www.payscale.com/research/US/Job=Athlete_%2F_Sports_Competitor...

Top Ten Lists Of Everything - Home
Location: Top Ten Lists » People, Sports, Money » Top Ten Highest
Paid
Athletes in 2007
Top Ten Highest Paid Athletes in 2007
#1 - Tiger Woods ($100 million)
Golf - Probably the most famous sportsman in the world for a number
of
years now, Tiger Woods heads our list of the top 10 highest paid
athletes of 2007. Regularly winning majors and other opens aroud the
globe, the golfer has made his earnings this year through competition
prize money and lucrative sponsorship deals.
#2 - Oscar De La Hoya ($43 million)
Boxing - Oscar De La Hoya's title fight with Floyd Mayweather in May
2007 may have ended unsuccessfully in the ring, but financially it
proved extremely successful with De La Hoya earning a record $43
million. More records were broken with highest gate receipts ($19
million), pay per view revenue ($120 million) and pay per view
audience (2.2 million).
#3 - Phil Mickelson ($42 million)
Golf - After a shaky string of results in the early year (including
blowing the 2006 US Open on the last hole), Phil Mickelson's season
picked up with the win at the Player's Championship, earning him $1.6
million (the highest ever PGA tour purse). This along with
endorsement
deals from the likes of Ford and Exxon Mobil help to put Mickelson
the
3rd highest paid athlete of 2007.
#4 - Kimi Raikkonen ($40 million)
Formula One - With the retirment of 7 time world chamion Michael
Schumacher, Ferrari needed a proven, experienced driver to fill his
boots. Kimi Raikkonen, with 5 years experience at the top with
McLaren
appeared to be the right choice; Ferrari have signed him on a 3 year
contract that makes him the highest paid driver in Formula One.
#5 - Michael Schumacher ($36 million)
Formula One - The most successful driver ever in Formula one, with 7
championship titles, 91 race victories and 154 top-three finishes,
Michael Schumacher is in the list of highest paid athletes at number
5. Over his career, he earned $650 million in salary and endorsements
deals, and last year achieved arguably the pinnacle of his career
providing the voice of a Ferrari in the Disney-Pixar movie Cars.
#6 - David Beckham ($33 million)
Football/Soccer - The international football star (or "soccer" as the
Americans call it) has just made his move across the pond to the
States, having signed a lucrative contract with the Los Angeles
Galaxy. Initial reports of a $250 million 5-year deal proved over-
exaggerated, his basic salary realistically being $5.5 million a
year.
However, "Goldenballs" will be earning lucrative cuts of gate
reciepts
and merchansising, as well as the numerous endorsements he has with
the likes of Adidas and Pepsi.
#7 - Kobe Bryant ($33 million)
Basketball - This year, Bryant became the second player in the
history
of the NBA to score at least 50 points in four straight games (The
first? Michael Jordan). In February, he claimed his second MVP title
for an All-Star game. Sony signed him to be the cover player for its
NBA '07 videogame, and his jersey was the best seller in China this
season.
#8 - Shaquille O'Neal ($32 million)
Basketball - Injuries and career low averages on points and rebounds
in the last NBA season look like signalling the last stages of his
professional career. However, it looks more likely that his future
will be lying in other businesses and media ventures; his newly
formed
O'Neal Group will specialise in developing commercial and residential
property, while his new show Shaq's Big Challenge (a reality show
helping young kids to lose weight through exercise and sports) on ABC
looks like leading a way into TV for the big man.
#9 - Ronaldinho ($31 million)
Football/Soccer - The two-time FIFA player of the year was expected
to
be the star of last year's World Cup. Endorsement deals were signed
with more than a dozen companies including Nike, Lenovo and Pepsi.
But
he and his favoured Brazilian team flamed out early, losing in the
quarterfinals to France. A fruitless last season with his club
Barcelona only adds to his frustration, meaning he will hopefully be
fighting even harder next year to make it a successful one.
#10 - Michael Jordan ($31 million)
Basketball - Despite it being 4 years since his retirement from the
NBA, Michael Jordan is the 3rd basketball player to make it onto the
list. He made more news this year away from the court this past year
with the high profile divorce from his wife of 17 years Juanita
Jordan
and $8 million lawsuit against WorldCom. Good new sfor Jordan is that
his Nike sneakers are still a $500 million business.

Source - Forbes, June 2007

Tags - People, Sports, Money

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Leung and Lee are thieves of the century in professional boxing ?

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rst9...@yahoo.com

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May 24, 2009, 8:33:19 AM5/24/09

The evilness in abianchen cunt aka meichi filthy smelly pussy aka
abum_chump perpetual lying bitch:
http://www.flickr.com/photos/meichi_cunt_aka_abianchen_filthy_smelly_pussy/
How stupid can you get to follow a failed man as an example?

mrliu918

unread,

May 25, 2009, 2:55:55 AM5/25/09

Top Ten Highest Paid Athletes in 2007 --- Leung (Liang) and Lee (Li)
are thieves of the century?

Quotation:

http://www.payscale.com/research/US/Job=Athlete_%2F_Sports_Competitor...

Research Center: United States >> Athlete / Sports Competitor >>
Salary
Salary Survey Report for Job: Athlete / Sports Competitor (See more
jobs)
More reports for this job: Bonus, Vacation Weeks, Popular Tallies,
Commute Time, more...
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(United States)
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$80000 - $120000 yearly

FREE! Custom Salary Comparison
Get accurate salary data matched to your job title, location,
experience and more.

Median Salary by Employer Type - Job: Athlete / Sports Competitor
(United States)
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On 4月24日, 下午4時06分, mrliu918 <dragonst...@excite.com> wrote:

> 於1912年1月1日（辛亥十一月十三日）在南京宣誓就任，並循革命軍與袁世凱的秘密協議，特申「顛覆滿洲專制政府，鞏固中華民國，圖謀民生幸福......至
> 專制政府既倒，民國卓立於世界，即當解臨時大總統之職」。月底組成臨時參議院。民國元年2月12日，清帝溥儀發佈《退位詔書》，中華民國終完全取代過去
> 的帝國體制，

> 孫中山

> 維基百科，自由的百科全書
> 跳轉到: 導航, 搜索

> 此條目需要補充更多來源。（2007年11月）
> 請協助添加來自可靠來源的引用以改善這篇條目。無法查證的內容會被提出異議而移除。

> 本文介紹的是中國政治家。關於孫中山的其他意思，詳見孫中山 (消歧義)。
> 孫文
> 第一任中華民國臨時大總統
> 中國國民黨永久總理

> 政黨：中國國民黨
> 籍貫：廣東省香山縣（今中山市）
> 出生： 1866年11月12日
> 中國廣東省香山縣永寧鄉翠亨村
> 逝世： 1925年3月12日（58歲）
> 中國北京協和醫院
> 配偶：盧慕貞 1884年-1915年
> 宋慶齡 1915年-1925年

> 孫文（1866年11月12日－1925年3月12日），字載之，號逸仙，譜名德明，幼名帝象，是近代中國的民主革命家，中國國民黨總理，第一任中華民
> 國臨時大總統，亦為中華民國國父，孫文流亡日本時，曾化名「中山樵」，故後人慣以「中山先生」相稱；其後此稱謂便逐漸演化為「孫中山」。
> 1940年（民國29年），中華民國國民政府通令全國，讚揚孫氏「倡導國民革命，手創中華民國，更新政體，永奠邦基，謀世界之大同，求國際之平等」，尊
> 稱其為「中華民國國父」。孫文被中國國民黨尊為「永遠的總理」；中國共產黨則稱他為「民主革命的先行者」。

> 宋慶齡
> 維基百科，自由的百科全書
> (重定向自宋慶齡)
> 跳轉到: 導航, 搜索
> 宋慶齡
> 中華人民共和國名譽主席
> 1981年5月
> 性別：女
> 政黨：中國國民黨（1919年--1947年）
> 中國國民黨革命委員會（1948年--1981年）
> 中國共產黨（1981年）
> 籍貫：海南文昌
> 出生： 1893年1月27日
> 松江府上海縣
> 逝世： 1981年5月29日（88歲）
> 北京市
> 配偶：孫中山
> 親屬：宋嘉澍（父），倪桂珍（母）

> 宋靄齡（姐），宋美齡（妹）
> 宋子文、宋子良、宋子安（弟）

> 學歷
> 美國佐治亞州梅肯市威斯里安女子學院文學學士

> 經歷
> 中國國民黨中央執行委員會委員
> 中國國民黨中央政治委員會委員
> 中國國民黨革命委員會名譽主席
> 中華人民共和國中央人民政府副主席
> 第一屆全國人大常委會副委員長
> 第二、三屆中華人民共和國副主席
> 第四、五屆全國人大常委會副委員長

> 宋慶齡（1893年1月27日－1981年5月29日），是已故中國革命家及中華民國國父孫中山的第二任妻子。
> 中華人民共和國成立後，人們沿襲稱孫中山先生為「國父」的這一做法，尊稱宋慶齡為「國母」[1]。1981年5月，在她彌留之際，中華人民共和國全國人
> 大常委會決定授予宋慶齡中華人民共和國名譽主席的榮譽稱號。

> 中華革命黨，於1914年由孫中山在日本東京建立，其前身為國民黨。1913年孫中山發動反袁二次革命，失敗後流亡日本，按照傳統會黨的形式重建組織，
> 名叫中華革命黨，強調對領袖個人效忠。以討伐袁世凱，建立民主政府，反對專制為宗旨，成員大部份都是原同盟會和國民黨成員，以青天白日滿地紅旗為黨旗。
> 1916年袁世凱死，國會恢復，原國民黨議員重新參加議政活動。1917年張勳復辟，解散國會，而後來段祺瑞討伐張勳後，又不恢復國會，因此，很多議員
> 響應孫中山號召，南下廣州，召開國會，開展護法運動。1919年西南軍閥排擠孫中山，孫中山回上海，整頓黨務，改名恢復為中國國民黨。

> 廖仲愷（1877年4月23日－1925年8月20日），廣東省歸善縣鴨仔埗鄉窯前村（今惠州市惠陽區陳江鎮幸福村）人，原名恩煦、又名夷白，字仲愷；
> 中國國民黨革命元勳之一，中國國民黨黨內重要左派人物。1925年被暗殺。
> 廖仲愷生於美國三藩市旅美華工家庭。.......................1921年孫中山到廣州任非常大總統，廖為財政部次長。之後在第一
> 次國共合作期間，任國民黨中央執行委員，財政部長，工人部長，農民部長，黃埔軍校黨代表等職。1925年8月20日在設於惠州會館的國民黨中央黨部（今
> 越秀南路89號中華全國總工會舊址，立有紀念碑），被暴徒殺害，遺體先是暫厝廣州駟馬崗朱執信墓旁，1935年遷葬南京中山陵側。經調查後相信暗殺是國
> 民黨右派所為，當中胡漢民被認為有重大嫌疑。
> 廖仲愷1897年與何香凝結緍。何香凝同為國民黨左派。廖夢醒為廖仲愷之女。廖承志為廖仲愷之子，廖暉為其孫，二人皆在中共負責統戰工作。
> 廖仲愷與何香凝墓位於南京紫金山南麓天堡城下。

> 中國國民黨（原名羅馬化：Kuomintang；簡稱國民黨、KMT，英文亦可直譯作「Chinese Nationalist Party」）為中華
> 民國之國父孫中山所創建的中國原生政黨。其前身依次為興中會、同盟會、國民黨及中華革命黨。
> 中國國民黨從1928年北伐成功一直到至國民政府退守台灣後的李登輝執政時期為止，一直是執政黨。2000年中華民國總統選舉敗選之後，該黨成為中華民
> 國的最大在野黨，但仍是中華民國最具規模和影響力的主要政黨。直到2008年，再透過總統選舉重新回到中華民國執政黨地位。

> 革命時期至民國創立
> 1894年（清光緒20年），正值中日甲午戰爭，孫中山赴夏威夷檀香山號召華僑親友，創立「興中會」革命救國組織。
> 1905年（清光緒31年），興中會聯合華興會、光復會等幾個重要革命團體，於日本東京組成同盟會。
> 1911年（清光緒37年），革命黨人領導的武昌起義，獲中國各省響應，致清宣統皇帝溥儀遜位成功，中華民國肇建，中國政治制度由維持2000多年的帝
> 制走向民主共和。
> 1912年（民國元年）8月：中華民國成立，同盟會成為合法組織，在北京安慶會館聯合數個小型政黨組成國民黨。1913年國民黨在代理理事長宋教仁(代
> 理孫中山)領導下，於全國選舉中在參議院與眾議院皆獲得最多席次為最大黨。同年袁世凱開始執政後發生宋教仁被暗殺案，孫中山等人發動二次革命失敗，國民
> 黨被袁世凱視為非法組織，被迫解散。
> 1914年（民國3年）7月，另組中華革命黨於東京。
> 中國國民黨時期
> 1919年，中華革命黨改組為中國國民黨。
> 1924年1月，中國國民黨舉行第一次全國代表大會，促成了第一次國共合作，同時宣佈黨內改組完成，正式進入中國國民黨階段。

> 孫中山被推為同盟會總理，確定了「驅除韃虜，恢復中華，建立民國，平均地權」的革命政綱，並以華興會機關刊物《二十世紀之支那》改組成為《民報》，在發
> 刊詞首次提出「三民主義」學說，與梁啟超、康有為等改良派激烈論戰。

> 保皇会
> 维基百科，自由的百科全书
> (重定向自保救大清光緒皇帝會)
> 跳转到: 导航, 搜索
> 保皇会，是康有为等人在中国清朝末年创建政治团体，以鼓吹君主立宪制为主要纲领。
> 康有为在戊戌变法失败后流亡国外。光绪25年六月十三（1899年7月20日），康有为在加拿大创设保皇会，又名中国维新会。保皇会计划在北美、东南
> 亚、香港、日本等地设立分会，机关报为澳门《知新报》和横滨《清议报》。
> 保皇会初期目的是营救光绪帝，斗争对象是慈禧、荣禄、刚毅等守旧派为宗旨。1900年，义和团兴起引致庚子战争爆发后，八国联军进军北京，保皇会遂计划
> 以此为契机，争取各国支持以营救光绪帝，并与国内的唐才常联系，拟在武汉发动自立军起义。由于保皇会的经费未能及时到位，自立军起义被迫推迟，并于8月
> 21日被破获，唐才常死难。
> 此后，由于清政府对于立宪的态度逐渐软化，保皇会开始在国内与岑春煊等人互相呼应，推进合法的立宪运动。其斗争对象也逐渐转向针对孙中山领导的革命派。
> 1906年清政府宣布实行预备立宪，康有为遂宣告保皇会任务完成。1907年，保皇会改组为帝国宪政会。
> 来自"http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E7%9A%87%E4%BC%9A"

mrliu918

unread,

May 25, 2009, 3:13:20 AM5/25/09

Quotation:
http://www.payscale.com/research/US/Job=Athlete_%2F_Sports_Competitor...

HTML Code:

<a href="http://www.top10land.com/top-ten-highest-paid-athletes-
in-2007.html">Top Ten Highest Paid Athletes in 2007</a>
Copyright (c) 2008 Top10Land.com * Web Design by Webr

$80000 to $120000 yearly

FREE! Custom Salary Comparison
Get accurate salary data matched to your job title, location,
experience and more.

On 4月24日, 下午4時06分, mrliu918 <dragonst...@excite.com> wrote:

> Quotation from 鼎盛军事 and other sources:
> http://mil.jschina.com.cn/Get/MAN/04301256366.htm
> In 1898, the Conservative Coup ended all reforms and exiled Liang to
> Japan, where he stayed for the next fourteen years of his life......He continued......
> to support the concept of a constitutional monarchy
> as opposed to the radical republicanism supported by the Tokyo-based
> Tongmeng Hui (the forerunner of the Kuomintang).
> ...........During the Boxer Rebellion, Liang was back in Canada, where
> he formed the "Save the Emperor Society" (保皇會). This organisation
> later became the Constitutionalist Party which advocated
> constitutional monarchy. While Sun promoted revolution, Liang preached
> reform ("so that Han people would remain loyal slaves and subject of the Manchurian Emperor".

> 本文介紹的是中國政治家。關於孫中山的其他意思，詳見孫中山 (消歧義)。
> 孫文
> 第一任中華民國臨時大總統
> 中國國民黨永久總理
> 政黨：中國國民黨
> 籍貫：廣東省香山縣（今中山市）
> 出生： 1866年11月12日
> 中國廣東省香山縣永寧鄉翠亨村
> 逝世： 1925年3月12日（58歲）
> 中國北京協和醫院
> 配偶：盧慕貞 1884年-1915年
> 宋慶齡 1915年-1925年
> 孫文（1866年11月12日－1925年3月12日），字載之，號逸仙，譜名德明，幼名帝象，是近代中國的民主革命家，中國國民黨總理，第一任中華民
> 國臨時大總統，亦為中華民國國父，孫文流亡日本時，曾化名「中山樵」，故後人慣以「中山先生」相稱；其後此稱謂便逐漸演化為「孫中山」。
> 1940年（民國29年），中華民國國民政府通令全國，讚揚孫氏「倡導國民革命，手創中華民國，更新政體，永奠邦基，謀世界之大同，求國際之平等」，尊
> 稱其為「中華民國國父」。孫文被中國國民黨尊為「永遠的總理」；中國共產黨則稱他為「民主革命的先行者」。

> 宋慶齡
> 維基百科，自由的百科全書

mrliu918

unread,

May 25, 2009, 3:27:38 AM5/25/09

> 孫文（1866年11月12日－1925年3月12日），字載之，號逸仙，譜名德明，幼名帝象，是近代中國的民主革命家，中國國民黨總理，第一任中華民國臨時大總統，亦為中華民國國父，孫文流亡日本時，曾化名「中山樵」，故後人慣以「中山先生」相稱；其後此稱謂便逐漸演化為「孫中山」。1940年（民國29年），中華民國國民政府通令全國，讚揚孫氏「倡導國民革命，手創中華民國，更新政體，永奠邦基，謀世界之大同，求國際之平等」，尊稱其為「中華民國國父」。孫文被中國國民黨尊為「永遠的總理」；中國共產黨則稱他為「民主革命的先行者」。

> 廖仲愷（1877年4月23日－1925年8月20日），廣東省歸善縣鴨仔埗鄉窯前村（今惠州市惠陽區陳江鎮幸福村）人，原名恩煦、又名夷白，字仲愷；

mrliu918

unread,

May 31, 2009, 1:59:31 AM5/31/09

内战内行，外战外行

内战专家

Quebec sovereignty movement

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The province of Quebec shown in orange.
The Quebec sovereignty movement refers to the history and present
status of multiple, multi-lateral political movements aimed at
attaining statehood for the Canadian province of Quebec. Supporters of
the movement advocate a variety of proposals. While some sovereignists
do advocate full independence, others have advocated sovereignty
association or sovereignty partnership, under which Quebec, while
becoming a country of its own, would still continue to maintain a
different type of economic and political relationship with Canada. The
association or partnership with Canada, does not mean that Quebec
would still be a part of Canada, but would create a new relationship
between two sovereign states.
In practice, "separatist" and "sovereignist" are terms used to
describe individuals wanting the province of Quebec to separate from
Canada to become a country of its own, however the former term is
perceived as pejorative for people related with the movement.
The most apparent justification for sovereignty is the fact that
Quebec has a French-speaking majority (80%), in contrast to the rest
of Canada, which consists of eight overwhelmingly (greater than 90%)
English-speaking provinces. New Brunswick is officially bilingual and
about one-third Francophone. The territory of Nunavut primarily speaks
Inuktitut, a central justification for that territory's creation--
splitting from the Northwest Territories (which is far more multi-
lingual). With regards to the creation of the sovereignist movement,
language issues were but a sub-strata of larger cultural, social and
political differences. Many scholars point to historical events as
framing the cause for ongoing support for sovereignty in Quebec, while
more contemporary pundits and politicians may point to the aftermath
of more recent developments like the Canada Act of 1982, the Meech
Lake Accord or the Charlottetown Accord.
Contents
[hide]
1 Overview
1.1 Contemporary politics
2 Arguments against sovereignty
3 Sovereignty-association
4 History
4.1 Precursor ideas and events
4.2 Emergence
4.3 The early years of the PQ
4.4 The referendum of 1980
4.5 Repatriation, Meech, Charlottetown
4.6 The referendum of 1995
5 At the end of the 20th century
5.1 The Clarity Act
6 Present
6.1 Modernization
6.2 Kosovo
7 Allies and opponents
7.1 Provincial
7.1.1 Partitionism
7.1.2 Cree separation
7.2 Rest of Canada
7.3 International
8 Ambivalence
9 Sovereigntist organizations
10 Sympathetic organizations
11 Sovereigntist media
12 Quebec sovereignty movement in fiction
13 See also
14 References
15 External links

Chairman MaObama

unread,

May 31, 2009, 2:38:10 AM5/31/09

Can they beat your subs, you know at that secret base on Hainan Island?

"mrliu918" <drago...@excite.com> wrote in message
news:a6461b7f-aa8c-4700...@x1g2000prh.googlegroups.com...
> Seawolf class submarine from USA 美國海狼級核動力攻擊型潛艇
>
> http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seawolf_class_submarine
>
> Seawolf class submarine

> From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

> Jump to: navigation, search
>
> Class overview
> Operators: United States of America
> Preceded by: Los Angeles class
> Succeeded by: Virginia class
> Building: 0
> Planned: 29
> Completed: 3
> Cancelled: 26
> Active: 3
> Lost: 0
> General characteristics
> Displacement: Surfaced: 8,600 tons
>
> Submerged: 9,138 tons[1]
> Length: 353 ft (107m)
> Beam: 40 ft (12m)
> Propulsion: 1 S6W PWR 45,000 hp, 1 secondary propulsion submerged
> motor, 1 shaft, 1 Screw
> Speed: Surfaced: 18 knots
>
> Submerged: 25+ knots
> Range: unlimited except by food supplies
> Test depth: 610 Meters, approximately 2000 feet[2]
> Complement: 140
> Crew: 14 Officers; 126 Enlisted
> Armament: 8x660mm torpedo tubes (50 Tomahawk cruise missile/Harpoon/
> Mk-48 torpedo)
> Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Seawolf class submarines
> The Seawolf class attack submarine (SSN) was the intended successor to
> the Los Angeles class, ordered at the end of the Cold War in 1989. At
> one time, an intended fleet of 29 submarines was to be built over a
> ten-year period, later reduced to twelve. The end of the Cold War and
> budget constraints led to the fleet being canceled at three boats in
> 1995, and led to the design of the smaller Virginia class.
>
> They are quieter than the previous Los Angeles class submarines,
> larger, faster, have twice as many torpedo tubes for a total of 8, and
> carry more weapons, but were also much more expensive. They were
> intended to combat the then-threat of large numbers of advanced Soviet
> ballistic-missile submarines in deep ocean, such as the Typhoon class,
> and to reply to the new Soviet Akula class attack submarines. They
> were built using HY-100 steel rather than HY-80 steel which is what
> previous classes had used. However they also have extensive equipment
> for shallow-water operations, including a floodable silo capable of
> deploying eight combat swimmers and their equipment at once. The boats
> can also carry up to 50 UGM-109 Tomahawk cruise missiles for attacking
> land and shipping targets.
>
>
> 海狼級核動力攻擊型潛艇

> 維基百科，自由的百科全書
> 跳轉到: 導航, 搜尋

> 海狼級
>
>
> 艇級概觀
> 艦種核動力攻擊潛艇
> 艦名 {{{艦名}}}
> 擁有國美國
> 前型洛杉磯級
> 次型維吉尼亞級
> 同型三艘
> 竣工 2004年10月24日（首艘）
> 結局現役
> 性能諸元
> 水上吃水 9.3m
> 水上排水 8600噸
> 潛航排水 9142噸
> 極限潛深最大深度潛800尺(255米)
> 全長 353尺
> 全寬 40（10.36米）
> 動力系統 {{{動力系統}}}
> 葉軸單軸靜音螺旋槳
> 水上極速 18節
> 水中極速 > 30節
> 乘員 134
> 魚雷 40具馬克48型魚雷(4個魚雷口)
> 可換成100枚水雷
> 火炮 {{{火炮}}}
> 飛彈戰斧巡弋飛彈
> (454 kg 高爆彈頭，射程250 nm)
> 8x26枚
> 其他武備 {{{其他武備}}}
> 艇體結構單層外殼
> 續航力 {{{續航力}}}
> 自持力無限
> 其他
> 海狼級攻擊潛艇，本是洛杉磯級的繼任者，在冷戰末期1989年開始建造。最昂貴的核潛艇，同時也被認為是最安靜的核潛艇。本來美國海軍打算在10年間
> 建造29艘海狼級潛艇後來減少到12艘。由於冷戰結束和預算限制，導致在1995年海狼級潛艇的訂單被取消，總共只建造了三艘海狼級潛艇，由較小的弗吉
> 尼亞級所取代。
>
> 海狼級潛艇比以往洛杉磯級潛艇寧靜，更大，更快，有兩倍之多魚雷發射管，共8條，並攜帶更多的武器，但也昂貴得多。作用是打擊當時的威脅，一大批在深海
> 湧現的先進蘇聯彈道飛彈潛艇，如颱風級，並回應新的蘇聯阿庫拉級核潛艇。但是他們也有廣泛的設備用作淺水作戰，其中包括一個浮筒倉能夠部署八個作戰
> 蛙人及其裝備。該船還可以攜帶多達50個戰斧巡弋飛彈攻擊陸地和船舶的目標。
>

mrliu918

unread,

Jun 1, 2009, 5:02:56 AM6/1/09

The intellect and challenge to hunt wild predators with seawolf class
submarine?!

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sword
http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%89%91
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Age
http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E9%9D%92%E9%93%9C%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3&variant=zh-tw
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunting_rifle
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baker_rifle
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seawolf_class_submarine
http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E7%8B%BC%E7%B4%9A%E6%A0%B8%E5%8B%95%E5%8A%9B%E6%94%BB%E6%93%8A%E5%9E%8B%E6%BD%9B%E8%89%87

Bronze Age

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For other uses, see Bronze Age (disambiguation).
Bronze Age

This box: view • talk • edit
↑ Neolithic
Near East (3300-1200 BC)

Caucasus, Anatolia, Levant, Ugarit, Egypt, Mesopotamia, Elam, Sistan
China (3100-700 BC)

List of Bronze Age sites
South Asia (3000-1200 BC)

Pontic-Caspian steppe (5500-1200 BC)

Europe (3000-600 BC)

Aegean civilization
Beaker culture
Unetice culture
Tumulus culture
Urnfield culture
Apennine culture
Terramare culture
Atlantic Bronze Age
Bronze Age Britain
Nordic Bronze Age
Korea (800-400 BC)

Copper Age, Bronze, Arsenical bronze, Writing, Literature, Sword, Axe,
Chariot, Boat, Gold hat, Collapse

↓Iron age

A two-handled bronze gefuding gui, from the Chinese Shang Dynasty
(1600–1046 BC).The Bronze Age is, with respect to a given prehistoric
society, the period in that society when the most advanced
metalworking (at least in systematic and widespread use) included
smelting copper and tin from naturally-occurring outcroppings of
copper and tin ores, creating a bronze alloy by melting those metals
together, and casting them into bronze artifacts. The Bronze Age also
included the domestication of the horse.

As regard to metal working, the naturally-occurring ores typically
included arsenic as a common impurity. Copper/tin ores are rare, as
reflected in the fact that there were no tin bronzes in western Asia
before 3000 BC. The Bronze Age is regarded as the second part of a
three-age system for prehistoric societies, though there are some
cultures that have extensive written records during their Bronze Age.
In this system, in some areas of the world the Bronze Age followed the
Neolithic age. On the other hand, in many parts of sub-Saharan Africa,
the Neolithic age is directly followed by the Iron Age.[citation
needed] In some parts of the world, a Copper Age follows the Neolithic
Age and precedes the Bronze Age.

Bronze Age weaponry and ornaments
Ceremonial giant dirk of the Plougrescant-Ommerschans type,
Plougrescant, France, 1500–1300 BC.Contents [hide]
1 Origins
2 Near East
2.1 Mesopotamia
2.2 Ancient Egypt
2.3 Levant
2.4 Anatolia
2.5 Persian Plateau
3 Central Asia
4 Indus valley
5 Far East
5.1 China
5.2 Southeast Asia
5.3 Korean peninsula
6 Europe
6.1 Central Europe
6.2 Aegean
6.2.1 Collapse in Aegean
6.3 Caucasus
6.4 Great Britain
6.4.1 Bronze Age boats
6.5 Ireland
7 Americas

8 See also
9 Notes
10 References

11 External links

[edit] Origins
The place and time of the invention of bronze are controversial. It is
possible that bronzing was invented independently in the Maykop
culture in the North Caucasus as far back as the mid 4th millennium
BC, which would make them the makers of the oldest known bronze; but
others date the same Maykop artifacts to the mid 3rd millennium BC.
However, the Maykop culture only had arsenic bronze, which is a
naturally occurring alloy. Tin bronze, which developed later, requires
more sophisticated production techniques; tin has to be mined (mainly
as the tin ore cassiterite) and smelted separately, then added to
molten copper to make the bronze alloy. The Bronze Age was a time of
heavy metal usage.

青銅時代

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跳轉到: 導航, 搜尋

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更進一步的訊息可能會在討論頁或擴充請求中找到。請在擴充條目後將此模板移除。
史前時代
全新世鐵器時代原始史時期
青銅時代晚期
青銅時代中期
青銅時代初期
青銅時代
紅銅時代
新石器時代史前史
中石器時代
更新世舊石器時代晚期
舊石器時代中期
舊石器時代初期
舊石器時代
石器時代
青銅時代（Bronze Age），又稱青銅器時代、青銅文明，在考古學上是以使用青銅器為標誌的人類文化發展的一個階段。

青銅是紅銅和錫的合金，因為顏色青灰，故名青銅。由於青銅的熔點比較低，約為800℃，硬度高，為銅或錫的2倍多，所以容易融化和鑄造成型。青銅時代初
期，青銅器具比重較小，甚或以石器為主，進入中後期，比重逐步增加。自有了青銅器和隨之的增加，農業和手工業的生產力水平提高，物質生活條件也漸漸豐
富。青銅鑄造術的發明，與石器時代相比，起了劃時代的作用。

世界上最早進入青銅時代的是兩河流域和埃及等地，開始於公元前3000年。

[編輯] 中國的青銅時代
中國出土最早的青銅器物屬於甘肅馬家窯文化。

最早提出「青銅器時代」觀念的是張光直院士，他在《中國青銅時代》一書中明確指出夏、商、周三代為鼎盛期，而後還有春秋戰國時代，現存至今的司母戊大方
鼎是世界上罕見的大型青銅器。不過依照杜正勝院士在《古代社會與國家》的看法，從石器時代到青銅器時代生產工具其實還沒有突破性的發展，只有階級和社會
的轉變，因為青銅器主要作為禮器和兵器是政權的象徵。

Sword

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Jump to: navigation, search
"Swords" redirects here. For other uses, see Swords (disambiguation).
See also Types of swords

Swiss longsword, 15th or 16th centuryA sword is a long, edged piece of
metal, used as a cutting, thrusting, and clubbing weapon in many
civilizations throughout the world. The word sword comes from the Old
English sweord, cognate to Old High German swert, Middle Dutch swaert,
Old Norse sverð (cf.Danish sværd, Norwegian sverd, Swedish svärd) Old
Frisian and Old Saxon swerd and Modern Dutch zwaard and German
Schwert, from a Proto-Indo-European root *swer- "to wound, to cut"[1].

A sword fundamentally consists of a blade and a hilt, typically with
one or two edges for striking and cutting, and a point for thrusting.
The basic intent and physics of swordsmanship have remained fairly
constant through the centuries, but the actual techniques vary among
cultures and periods as a result of the differences in blade design
and purpose. The names given to many swords in mythology, literature,
and history reflect the high prestige of the weapon (see types of
swords).

Contents [hide]
1 History
1.1 Bronze Age
1.2 Iron Age
1.3 Middle Ages
1.4 Late Middle Ages and Renaissance
1.5 Modern age
2 Terminology
2.1 Blade
2.2 Hilt
2.3 Accessories
3 Typology
3.1 Single-edged and double-edged swords
3.1.1 Single-handed
3.1.2 Two-handed
4 Punishment devices
5 Famous swords
5.1 Swords in History
5.2 Swords of myth and legend
5.3 Swords of modern fiction
6 See also

7 Notes
8 References
9 Further reading

10 External links

[edit] History

劍
維基百科，自由的百科全書
(重定向自剑)
跳轉到: 導航, 搜尋
此條目沒有列出任何參考或來源。（2009年3月15日）
請協助添加來自可靠來源的引用以改善這篇條目。
無法查證的內容可能被提出異議而移除。

一對劍。劍是一種尖頂且雙面開鋒的刀，是種可以用來刺擊和砍殺的武器。但歐洲用於受封儀式的慈悲劍或用於斬首的斬首劍則是無劍尖的劍。劍的長度差異很
大，短劍長約40公分，用於近身搏鬥；長劍則可以長達140公分，有些須要雙手才能揮動順暢。世界上許多文明都早從青銅時代開始就使用劍這種武器了。

目錄 [隱藏]
1 定義
2 結構
2.1 劍身
2.2 劍柄
2.3 劍鞘
3 文化
4 歷史
4.1 銅器時代
4.2 鐵器時代
4.3 中古世紀時期
4.4 中古世紀晚期至文藝復興時期
4.5 近代
5 參見

[編輯] 定義

Rifle

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(Redirected from Hunting rifle)
Jump to: navigation, search

This article includes a list of references or external links, but its

sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please

improve this article by introducing more precise citations where

appropriate. (April 2009)

Baker rifle
M1903 Springfield
G3 rifleA rifle is a firearm designed to be fired from the shoulder,
with a barrel that has a helical groove or pattern of grooves
("rifling") cut into the barrel walls. The raised areas of the rifling
are called "lands," which make contact with the projectile (for small
arms usage, called a bullet), imparting spin around an axis
corresponding to the orientation of the weapon. When the projectile
leaves the barrel, the conservation of angular momentum improves
accuracy and range, in the same way that a properly thrown American
football or rugby ball behaves. The word "rifle" originally referred
to the grooving, and a rifle was called a "rifled gun." Rifles are
used in warfare, hunting and shooting sports.

Typically, a bullet is propelled by the contained deflagration of an
explosive compound (originally black powder, later cordite, and now
nitrocellulose), although other means such as compressed air are used
in air rifles, which are popular for vermin control, hunting small
game, and casual shooting ("plinking").

In most armed forces the term "gun" is incorrect when referring to
small arms; in the military, the word "gun" means an artillery piece
or crew-served machine gun. Furthermore, in many works of fiction a
rifle refers to any weapon that has a stock and is shouldered before
firing, even if the weapon is not rifled or does not fire solid
projectiles.

Rifles traditionally fired a single projectile with each pull of the
trigger. Modern assault rifles are capable of firing in bursts or
fully automatic modes, and thus overlap somewhat with machine guns. In
fact, many light machine guns (such as the Russian RPK) are
adaptations of existing assault rifle designs. Generally, the
difference between an automatic rifle and a machine gun comes down to
weight and feed system; rifles, with their relatively light components
(which overheat quickly) and small magazines, are incapable of
sustained automatic fire in the way that machine guns are. While
machine guns may require more than one operator, the rifle is an
individual weapon.

Contents [hide]
1 Historical overview
2 19th century
2.1 Breech loading
2.2 Minié system and bullet design
2.3 Cartridge storage
3 20th century
4 Technical aspects
4.1 Rifling
4.2 Barrel wear
4.3 Rate of fire
4.4 Increasing range
4.5 Bullet RPM
5 See also
5.1 Types
6 References

[edit] Historical overview

Message has been deleted

mrliu918

unread,

Jun 3, 2009, 3:52:00 AM6/3/09

Travel warning: 1990 incident and the outcome of Olympic Games in
subsequent years.

Travel warning for participants of 1990 incident

Phone calls in Asia revealed Russian discontent that USSR did not got
any gold medal in the 1992 Olympic Boxing because of the 1990
incident; while USA did not have as many as gold medals it supposed
to
receive for the following ten years as a result of the 1990 incident.
However, there are not any reason to validate their claim that the
1990 incident in any way affect the outcome of Olympic Game in
subsequent years. The fananticism of callers and their obsession in
Cold War politics are the justification for me to issue travel warning
for
all the participants of 1990 incident.

Information from www.olympic.org could be unreliable due to internet
hacking with malicious intent and corruption practice in phone
company. Readers and participants of 1990 incident are encouraged to
verify content on internet from multiple and creditable sources
through secure communication channels.

P.S. Lee and Leung are thieves of the century and both deserve to die
in the
ring.

http://www.olympic.org
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxing_at_the_Summer_Olympics

www.olympic.org - Site Officiel du Mouvement Olympique
OLYMPIC MEDAL WINNERS
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Xiaoping
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MENDEZ, Roberto
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GARCIA,
Rogelio
Barcelona 1992 Boxing 48 - 51kg (flyweight) Men CHOI, Chol Su
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JOHNSON, Joel
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Andreas
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Oscar
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Hector
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GARCIA, Juan Carlos
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[edit] Medal Table
Rank Nation Gold Silver Bronze Total
1 United States (USA) 48 23 38 109
2 Cuba (CUB) 32 19 12 63
3 Italy (ITA) 15 13 16 44
4 Soviet Union (URS) 14 19 18 51
5 Great Britain (GBR) 14 11 23 48
6 Hungary (HUN) 10 2 8 20
7 Poland (POL) 8 9 26 43
8 Russia (RUS) 8 3 9 20
9 Argentina (ARG) 7 7 10 24
10 South Africa (RSA) 6 4 9 19
11 Kazakhstan (KAZ) 5 4 4 13
12 East Germany (GDR) 5 2 6 13
13 Germany (GER) 4 9 9 22
14 France (FRA) 4 7 8 19
15 Bulgaria (BUL) 4 5 8 17
16 Thailand (THA) 4 3 6 13
17 Canada (CAN) 3 7 7 17
18 South Korea (KOR) 3 6 10 19
19 Yugoslavia (YUG) 3 2 6 11
20 Czechoslovakia (TCH) 3 1 2 6
21 Mexico (MEX) 2 3 7 12
22 North Korea (PRK) 2 3 3 8
23 Ukraine (UKR) 2 2 5 9
24 Finland (FIN) 2 1 11 14
25 China (CHN) 2 1 2 5
26 Romania (ROU) 1 9 15 25
27 Denmark (DEN) 1 5 6 12
28 Ireland (IRL) 1 4 7 12
29 Germany (EUA) 1 3 2 6
30 Norway (NOR) 1 2 2 5
Venezuela (VEN) 1 2 2 5
32 Kenya (KEN) 1 1 5 7
33 Netherlands (NED) 1 1 4 6
34 Belgium (BEL) 1 1 2 4
Mongolia (MGL) 1 1 2 4
36 New Zealand (NZL) 1 1 1 3
37 Algeria (ALG) 1 0 5 6
West Germany (FRG) 1 0 5 6
Uzbekistan (UZB) 1 0 5 6
40 Japan (JPN) 1 0 2 3
41 Dominican Republic (DOM) 1 0 1 2
42 Sweden (SWE) 0 5 6 11
43 Nigeria (NGR) 0 3 3 6
44 Uganda (UGA) 0 3 1 4
45 Philippines (PHI) 0 2 3 5
Turkey (TUR) 0 2 3 5
47 Spain (ESP) 0 2 2 4
48 Belarus (BLR) 0 2 0 2
49 Puerto Rico (PUR) 0 1 5 6
50 Australia (AUS) 0 1 3 4
Egypt (EGY) 0 1 3 4
52 Chile (CHI) 0 1 2 3
Ghana (GHA) 0 1 2 3
54 Cameroon (CMR) 0 1 1 2
Unified Team (EUN) 0 1 1 2
56 Australasia (ANZ) 0 1 0 1
Czech Republic (CZE) 0 1 0 1
Estonia (EST) 0 1 0 1
Tonga (TGA) 0 1 0 1
60 Azerbaijan (AZE) 0 0 4 4
61 Colombia (COL) 0 0 3 3
Morocco (MAR) 0 0 3 3
63 Tunisia (TUN) 0 0 2 2
Moldova (MDA) 0 0 2 2
65 Armenia (ARM) 0 0 1 1
Bermuda (BER) 0 0 1 1
Brazil (BRA) 0 0 1 1
Georgia (GEO) 0 0 1 1
Guyana (GUY) 0 0 1 1
India (IND) 0 0 1 1
Mauritius (MRI) 0 0 1 1
Niger (NIG) 0 0 1 1
Pakistan (PAK) 0 0 1 1
Syria (SYR) 0 0 1 1
Uruguay (URU) 0 0 1 1
Zambia (ZAM) 0 0 1 1
Total 226 226 390 842

On 5月21日, 下午3時35分, mrliu918 <dragonst...@excite.com> wrote:

> 看李*龙家族和梁小丑怎样卖国通敌

> 孙中山,毛泽东的政治思想和哪篇著作不是公开的?!
> 孙中山,毛泽东怎能和那些靠骗取清廷及父兄信任才窃取权力的人相比?!!!

> 真正的中国武術家不需要日本武士刀和外国兵器.

> > > Mr butterfly and bicycle:

> > Quotation:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwin's_Theory_of_Evolutionhttp://zh.wi...

> ...

> 閱讀更多 »- 隱藏被引用文字 -

> - 顯示被引用文字 -

mrliu918

unread,

Jun 3, 2009, 4:46:10 AM6/3/09

Travel warning: 1990 incident and the outcome of Olympic Games in
subsequent years.

Travel warning for participants of 1990 incident

Phone calls in Asia revealed Russian discontent that USSR did not got
any gold medal in the 1992 Olympic Boxing because of the 1990
incident; while USA did not have as many as gold medals it supposed
to receive for the following ten years as a result of the 1990
incident.
However, there are not any reason to validate their claim that the
1990 incident in any way affect the outcome of Olympic Game in
subsequent years. The fananticism of callers and their obsession in
Cold War politics are the justification for me to issue travel
warning
for all the participants of 1990 incident.

P.S. Lee and Leung are thieves of the century and both deserve to die
in the ring.

http://www.olympic.org
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxing_at_the_Summer_Olympics
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_socialist_countries
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_communist_states
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_state
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_members_of_NATO
http://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/first_world.htm

DISCLAIMER
The Olympic medal winner database is compiled using data taken from
official publications containing Olympic results produced by the
Organising Committees at the end of each edition of the Games. As the
information is not yet fully standardised, we recommend that you
search by nation, sport, Olympic Games, etc.
Home
|

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_socialist_countries
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_communist_states
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_state

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[Help us with translations!]

List of socialist countries

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Jump to: navigation, search
This article or section has multiple issues. Please help improve the
article or discuss these issues on the talk page.
It needs additional references or sources for verification. Tagged
since October 2008.

Its neutrality is disputed. Tagged since February 2008.

This article's factual accuracy is disputed. Please see the relevant
discussion on the talk page. (March 2008)
This article may contain original research or unverified claims.
Please improve the article by adding references. See the talk page for
details. (February 2008)

This is a combined map of all countries who declared themselves to be
socialist states under any definition, color-coded for the number of
years that the territory in question claimed to be a socialist:
Over 60 years

50 - 60 years

40 - 50 years

30 - 40 years

20 - 30 years

10 - 20 years

Under 10 years
Click on image to magnify.

A map of all countries who declared themselves to be socialist states,
under any definition, at some point in their history.
This is a list of countries, past and present, that declared
themselves socialist either in their names or their constitutions. No
other criteria are used; thus, some or all of these countries may not
fit any specific definition of socialism. Their only common feature is
using the label "socialist" for themselves, under any interpretation.
There are few, if any, definitions of socialism that could fit all the
countries on this list. However, most definitions of socialism fit at
least some of these countries at some points in their histories.
There are many countries that have been ruled by socialist political
parties for extended periods of time without ever adopting socialism
as an official ideology in their names or constitutions. Such
countries are not listed here. However, see the article on the
Socialist International for an up-to-date list of countries that are
currently ruled by member parties of the SI (the largest present day
organization of socialist political parties).
Conversely, there are some countries that maintain constitutional
references to socialism without being currently ruled by a socialist
political party. Those countries are included on this list.
Contents
[hide]
1 Marxist-Leninist
1.1 Current
1.2 Former
2 Non-Marxist-Leninist
2.1 Current
2.1.1 Constitutional references
2.1.2 Informal
2.2 Former
2.3 Former states
3 Ephemeral
4 See also
5 Notes

[edit] Marxist-Leninist
These countries known as "Communist states" in the West, because their
ruling parties generally use the name "Communist Party of [country]."
However, the countries themselves are referred to as socialist
republics, not communist, in their own constitutions. They are defined
by a form of government in which the state operates under a one-party
system and declares allegiance to the ideology of Marxism-Leninism. In
accordance with Marxism-Leninism, the constitutions of these countries
claim that all power belongs to the working class, that a democratic
dictatorship of the proletariat has been implemented within their
borders, and that they are building socialism, with the goal of
achieving communism one day.
[edit] Current
Main article: List of current communist states

A map showing states who currently declare themselves to be Marxist-
Leninist.
People's Republic of China - (Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó) (since
October 1, 1949)[1]
Cuba - Republic of Cuba (República de Cuba) (since January 1, 1959)
[2]
Laos - Lao People's Democratic Republic. (Sathalanalat Paxathipatai
Paxaxon Lao) (since December 2, 1975)[citation needed]
North Korea - Democratic People's Republic of Korea (Chosŏn Minjujuŭi
Inmin Konghwaguk) (since 1948) [3] (see Constitution of North Korea)
Vietnam - Socialist Republic of Vietnam (Cộng hòa Xã hội Chủ nghĩa
Việt Nam) (officially in unified Vietnam since July 2, 1976, but in
the north since 1954) [4]
[edit] Former

A map of countries who declared themselves to be socialist states
under the Marxist-Leninist definition (in the west known as,
"Communist states") at some point in their history. The map uses
present-day borders. Note that not all of these countries were Marxist-
Leninist at the same time.
Democratic Republic of Afghanistan (April 27, 1978 - April 28, 1992)
Socialist People's Republic of Albania (Albanian Republika Popullore
Socialiste e Shqipërisë/Albanian Republika Popullore e Shqipërisë )
(January 1, 1946 - March 22, 1992)
People's Republic of Angola (República Popular de Angola) (November
11, 1975 - August 27, 1992)
People's Republic of Benin (République Populaire du Bénin) (November
30, 1975 - March 1, 1990)
People's Republic of Bulgaria (Narodna Republika Balgariya)
(September 15, 1946 - December 7, 1990)
People's Republic of the Congo (République Populaire du Congo)
(January 3, 1970 - March 15, 1992)
Republic of Czechoslovakia (Československá republika) (May 9, 1948 -
July 11, 1960)
Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (Československá socialistická
republika) (July 11, 1960 - March 29, 1990)
File:Flag of Ethiopia (1987-1991).png People's Democratic Republic of
Ethiopia (September 10, 1987 - May 27, 1991)
Finnish Democratic Republic (Suomen Kansanvaltainen Tasavalta)
(December 1, 1939 - March 12, 1940)
German Democratic Republic (Deutsche Demokratische Republik) (October
7, 1949 - October 3, 1990)
Political Committee of National Liberation (Greece) (December 24,
1947 - August 28, 1949)
People's Revolutionary Government of Grenada (March 13, 1979 -
October 25, 1983)
People's Republic of Hungary (Magyar Népköztársaság) (August 20, 1949
- October 23, 1989)
Hungarian Soviet Republic (Magyar Tanácsköztársaság) (March 21 -
August 6, 1919)
Democratic Kampuchea (April 4, 1976 - January 7, 1979)
People's Republic of Kampuchea (January 7, 1979 - October 23, 1991)
Mongolian People's Republic (November 24, 1924 - February 12, 1992)
People's Republic of Mozambique (República Popular de Moçambique)
(June 25, 1975 - December 1, 1990)
People's Republic of Poland (Polska Rzeczpospolita Ludowa) (June 28,
1945 - July 19, 1989)
People's Republic of Romania (Republica Populară Romînă) (December
30, 1947 - August 21, 1965)
Socialist Republic of Romania (Republica Socialistă România) (August
21, 1965 - December 22, 1989)
Somali Democratic Republic (Jamhuuriyadda Dimoqraadiga Soomaaliya)
(July 1, 1976 - January 26, 1991)
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Soyuz Sovetskikh
Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik) (December 30, 1922 - December 26,
1991)
Tuvan People's Republic (Tuva Arat Respublik) (August 14, 1921 -
October 11, 1944)
Democratic Republic of Vietnam (Việt Nam Dân chủ Cộng hòa) (September
2, 1945 - July 2, 1976)
People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (Jumhūrīyah al-Yaman ad-
Dīmuqrāţīyah ash-Sha'bīyah)(November 30, 1967 - May 22, 1990)
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Socijalistička Federativna
Republika Jugoslavija, Социјалистичка Федеративна Република
Југославија, Socialistična federativna republika Jugoslavija)
(November 29, 1943 - April 27, 1992)
[edit] Non-Marxist-Leninist
These are countries whose constitutions make references to socialism,
but do not subscribe to Marxist-Leninist ideology. As such, they
represent a wide variety of different interpretations of the term
socialism.

Map showing countries whose constitutions contained some references to
socialism (under a non-Marxist definition) at some point in their
history.
[edit] Current
[edit] Constitutional references
Bangladesh - People's Republic of Bangladesh (since 16 December 1972)
(Gônoprojatontri Bangladesh) (see Constitution of Bangladesh)
Egypt - Arab Republic of Egypt (Gumhūriyyet Maṣr el-ʿArabiyyah)
(since 11 September 1971) (see Constitution of Egypt)
India - Republic of India (since 2 November 1976) (see Constitution
of India)
Libya - Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (Al-
Jamāhīriyyah al-ʿArabiyyah al-Lībiyyah aš-Šaʿbiyyah al-Ištirākiyyah al-
ʿUẓmā) (since 1 September 1969)
Portugal - Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa) (since 1976)
(see Constitution of Portugal)
Sri Lanka Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka (since 7
September 1978) (see Constitution of Sri Lanka)
Syria - Syrian Arab Republic (Al-Jumhūriyyah al-ʿArabiyyah as-
Sūriyyah) (since 1973) (see Constitution of Syria)
Tanzania - United Republic of Tanzania (since 26 April 1964)
[edit] Informal
Nicaragua - Republic of Nicaragua (República de Nicaragua) (see
Sandinista)
Venezuela - Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (República Bolivariana
de Venezuela) (see Bolivarianism)
[edit] Former
People's Democratic Republic of Algeria (Al-Jumhūrīyah al-Jazā’irīyah
ad-Dīmuqrāṭīyah ash-Sha’bīyah) (15 September 1963 - 23 February 1989)
Burkina Faso[citation needed]
Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma (1974–2008)[5]
Republic of Cape Verde (República de Cabo Verde)[citation needed]
Socialist Republic of Chile (República Socialista de Chile) (4 June -
13 September 1932)
Republic of Ghana[citation needed]
Republic of Iraq (Al-Jumhūrīyah al-ʿĪrāqiyah) (14 July 1958 - 16 July
1979)
Democratic Republic of Madagascar (Repoblika Demokratika Malagasy)
(21 December 1975 - 19 August 1992)
Republic of Mali (République du Mali) (6 December 1968 - 12 January
1992)
Republic of Nicaragua (República de Nicaragua)
Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe (República Democrática
de São Tomé e Príncipe)[citation needed]
Republic of Senegal (République du Sénégal)[citation needed]
Republic of Seychelles (Repiblik Sesel)[citation needed]
Democratic Republic of Sudan (Jumhūriyyat as-Sūdān ad-Dīmuqrāṭīyah)
(1969 - 1985)
Republic of Suriname (Republic Suriname)[citation needed]
Tunisian Republic (Al-Jumhūriyyah at-Tūnisiyyah)[citation needed]
Republic of Uganda[citation needed]
[edit] Former states
United Arab Republic (Al-Jumhūrīyah al-‘Arabīyah al-Muttaḥidah) now
Syrian Arab Republic and Egyptian Arab Republic
People's Republic of Zanzibar (Jamhuri ya Watu wa Zanzibar) now part
of Tanzania.
[edit] Ephemeral
These are short-lived political entities that emerged during wars or
revolutions (mostly in the aftermath of World War I) and declared
themselves to be socialist under some interpretation of the term, but
did not survive long enough to create a stable government or achieve
international recognition.
Alsace Soviet Republic (November 9 - November 22, 1918)
Azerbaijan People's Government (November 1945 - December 1946)
Bavarian Soviet Republic (Bayerische Räterepublik) (April 6 - May 3,
1919)
Bessarabian Soviet Socialist Republic (May - September 1919)
Bukharan People's Soviet Republic (October 8, 1920 - February 17,
1925)
Donetsk-Krivoy Rog Soviet Republic (February 12 - May 1918)
Asturian Socialist Republic (de facto) (October 5-18 1934)
Estonian Workers' Commune (Eesti Töörahva Kommuun/Эстляндская Трудовая
Коммуна) (November 29, 1918 - June 5, 1919)
Far Eastern Republic (Dalnevostochnaya Respublika) (April 6, 1920 -
November 15, 1922)
Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic (January 28 - April 29, 1918)
Galician Soviet Socialist Republic (July 8 - September 21, 1920)
German Socialist Republic (Räterepublik) (November 9, 1918 - ?)
Hunan Soviet (1927)
Chinese Soviet Republic (Zhōnghuá Sūwéi'āi Gònghéguó) (November 7,
1931 - October 1934)
Khorazmian People's Soviet Republic (April 26, 1920 - October 20,
1923)
Lithuanian-Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (Lietuvos-
Baltarusijos Tarybinė Socialistinė Respublika) (February 27 - August
25, 1919)
Republic of Mahabad (Komarî Mehabad) (January 22 - December 15, 1946)
Mughan Soviet Republic (March - June 1919)
Soviet Republic of Naissaar (December 1917 - February 26, 1918)
Paris Commune (La Commune de Paris) (March 18 - May 28, 1871) (first
socialist republic in history)
Persian Socialist Soviet Republic (June 9, 1920 - September 1921)
Republic of South Vietnam (Cộng Hòa Miền Nam Việt Nam) (April 30, 1975
- June 2, 1976)
Slovak Soviet Republic (Slovenská Republika Rád) (June 16 - July 7,
1919)
Turkestan Socialist Federative Republic (April 30, 1918 - October 27,
1924)
Democratic Republic of Yemen (May 21 - July 7, 1994)
[edit] See also
Communist state
List of current communist states
[edit] Notes
^ Constitution of the People's Republic of China: "Both the victory of
China's new-democratic revolution and the successes of its socialist
cause have been achieved by the Chinese people of all nationalities
under the leadership of the Communist Party of China and the guidance
of Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought, and by upholding truth,
correcting errors and overcoming numerous difficulties and
hardships."
^ Constitution of the Republic of Cuba: WE, CUBAN CITIZENS, heirs and
continuators of the creative work and the traditions of combativity,
firmness, heroism and sacrifice fostered (...) by those who promoted,
joined and developed the first organizations of workers and peasants,
spread socialist ideas and founded the first Marxist and Marxist-
Leninist movements."
^ Constitution of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea:"The
Democratic People's Republic of Korea is a socialist fatherland of
Juche which embodies the idea of and guidance by the great leader
Comrade Kim Il Sung."
^ Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam: "The Communist
party of Vietnam (...), who adheres to Marxism-Leninism and Ho Chi
Minh's thought, is the force assuming leadership of the state and
society."
^ [http://www.thailawforum.com/database1/constmyanmar.html The
constitution of the Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma. 1974.
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
List_of_socialist_countries"
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Republics
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Communist state

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This article contains weasel words, vague phrasing that often
accompanies biased or unverifiable information. Such statements should
be clarified or removed. (March 2009)
This article needs additional citations for verification.
Please help improve this article by adding reliable references.
Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2009)

This article is about the form of government in which a state is
controlled by a communist party. For communism as an ideology, form of
society, or popular movement, see Communism.

A map showing the current Communist states. They are China, Cuba,
North Korea, Laos, and Vietnam.

Map of countries that declared themselves or were declared to be
socialist states under the Marxist-Leninist or Maoist definition at
some point in their history. The map uses present-day borders. Note
that not all of these countries were Marxist-Leninist or Maoist at the
same time.
History of
communist states
Communist states
PR China
Cuba
Laos
North Korea
Vietnam

Elected party, not communist
Cyprus
India (Kerala, West Bengal, Tripura)
Moldova
Nepal

Formerly communist
Afghanistan
Albania
Angola
Benin
Bulgaria
Cambodia
Congo
Czechoslovakia
East Germany
Ethiopia
Mongolia
Mozambique
Poland
Romania
Somalia
South Yemen
Soviet Union
Yugoslavia

Formerly quasi-communist Nicaragua

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In political science, a Communist state is a state with a form of
government characterized by single-party rule of a Communist party and
a professed allegiance to a communist ideology as the guiding
principle of the state.
Communist states may have several legal political parties, but the
Communist party is usually granted a special or dominant role in
government, often by statute or under the constitution. Consequently,
the institutions of the state and of the Communist party become
intimately entwined, such as in the development of parallel
institutions.
While almost all claim lineage to Marxist thought, there are many
varieties of Communist states, with indigenous adaptions. For Marxist-
Leninists, the state and the Communist Party claim to act in
accordance with the wishes of the industrial working class; for
Maoists, the state and party claim to act in accordance to the
peasantry. Under Deng Xiaoping, the People's Republic of China
proclaimed a policy of "socialism with Chinese characteristics." In
most Communist states, governments assert that they represent the
democratic dictatorship of the proletariat.
Most Communist states adopted planned economies. However, there are
exceptions: The Soviet Union during the 1920s and Yugoslavia after
World War II allowed limited markets and a degree of worker self-
management, while China and Vietnam have introduced far-reaching
market reforms since the 1980s.
Contents
[hide]
1 Use of term
2 State institutions
3 Criticism
4 List of current Communist states
5 Notes
6 See also

Use of term
Communists[who?] dispute the validity of the term "communist state".
In classical Marxism, communism is the final phase of history at which
time the state would have "withered away"[1] and therefore "communist
state" is a contradiction in terms under premises of this theory.
Current states are either in the capitalist or socialist phase of
history – making the term "socialist state" preferable to Communists
[citation needed] – and the role of the communist party (i.e. the
vanguard party) is to pull a nation toward the communist phase of
history. The reason why most Western scholars[who?]prefer the term
"communist state" rather than "socialist state" to describe these
countries is because most socialists[who?] oppose the idea of a
vanguard party pulling a nation towards communism, and thus the term
"socialist state" is liable to cause confusion.
Heterodox Marxists[who?] have also opposed the usage of the term
"communist state". Since the 1930s, anti-Stalinist Marxists[who?] have
argued that the existing communist states did not actually adhere to
Marxism, but rather to a perversion of it that was heavily influenced
by Stalinism. This critique was based on a variety of arguments, but
nearly all anti-Stalinist communists[who?] argued that the Soviet
model did not represent the interests of the working class. As such,
Trotskyists[who?] referred to the Soviet Union as a "degenerated
workers' state"[cite this quote] and called its satellites "deformed
workers states".[cite this quote]
Not every country ruled by a communist party is viewed[by whom?] as a
communist state. As noted above, the term "communist state" has been
created and used by Western political scientists[who?] to refer to a
specific type of one-party state. Communist parties have won elections
and governed in the context of multi-party democracies, without
seeking to establish a one-party state. Examples include San Marino,
Republic of Nicaragua (in the 1980s),[citation needed] Republic of
Moldova (since 2001),[citation needed] Cyprus (presently),[citation
needed] and the Indian states of Kerala, West Bengal and Tripura.
[citation needed] These countries and states do not fall under the
definition of a communist state.
State institutions
Communist states share similar institutions, which are organized on
the premise that the communist party is a vanguard of the proletariat
and represents the long-term interests of the people. The doctrine of
democratic centralism, which was developed by Lenin as a set of
principles to be used in the internal affairs of the communist party,
is extended to society at large. According to democratic centralism,
all leaders must be elected by the people and all proposals must be
debated openly, but, once a decision has been reached, all people have
a duty to obey that decision and all debate should end. When used
within a political party, democratic centralism is meant to prevent
factionalism and splits. When applied to an entire state, democratic
centralism creates a one-party system.[2]
The constitutions of most communist states describe their political
system as a form of democracy.[3] Thus, they recognize the sovereignty
of the people as embodied in a series of representative parliamentary
institutions. Communist states do not have a separation of powers;
instead, they have one national legislative body (such as the Supreme
Soviet in the Soviet Union) which is considered the highest organ of
state power and which is legally superior to the executive and
judicial branches of government.[4] Such national legislative politics
in communist states often have a similar structure to the parliaments
that exist in liberal republics, with two significant differences:
first, the deputies elected to these national legislative bodies are
not expected to represent the interests of any particular
constituency, but the long-term interests of the people as a whole;
second, against Marx's advice, the legislative bodies of communist
states are not in permanent session. Rather, they convene once or
several times per year in sessions which usually last only a few days.
[5]
When the national legislative body is not in session – that is, most
of the time – its powers are transferred to a smaller council (often
called a "presidium") which combines legislative and executive power,
and, in some communist states,[which?] acts as a collective head of
state. The presidium is usually[weasel words] composed of important
communist party members and votes the resolutions of the communist
party into law.
Another feature of communist states is the existence of numerous state-
sponsored social organizations (trade unions, youth organizations,
women's organizations, associations of teachers, writers, journalists
and other professionals, consumer cooperatives, sports clubs, etc.)
which are integrated into the political system. In some communist
states,[which?] representatives of these organizations are guaranteed
a certain number of seats on the national legislative bodies. In all
communist states, the social organizations are expected to promote
social unity and cohesion, to serve as a link between the government
and society, and to provide a forum for recruitment of new communist
party members.[6]
Communist states[which?] maintain their legitimacy by claiming to
promote the long-term interests of the whole people, and communist
parties[which?] justify their monopoly on political power by claiming
to act in accordance with objective historical laws. Therefore,
political opposition and dissent is regarded[by whom?] as counter-
productive or even treasonous. Some communist states[which?] have more
than one political party, but all minor parties are required to follow
the leadership of the communist party. Criticism of proposed future
policies is usually[weasel words] tolerated, as long as it does not
turn into criticism of the political system itself. However, in
accordance with the principles of democratic centralism, communist
states usually[weasel words] do not tolerate criticism of policies
that have already been implemented in the past or are being
implemented in the present.[7] However, communist states are widely
seen as being de facto dictatorships by historians and sociologists,
since the elections they held tended to be heavily rigged.[8]
Criticism
Main article: Criticisms of Communist party rule
Communist states have been criticized for their one-party
dictatorships;[by whom?] totalitarian control of the economy and
society;[by whom?] repression of civil liberties;[9] economic focus on
heavy industry at the expense of consumer goods, sometimes resulting
in shortages of vital products or even famine;[10] militarism; and
propaganda to cover up the mistakes of the government.[11] Communism
itself does not necessarily advocate[weasel words] these actions, and
this is one of the reasons why many communists[who?] regard communist
states as bastardizations of communism.
List of current Communist states
Main article: List of current communist states
The following countries are one-party states in which the ruling party
declares allegiance to Marxism-Leninism and in which the institutions
of the party and of the state have become intertwined; hence they fall
under the definition of Communist states. They are listed here
together with the year of their founding and their respective ruling
parties.
Countries where institutions of the communist party and state are
intertwined:
People's Republic of China (since 1949); Communist Party of China
Republic of Cuba (Cuban Revolution in 1959, socialist state declared
in 1961); Communist Party of Cuba
Democratic People's Republic of Korea (since 1948); Korean Workers'
Party
Lao People's Democratic Republic (since 1975); Lao People's
Revolutionary Party
Socialist Republic of Vietnam (since 1976); Communist Party of
Vietnam (ruled the Democratic Republic of Vietnam since 1954)
While these countries share a similar system of government, they have
adopted very different economic policies over the past 15 years.
[when?] For instance, the People's Republic of China has introduced
sweeping market reforms. In addition, the various Communist states use
different terms to identify themselves and their social systems. Laos
has removed all references to Marxism-Leninism, communism and
socialism in the Constitution in 1991.[citation needed] North Korea
has removed references to Marxism-Leninism from its constitution and
officially describes itself as following the ideology of Juche.[12]
Vietnam is "in transition toward socialism in the light of Marxism-
Leninism" and Cuba is "a socialist state guided by ideas of Marx,
Engels and Lenin and in transition to a communist society".
As of December 2008, democratically elected communist parties head the
governments of three states. However, the states themselves allow for
multiple parties, and do not provide a constitutional role for the
communist party, so they are not communist states.
Cyprus, where the Progressive Party of Working People won the 2008
presidential election.
Moldova, where the Party of Communists of the Republic of Moldova has
governed the country since 2001.
Nepal, where the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) has governed the
country since 2008.
Notes
^ The oft-cited quote is borrowed from a variation of the English
translation of Anti-Dühring 1878 by Friedrich Engels, Part III:
Socialism - «The proletariat seizes political power and turns the
means of production in the first instance into state property. But, in
doing this, it abolishes itself as proletariat, abolishes all class
distinctions and class antagonisms, abolishes also the state as state.
Society thus far, based upon class antagonisms, had need of the state,
that is, of an organisation of the particular class, which was pro
tempore the exploiting class, for the maintenance of its external
conditions of production, and, therefore, especially, for the purpose
of forcibly keeping the exploited classes in the condition of
oppression corresponding with the given mode of production (slavery,
serfdom, wage-labour). The state was the official representative of
society as a whole; the gathering of it together into a visible
embodiment. But it was this only in so far as it was the state of that
class which itself represented, for the time being, society as a
whole: in ancient times, the state of slave-owning citizens; in the
Middle Ages, the feudal lords; in our own time, the bourgeoisie. When
at last it becomes the real representative of the whole of society, it
renders itself unnecessary. As soon as there is no longer any social
class to be held in subjection; as soon as class rule, and the
individual struggle for existence based upon our present anarchy in
production, with the collisions and excesses arising from these, are
removed, nothing more remains to be repressed, and a special
repressive force, a state, is no longer necessary. The first act by
virtue of which the state really constitutes itself the representative
of the whole of society — the taking possession of the means of
production in the name of society — this is, at the same time, its
last independent act as a state. State interference in social
relations becomes, in one domain after another, superfluous, and then
dies out of itself; the government of persons is replaced by the
administration of things, and by the conduct of processes of
production. The state is not "abolished". It dies out.»
^ Furtak, Robert K. "The political systems of the socialist states",
St. Martin's Press, New York, 1986, pp. 8-9.
^ Furtak, Robert K. "The political systems of the socialist states",
St. Martin's Press, New York, 1986, p. 12.
^ Furtak, Robert K. "The political systems of the socialist states",
St. Martin's Press, New York, 1987, p. 13.
^ Furtak, Robert K. "The political systems of the socialist states",
St. Martin's Press, New York, 1986, p. 14.
^ Furtak, Robert K. "The political systems of the socialist states",
St. Martin's Press, New York, 1986, p. 16-17.
^ Furtak, Robert K. "The political systems of the socialist states",
St. Martin's Press, New York, 1986, p. 18-19.
^ United Nations Human Rights Website - Treaty Bodies Database -
Document - State Party Report - Germany
^ Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly, Resolution 1481 (2006)
Need for international condemnation of crimes of totalitarian
communist regimes
^ The Economics of Soviet Agriculture by Leonard E. Hubbard, p.
117-18
^ Kenez, Peter (1985). The Birth of the Propaganda State: Soviet
Methods of Mass Mobilization, 1917-1929. Cambridge University Press.
ISBN 0521313988.
^ Kim Jong-Il (31 March 1982). "On the Juche Idea".
http://www1.korea-np.co.jp/pk/062nd_issue/98092410.htm#4.%20THE%20GUIDING%20PRINCIPLES%20OF%20THE%20JUCHE%20IDEA.
Retrieved on 2007-01-03.
See also
List of socialist countries, which includes a list of current and
former communist states.
List of current communist states
List of communist parties
Criticisms of Communist party rule
[show] Links to related articles

[show] v • d • ePresent-day communist states

Single-party state People's Republic of China Cuba North
Korea Laos Vietnam

[show] v • d • eAuthoritarian forms of government

Autocratic Absolute monarchy · Despotism · Dictatorship · Enlightened
absolutism · Tyranny

Totalitarian Fascism · Stalinism · Theocracy · Totalitarian democracy

Other Illiberal democracy · Military dictatorship · Military junta ·
Oligarchy · Single-party state

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_state"

This page was last modified on 23 May 2009 at 10:05.

Members of NATO

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(Redirected from List of members of NATO)
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NATO members highlighted in green
Timeline of countries becoming NATO members. Dark blue marks countries
that were already NATO members at the given time. Light blue marks new
members.The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) is a military
alliance that consists of 28 member states from North America and
Europe. It was established at the signing of the North Atlantic Treaty
on 4 April 1949.[1] Article Five of the treaty states that if an armed
attack occurs against one of the member states, it should be
considered an attack against all members, and other members shall
assist the attacked member, with armed forces if necessary.[2]

Of the 28 members of NATO, two are North American countries (Canada
and the US) and 26 are European countries.All members have militaries,
although Iceland does not have a normal army (It does, however, have a
military coast guard and a small unit of soldiers for peacekeeping
operations). Three of NATO's members have nuclear weapons: the United
Kingdom, France, and the United States.

[edit] Member states
Date Country Enlargement Notes
April 4, 1949 Belgium Founders
Canada
Denmark
France France withdrew from the integrated military command in 1966
to pursue an independent defence system but returned to full
membership on April 4, 2009.
Iceland Iceland, the sole member that does not have its own standing
army, joined on the condition that it would not be expected to
establish one. However, its strategic geographic position in the
Atlantic made it an invaluable member. It has a Coast Guard and has
recently provided troops trained in Norway for NATO peacekeeping.
Italy
Luxembourg
Netherlands
Norway
Portugal
United Kingdom
United States
18 February 1952 Greece First Greece withdrew its forces from NATO’s
military command structure from 1974 to 1980 as a result of Greco-
Turkish tensions following the 1974 Turkish invasion of Cyprus.
Turkey
9 May 1955 Germany Second Joined as West Germany; Saarland reunited
with it in 1957 and the territories of Berlin and the former German
Democratic Republic reunited with it on 3 October 1990. The GDR was a
member of the rival Warsaw Pact 1956-1990.
30 May 1982 Spain Third
12 March 1999 Czech Republic Fourth Member of the rival Warsaw Pact
1955-1991 as part of Czechoslovakia.
Hungary Member of the rival Warsaw Pact 1955-1991.
Poland Member of the rival Warsaw Pact 1955-1991.
29 March 2004 Bulgaria Fifth Member of the rival Warsaw Pact
1955-1991.
Estonia Member of the rival Warsaw Pact 1955-1991 as part of the
Soviet Union.
Latvia Member of the rival Warsaw Pact 1955-1991 as part of the
Soviet Union.
Lithuania Member of the rival Warsaw Pact 1955-1991 as part of the
Soviet Union.
Romania Member of the rival Warsaw Pact 1955-1991.
Slovakia Member of the rival Warsaw Pact 1955-1991 as part of
Czechoslovakia.
Slovenia Previously part of Yugoslavia 1945-1991 (Non-aligned)
1 April 2009 Albania Sixth Member of the rival Warsaw Pact
1955-1968.
Croatia Previously part of Yugoslavia 1945-1991 (Non-aligned)

[edit] References

Countries of the First World
List of Countries of the First World
The term First World originally refers to the capitalist,
industrialized countries, within the Western European and United
States' sphere of influence, (e.g. member states of the NATO).
Whoever uses the term today in a variety of meanings, mostly tries to
describe the top end of the evolution of countries. Nations with the
most advanced economy, highest standard of living, the most advanced
technology, the greates influence in the world.
The term could also mean: industrialized nations, developed countries,
rich countries or the civilized world,
in contrast to the poor, under-developed, un-civilized, exploited
nations of the so called Third World.
also included other industrialized capitalist countries such as Japan
and some of the former British

First World - Industrialized Countries, within the Western European
and United States' Sphere of Influence
NATO Member States during the Cold War

Belgium Canada Denmark
France Germany (West) Greece
Iceland Italy Luxembourg
Netherlands Norway Portugal
Spain (since 1982) Turkey United Kingdom
USA

US Aligned States
Israel Japan Korea (South)

Former British Colonies
Australia New Zealand

Neutral and more or less industrialized capitalist countries
Austria Ireland Sweden
Switzerland

mrliu918

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Jun 5, 2009, 4:13:08 AM6/5/09

List of Russian embassy and consulate worldwide

Last edited: 18/11/2004 18:15
Address: Consulate General of the Russian Federation in New York, 9
East 91 Street, New York, NY, 10128, USA
Phone: +1 212 348-0926, 939-8913, 348-0955
Telex: 2326734839
Fax: +1 212 831-9162
E-mail: ma...@ruscon.org

>> Russian Passport Service

Last edited: 22/11/2004 14:28
Address: Embassy of the Russian Federation, 2650 Wisconsin Ave., NW,
Washington DC, 20007, USA
Phone: +1 202 298-5700, 298-5701, 298-5704
Telex: (234) 248400 WSHP UR
Fax: +1 212 298-5735
E-mail: russian...@mindspring.com

Consular department
Phone: +1 202 939-8907, 939-8913, 939-8918
Telex: (232) 248708 COEM UR
Fax: +1 202 939-8919
E-mail: waco...@prodigy.net
>> Russian Passport Service

Last edited: 24/11/2004 12:00
Address: Consulate General of the Russian Federation
2790 Green Street, San Francisco, CA 94123
Phone: +1 415 928-6878
Telex: 336184945
Fax: +1 415 929-0306
E-mail: cons...@ix.netcom.com
>> Russian Passport Service

Last edited: 24/11/2004 12:00
Address: Consulate General of the Russian Federation in Seattle, 2323
Westin Building, 2001 6th Avenue, Seattle, WA., 98121, USA
Phone: +1 206 728-1910, 861-4900
Telex: 2326505700941
Fax: +1 206 728-1871
E-mail: con...@seanet.com
>> Russian Passport Service

Last edited: 24/11/2004 12:00
Address: Consular Division, Embassy of the Russian Federation, 2641,
TUNLAW RD., N.W., WASHINGTOND.C., 20007, USA
Phone: +1 202 939-8907, 939-8913, 939-8918
Telex: (232) 248708 COEM UR
Fax: +1 202 939-8919
E-mail: waco...@prodigy.net

>> Russian Passport Service

Last edited: 12/03/2008 17:41
Address: Consulate General of the Russian Federation in Houston,
1333 West Loop South, Ste.1300, Houston, TX 77027
Phone: (713) 337-3300 ext. 309
Telex:
Fax: (713) 337-3305
E-mail: in...@rusconshouston.org

>> Russian Passport Service

Last edited: 24/03/2004 18:26
Address:
Phone: (+97142) 23-12-72
Telex:
Fax: (+97142) 23-15-85
E-mail:

Last edited: 24/03/2004 18:25
Address: United Arab Emirates, Abu-Dabi, Shark-9, Khalifa str., No.
65,67, P.O. Box No. 8211
Phone: (+9712) 672-17-97
Telex: (893) 24464 ADSOVE EM
Fax: (+9712) 672-87-31
E-mail: uae...@hotmail.com

Consular department
Phone: (+9712) 672-35-16
Telex: 89324464
Fax: (+9712) 672-8713
E-mail: rusc...@emirates.net.ae

Last edited: 31/03/2004 20:28
Address:
Embassy of the Russian Federation, Consular Division, 52 Range Road,
Ottawa, Ontario, K 1 N 8 J 5, Canada

Phone:
+1 613 236-7220, 236-6215, 236-0920

Telex: (21) 0533396 CONSUL OTT
Fax: +1 613 238-6158
E-mail: rus...@rogers.com

Last edited: 26/04/2004 19:53
Address: Consulate General of the Russian Federation in Toronto, 175
Bloor Street East, South Tower, Suite 801,Toronto,Ontario, M4W 3R8
Phone: +1 416 962-9911
Telex:
Fax: +1 416 962-6611
E-mail: rusc...@bellnet.ca

Last edited: 07/07/2004 20:45
Address: Consulate General of the Russian Federation in Montreal,
3685, Avenue de Musee, Montreal, Quebec, H 3 G 2 E 1, Canada
Phone: +1 514 843-5901, 842-5343
Telex: (26) 05560469 MTL
Fax: +1 514 842-2012
E-mail: consul...@bellnet.ca

Last edited: 31/05/2004 21:00
Address: Jose Vasconcelos 204, Colonia Hipodromo Condesa, Delegacion
Cuauhtemoc, Mexico, D.F., C.P. 06140
Phone: (+5255) 5273-1305, 5516-0870, 516-7633 (ambassador)
Telex: (22) 1776574 URSS ME
Fax: (+5255) 5273-1545
E-mail: embr...@hotmail.com

Consular department
Phone: (+5255) 5273-1605, 5272-0023
Telex: (22) 1772516
Fax: (+5255) 5273-1545

Last edited: 29/03/2006 14:33
Address: 263 Jalan Ampang, 50450 Kuala Lumpur
Phone: +603 4256-0009, 4256-7252
Telex: (84) 26073 USSRKL MA
Fax: +603 4257-6091
E-mail: rue...@tm.net.my, rusembm...@yandex.ru

Consular department
Phone: +603 4256-3949
Telex: 8426073
Fax: +603 4252-9139
E-mail: cons...@tm.net.my

Last edited: 05/05/2004 21:33
Address: 51, Nassim Road, Singapore 258439
Phone: +65 6235-1832, 6235-1834
Telex: (87) 23404 SUPOSOL RS
Fax: +65 6733-4780
E-mail: rosp...@pacific.net.sg

Consular department
Phone: +65 6737-0048, 6235-1834
Telex: (87) 23071
Fax: +65 6733-4780

Last edited: 02/08/2004 11:47
Address: 78 Sap Road, Bangkok, 10500, Thailand
Phone: +66 2 234-9824, 268-1169
Telex: (86) 21947 RUSSEMB TH
Fax: +66 2 237-8488
E-mail: rusemb...@rambler.ru

Consular department
Phone: +66 2 234-2012
Telex: (86) 21947
Fax: +66 2 268-1166
E-mail: cons...@cscoms.com

Last edited: 24/03/2004 18:33
Address: 191, La Thanh street, Hanoi, Vietnam
Phone: +84 4 833-6991, 833-6992
Telex:
Fax: +84 4 833-6995
E-mail: moscow-...@yandex.ru
moscow....@hn.vnn.vn

Consular department
Phone: +84 4 833-65-75
Telex: 805411441
Fax: 733-3922,
+84 4 833-69-96
E-mail: kons_...@hn.vnn.vn

Last edited: 30/09/2003 00:19
Address: 40, Ba Huyen Thanh Quan street, Hochiminh city, Vietnam
Phone: +84 8 930-39-36
Telex: (805) 811238 GCONSU HCM
Fax: +84 8 930-39-37
E-mail: cgru...@fmail.vnn.vn

Last edited: 30/09/2003 00:18
Address: Aden, Yemen Republic, Abyan Beach Road P.O.Box 6001
Phone: +9672 232-792
Telex:
Fax: +9672 232-792
E-mail: u...@y.net.ye

Last edited: 24/03/2004 18:15
Address: Consulate General of the Russian Federation in Istanbul,
Istiklal Cad, 219-225a, 34430, Beyoglu, Istanbul, Turkey
Phone: +90 212 292-5101, 292-5102, 292-51-03
Telex: (607) 25556
Fax: +90 212 249-0507
E-mail: vis...@turk.net

Last edited: 23/03/2004 18:32
Address: Saudi Arabia, P.O.Box 94308 Riyadh 11693 Russian Embassy, Al-
Wasiti str., Rahmania, bld. 13
Phone: +966 1 481-1875, 481-1801
Telex: (495) 407890 SUEMBS SJ
Fax: +966 1 481-1890
E-mail: sprin...@arab.net.sa

Consular department
Phone: +966 1 481-1844
Telex: (495) 407890
Fax: +966 1 481-1890

Last edited: 23/03/2004 18:28
Address: Embassy of the Russian Federation in the Philippines, 1245
Acacia Road, Dasmarinas Village, Makati, Metro Manila, Philippines
Phone: +632 893-0190, 817-5406 (ambassador)
Telex: (75) 63709 SOVPSL PN
Fax: +632 810-9614
E-mail: Rus...@i-manila.com.ph

Consular department
Phone: +632 810-9581
Telex: (75) 63709
Fax: +632 810-9581

Last edited: 23/03/2004 18:26
Address: Embassy of the Russian Federation, Diplomatic Enclave,
Ramna-4, Islamabad, Pakistan
Phone: (+9251) 260-08-11, 260-08-12
Telex: (82) 54241 USSRE PK
Fax: (+9251) 260-08-14
E-mail: rus...@isb.comsats.net.pk

Consular department
Phone: (+9251) 227-86-69
Telex: 8254241
Fax: (+9251) 260-08-13
E-mail: rus...@isb.comsats.net.pk

Last edited: 30/09/2003 00:21
Address: Enkhtayvany gudamzh, A-6, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia;
Mail address: C.P.O. Box 661, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
Phone: +976 11 327-851 (reception-room),
327-506 (on-duty)
Telex: (800) 251 TLX UB
Fax: +976 11 327-018
E-mail: embas...@mongol.net

Consular department
Phone: +976 11 326-183, 9911-5603
Telex: 800251
Fax: +976 11 324-425
E-mail: con...@mongol.net

Last edited: 30/09/2003 00:18
Address: Thaphalanxay quarter, km 4, Thadeua str., Vientiane, B.P.
490, Laos
Phone: +856 21 312-219, 312-222
Telex: (804) 4323 AMB SOV LS
Fax: +856 21 312-210
E-mail: rus...@laotel.com

Consular department
Phone: +856 21 312-218
Telex: 8044323
Fax: +856 21 312-210
E-mail: con...@mail.ru

Last edited: 30/09/2003 00:20
Address: Kuwait, Al-Kuwait, Daya Diplomatic Area, Block 17, P.O. Box
1765-SAFAT 13018
Phone: (+965) 256-0427, 256-0428
Telex: (496) 022945 POSOL KT
Fax: (+965) 252-4969
E-mail: rusp...@mail.ru

Consular department
Phone: (+965) 256-0159, 256-0428
Telex: POSOLKT (496) 22945 KT
Fax: 252-4969

Last edited: 22/03/2004 15:28
Address: Korea Exchange Bank Bld., 89-1, 4-KA, Chungang-Dong, Chung-
Ku, Pusan, Republic of Korea
Phone: +82 51 441-9904, 441-9905
Telex: (801) 52604 RUSCONS
Fax: +82 51 464-4404
E-mail: rus...@bora.dacom.co.kr,
genc...@kornet.net

Last edited: 02/08/2004 11:51
Address: 34-16 Chong-dong, Chung-gu, Seoul, 100-120, Republic of
Korea
Phone: +82 2 318-2116, 318-2117, 318-2118

Telex:
Fax: +82 2 754-0417

E-mail: rus...@uriel.net

Consular department
Phone: +82 2 318-2134
Telex:
Fax: +82 2 752-1407
E-mail: rus...@kornet.net

Last edited: 22/03/2004 15:29
Address: DPRK, Phyonyang, Chungkuyok, Sinyang-dong, Tesagwan of
Russian
Phone: +8502 381-3101
Telex: (899) 5344 EMSU KP
Fax: +8502 381-3427
E-mail: rusem...@yahoo.com

Consular department
Phone: +8502 381-3101
Telex: 89935002
Fax: +8502 381-3427

Last edited: 31/05/2004 21:08
Address: Embassy of the Russian Federation in Japan, 1-1, Azabudai; 2-
chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan, 106-0041
Phone: +81 3 3583-4224, 3583-5982, 3583-4297
Telex: (72) 24231 SOVPOSOL J
Fax: +81 3 3505-0593
E-mail: rosc...@ma.kcom.ne.jp

Consular department
Phone: +81 33 3583-4445, 3586-0408
Telex: (72) 24231
Fax: +81 3 3586-0407

Last edited: 12/03/2004 16:19
Address: Consulate General of the Russian Federation, Toyonaka-shi
Nishi Midorigaoka 1-2-2, Osaka-fu, Japan, 560-0005
Phone: (+81 6) 848-3452, 848-3451
Telex: (72) 65908 SOVCON J
Fax: (+81 6) 848-3453
E-mail: aat5...@par.odn.ne.jp

Last edited: 22/03/2004 15:02
Address: Iraq, Baghdad, Al-Moutanabbi, 605/5/4
Phone: +964 1 543-44-62
Telex: (491) 212409 LYRA IK
Fax: +964 1 543-44-62
E-mail: rus...@mail.ru

Consular department
Phone: +964 1 541-8913
Telex: (491) 212409 LYRA IK
Fax:
E-mail:
rfe...@uruklink.net

Last edited: 30/07/2004 11:16
Address: 1, Rehov Ben-Ehuda, Tel-Aviv, 63801, Israel
Phone: +972 3 510-1020, 510-7088
Telex: (606) 371562 CONCU IL
Fax: +972 3 510-1093
E-mail: con...@mail.netvision.net.il

Last edited: 29/02/2008 11:11
Address: 120 Hayarkon Str., 63573 Tel Aviv, Israel
Phone: +9723 529-0691, 522-6744
Telex: 321200 TPR IL
Fax: +9723 522-6713
E-mail: amb...@mail.netvision.net.il

Consular department
Phone: +9723 516-4090, 516-1525
Telex: (606) 371562 CONCU IL
Fax: +9723 510-1093
E-mail: con...@mail.netvision.net.il

Last edited: 22/03/2004 14:51
Address:
Embassy of the Russian Federation, J1. H.R. Rasuna Said Kav. X-7, 1-2,
Kuningan, Jakarta, Indonesia

Phone: +62 21 522-2912, 522-2914, 720-2722 (embassy campus)
Telex: (73) 46056 (through Trade Delegation)
Fax: +62 21 522-2916
E-mail: ruse...@dnet.net.id

Consular department
Phone: +62 21 522-29-12, 522-29-14

Telex: 7369180
Fax: +62 21 522-2915

Last edited: 22/03/2004 14:47
Address: Embassy of the Russian Federation, Shantipath, Chanakyapuri.
New Delhi, 110021, India
Phone: +9111 2611-0640, 2611-0641, 2611-0642, 2611-0644, 2611-0565,
2687-3800, 2687-3802
Telex: (31) 72116 RUSS IN, (31) 72160 RUSS IN
Fax: +9111 2687-6823, 2410-3961
E-mail: indr...@del2.vsnl.net.in (embassy), indc...@del2.vsnl.net.in
(consular department), rusi...@ndb.vsnl.net.in (trade department),
rusi...@del2.vsnl.net.in (trade department)

Consular department
Phone: +91 11 2611-0560, 2687-3800
Telex: 81318016
Fax: +91 11 2687-6823
E-mail: indc...@del2.vsnl.net.in

Last edited: 22/03/2004 14:50
Address: Consulate General of the Russian Federation in Mumbai, 42,
Jagmohandas Marg (Nepean Sea Road) Mumbai, 400006, India
Phone: +91 22 2363-3627, 2363-3628
Telex: (81) 1175939 RUSS IN
Fax: +91 22 2363-0403
E-mail: con...@mtnl.net.in

Last edited: 22/03/2004 14:30
Address: 100600, Beijing, Dongzhimennei Beizhong str., 4
Phone: +8610 6532-2051, 6532-1381
Telex: (85) 22247 SOVEN CN
Fax: +8610 6532-4851
E-mail: emb...@russia.org.cn

Consular department
Phone: +8610 6532-1267, 6532-1991
Telex: (85) 22247 SOVEN CN
Fax: +8610 6532-4853

Last edited: 29/04/2004 17:23
Address: 2106, 21/Fl, Sun Hung Kai Centre, 30 Harbour Road, Wanchai,
Hong Kong
Phone: +852 2877-7188, 2877-5024
Telex:
Fax: +852 2877-7166
E-mail: rus...@hknet.com

Last edited: 10/03/2008 16:55
Address: 31, Nan Shisanvailu, Shenyang, 110003, China
Phone: (+8624) 2322-39-27
Telex: (85) 804154
Fax: (+8624) 2322-39-07

E-mail: rus...@mail.sy.ln.cn, rus...@pub.sy.lnpta.net.cn

Last edited: 30/09/2003 00:18
Address: 200080, Shanghai, Huangpu Road, 20
Phone: (+8621) 6324-8383, 6324-2682
Telex: (85) 337020
Fax: (+8621) 6306-9982
E-mail: con...@online.sh.cn

Last edited: 22/03/2004 14:28
Address: Embassy of the Russian Federation, 213, Blvd. Sothearos,
Phnom Penh, Cambodia
Phone: +855 23 210-931
Telex:
Fax: +855 23 216-776
E-mail: russ...@online.com.kh

Consular department
Phone: +855 23 217-694
Telex:
Fax:
E-mail: con...@online.com.kh

Last edited: 19/03/2004 19:28
Address: Dar-ul-Aman Road, Ayub Khan Mena, Kabul, Islamic Republic of
Afghanistan
Phone: +93 20 250-01-77;
+93 20 250-02-55;
+93 70 298-277
Telex:
Fax: +873 762-743-497 tone 334-49-59;
+93 20 250-00-44
E-mail: ruse...@neda.af

Consular department
Phone: +93 20 250-00-10

Last edited: 22/02/2008 15:33
Address: 78 Canberra Avenue, Griffith, ACT 2603
Phone: +61 2 6295-9033
Telex: (71) 61365 RUSPOSL AA
Fax: +61 2 6295-1847
E-mail: rusembassy...@rambler.ru

Consular department
Phone: +61 2 295-9474
Telex: (71) 61365
Fax: (02) 6295-1001
E-mail:
rusc...@lightningpl.net.au

Last edited: 12/07/2004 19:57
Address: 7-9 Fullerton Street, Woollahra, NSW 2025
Phone: +61 2 9326-1702, 9326-1866
Telex: (71) 73606 RUSCON AA
Fax: +61 2 9327-5065
E-mail: rus...@westnet.com.au

Last edited: 31/05/2004 20:06
Address: 57 Messines Road, Karori, Wellington
Phone: +64 4 476-6113
Telex:
Fax: +64 4 476-3843
E-mail: embassy...@xtra.co.nz

Consular department
Phone: +64 4 476-6742
Telex:
Fax: +64 4 476-3843
E-mail: wlt...@xtra.co.nz

Last edited: 29/04/2004 18:24
Address: 40-50, Boulevard Lannes, 75116 Paris
Phone: +33 1 4504-0550, 4504-4030
Telex: (42) 611761 AMCONGE F
Fax: +33 1 4504-1765
E-mail: amb...@wanadoo.fr

Consular department
Phone: +33 1 4504-0501
Telex: (42) 642830
Fax: +33 1 4504-4409
E-mail: co...@wanadoo.fr

Last edited: 26/03/2004 19:23
Address: 6, place Sebastien Brant, 67000 Strasbourg
Phone: +33 3 8836-7315
Telex: 891006 COGERUS
Fax: +33 3 8835-3481
E-mail: gkrf...@wanadoo.fr

Last edited: 26/03/2004 19:36
Address:
Botschaft der Russischen Foederation in der Bundesrepublik
Deutschland, Unter den Linden, 63-65, 10117 Berlin

Phone: +49 30 229-11-10,
+49 30 229-11-29
Telex: (41) 302534 BERLIN D
Fax: +49 30 229-9397
E-mail: in...@russische-botschaft.de

Consular department
Phone: (+49-30) 22-65-11-83 (Russian language), 22-65-11-84 (German
language)
Telex: (41) 186353, (41) 302534
Fax: +49 30 22-65-19-99
E-mail: infoko...@russische-botschaft.de

Last edited: 26/03/2004 19:37
Address:
Generalkonsulat der Russischen Foederation in Hamburg,
Am Freenteich, 20, 22085 Hamburg

Phone: +49 40 229-52-01
+49 40 229-53-01
Telex: (41) 211927 UDSSR D
Fax: +49 40 229-7727
E-mail:
ma...@generalkonsulat-rus-hamburg.de

Last edited: 19/03/2004 20:36
Address: Cairo, Dokki, Giza str., 95, Egypt
Phone: +202 748-9353, 748-9354, 748-9355, 748-9356
Telex: (91) 23311 SU EMB UN
Fax: +202 760-9074
E-mail: rue...@tedata.net.eg

Consular department
Phone: +202 761-4511
Telex: 9123312
Fax: 761-4512
E-mail: cons...@tedata.net.eg

Last edited: 30/09/2003 00:22
Address: Saba-Pacha, Tag-Roussa str. 9, Alexandria, Egypt
Phone: +20 3 583-3534
Telex: 9155521
Fax: +20 3 583-2811
E-mail: cons...@access.com.eg

Last edited: 30/09/2003 00:22
Address: Embajada de la Federacion de Rusia, 5-a Avenida, N 6402,
entre 62 y 66, Miramar, La Habana, Cuba
Phone: (+537) 204-10-85, 204-26-86, 204-26-28, 204-10-80
Telex: (28) 511281 EMURSS CU
Fax: (+537) 204-10-38
E-mail: embr...@newmail.ru

Consular department
Phone: (+537) 204-10-74, 204-10-86, 204-17-49
Telex: 28511281
Fax: 204-10-38

Embassy of Russia in UK:

Address: 6/7 Kensington Palace Gardens, London, W 8 4QP, UK
Phone: +44 207 229-64-12, 229-72-81, 229-36-28, 792-31-42, 229-36-28
Telex: (51) 261420 SOCNCL G
Fax: +44 207 229-58-04, 727-86-25
E-mail: off...@rusemblon.org

Consular department:
Address: 5 Kensington Palace Gardens, London W8 4QS, UK
Phone: +44 207 229-80-27, 792-8473
Telex: 51261420
Fax: +44 207 229-32-15
E-mail: in...@rusemblon.org

mrliu918

unread,

Jun 6, 2009, 2:46:42 AM6/6/09

Travel warning: 1990 incident and the outcome of Olympic Games in
subsequent years.

Travel warning for participants of 1990 incident

Phone calls in Asia revealed Russian discontent that USSR did not got
any gold medal in the 1992 Olympic Boxing because of the 1990
incident; while USA did not have as many as gold medals it supposed
to receive for the following ten years as a result of the 1990
incident.
However, there are not any reason to validate their claim that the
1990 incident in any way affect the outcome of Olympic Game in
subsequent years. The fananticism of callers and their obsession in
Cold War politics are the justification for me to issue travel
warning
for all the participants of 1990 incident.

Information from internet could be unreliable due to hacking with
malicious intent and corruption in phone company. Readers and

participants of 1990 incident are encouraged to verify content
on internet from multiple and creditable sources through
secure communication channels.

Address:

United States Embassy of Beijing, China
Ambassador Clark T. Randt, Jr.
Xiu Shui Bei Jie 3, 100600
Phone (86-10) 6532-3831

Public Affairs
Public Affairs Officer Donald Bishop
Fax (86-10) 6532-2039

Address:
The US Consulate General in Shenyang
No.52, 14 Wei Road, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning, P.R.C 110003
Tel: 86-24-2322-1198 Fax: 86-24-2322-2374
Email: sheny...@state.gov

Address:

The US Consulate General in Chengdu
No. 4 Lingshiguan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, PRC 610041
Tel: (28) 8558-3992, 8558-9642 Fax: (28) 8558-3520
Email:
consula...@state.gov

Address:
American Embassy Cairo - 8 Kamal El Din Salah St., Garden City, Cairo,
Egypt.
Tel. [20] [2] 797-3300 Fax. [20] [2] 797-3200

Address:
U.S. Embassy

Shantipath, Chanakyapuri
New Delhi - 110021

Tel: 011-2419-8000
email: ndce...@state.gov
http://newdelhi.usembassy.gov/

Address:

American Consulate General, Osaka-Kobe, Japan.

Address: 11-5 Nishitenma 2-chome, Kita-ku, Osaka, 530-8543, Japan.

Address:

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mrliu918

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Quotation from wikipdia:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_widow_spider
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redback_spider
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latrodectus_hesperus
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latrodectus_variolus
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katipo
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latrodectus_tredecimguttatus
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_black_widow

Redback spider

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search

Redback spider

Female Redback spider
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Arthropoda

Class: Arachnida

Order: Araneae

Family: Theridiidae

Genus: Latrodectus

Species: L. hasselti

Binomial name
Latrodectus hasselti
Thorell, 1870
The Redback spider (Latrodectus hasselti) is a potentially dangerous
spider native to Australia. It resembles a Black widow spider. It is a
member of the genus Latrodectus or the widow family of spiders, which
are found throughout the world. The female is easily recognisable by
its black body with prominent red stripe on its abdomen. Females have
a body length of about a centimetre while the male is smaller, being
only 3 to 4 millimetres long. The Redback spider is one of few animals
which display sexual cannibalism while mating.

Redbacks are considered one of the most dangerous spiders in Australia.
[1] The Redback spider has a neurotoxic venom which is toxic to humans
with bites causing severe pain. There is an antivenom for Redback
bites which is commercially available.

Contents [hide]
1 Taxonomy
2 Physical description
3 Ecology and behaviour
3.1 Web
3.2 Prey
3.3 Life cycle
4 Reproduction
5 Distribution
5.1 Introductions
6 Toxicology
6.1 Bites in humans
6.2 Symptoms
6.3 Treatment
7 References
8 External links

[edit] Taxonomy
The Redback spider is a member of the spider genus Latrodectus, in the
family Theridiidae. It is related to the best known member of the
group, the black widow spider (Latrodectus mactans) found in North
America and other regions. Close relatives of the Redback are the
katipo (Latrodectus katipo), which is native to New Zealand. The
common name of "Redback " is derived from its distinctive red stripe
along its abdomen. Other common names include Jockey spider, Murra-
ngura spider, Kapara spider and the Kanna-jeri spider.[2]

The species name is in honour of A.W.M. van Hasselt, a colleague of
the author, Tamerlan Thorell, who described it in 1870.[3][4]

[edit] Physical description

The distinctive red stripe of the Australian Redback spiderThe female
Redback has a round body about the size of large pea (1 centimetre
long), with long, slender legs. The body is a deep black colour
(occasionally brownish), often containing an obvious orange to red
longitudinal stripe on the upper abdomen. The stripe is sometimes
broken or looks like small red dots. On the underside of the abdomen
there is an "hourglass" shaped red/orange spot. Juvenile spiders have
additional white markings on the abdomen.

The male Redback is three to four millimetres long and is light brown
in colour with white markings on the upper side of the abdomen and a
pale hour-glass marking on the underside.[5]

[edit] Ecology and behaviour

Bites in humans
Redback spider bites rarely cause significant morbidity, and deaths
are even more rare[14]. A significant proportion of bites will not
result in envenoming or any symptoms developing. It is believed that
thousands of people are bitten each year across Australia, although
only about 20% of bite victims require treatment.[15] Children and the
elderly or those with serious medical conditions are at much higher
risk of severe side-effects and death resulting from a bite. No deaths
have been reported since the introduction of antivenom in 1956.[16]

The larger female spider is responsible for almost all cases of
Redback spider bites in humans. The smaller male spider was thought to
be unable to envenomate a human; however, male bites have occurred.
The rarity of male bites is probably due to smaller size and
proportionally smaller fangs rather than the male being incapable of
biting or lacking venom of similar potency of the female. Cases have
shown that the male bite usually only produces short-lived, mild pain.
[14]

Most bites occur in the warmer months between December and April and
in the afternoon or evening.[14][17] As the female Redback is slow
moving and rarely leaves its web, bites generally occur as a result of
a person placing a hand or other body part too close to the web, such
as reaching into dark holes or wall cavities. But bites can occur
wherever the spider may gain access, such as when putting on shoes or
dressing.[13]

[edit] Symptoms
Bites from Redback spiders produce a syndrome known as latrodectism.
The symptoms are similar to bites from other Latrodectus spiders. The
syndrome is generally characterised by extreme pain. Initially the
bite may be painful but sometimes only feels like a pin prick or mild
burning sensation. Within an hour victims generally develop more
severe local pain with local sweating and sometimes piloerection
(goosebumps). Pain, swelling and redness spread proximally from the
site. Systemic envenoming is heralded by swollen or tender regional
lymph nodes; associated features include malaise, nausea, vomiting,
abdominal or chest pain, generalised sweating, headache, fever,
hypertension and tremor.[13][14] Rare complications include seizure,
coma, pulmonary edema, respiratory failure or localised skin infection.
[17] Severe pain can persist for over 24 hours after being bitten.[18]

[edit] Treatment
Medical advice should be sought after being bitten by a Redback
spider. Usually this requires observation in or near a medical
facility for six hours from time of the bite.[13] Treatment is based
on the severity of the bite; patients with localised pain, swelling
and redness usually do not require any specific treatment apart from
applying ice and routine analgesics. In more severe bites the
definitive treatment consists of administering Redback antivenom.
Antivenom will usually give immediate relief to symptoms of systemic
envenoming.

Antivenom is indicated in anyone suffering symptoms consistent with
Latrodectus envenoming. Particular indications for using antivenom
are:

Pain and swelling spreading proximally from site
Chest pain
Abdominal pain
Unusual sweating
Currently it is recommended that this antivenom be given
intramuscularly(IM) rather than intravenously(IV), although some have
suggested that IM antivenom is not as effective as IV antivenom.[14]
[19] Adverse reactions to Redback antivenom are rare[20] and antivenom
may be effective for up to 3 months after a bite.[21] Doses for
children and adults are the same.

紅背蜘蛛

維基百科，自由的百科全書
跳轉到: 導航, 搜尋

Red-back spider

Female Red-back spider
科學分類
界： Animalia

門： Arthropoda

綱： Arachnida

目： Araneae

科：姬蜘科（Theridiidae）

屬： Latrodectus

種： L. hasselti

二名法
Latrodectus hasselti
Thorell, 1870
紅背蜘蛛（Red-Back Spider），主產於澳洲。

紅背蜘蛛是一種巨毒蜘蛛，身長在2—8mm之間，背部有個紅色印記，攻擊性極強，被咬中五分鐘後傷口開始發熱發痛，如無血清治療，半小時內死亡。紅背蜘
蛛偏好棲息於黑暗乾燥處，雌性紅背蜘蛛會在交配後把雄蜘蛛吃掉。據研究發現，公蜘蛛壽命只有6～7個月，有83%的雄性紅背蜘蛛在沒有交配之前就死掉
了。

Black Widow

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

(Redirected from Black widow spider)
Jump to: navigation, search
Look up black widow in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Black Widow is a common name of some spiders in the genus Latrodectus.
It may refer to:

North American species:
(Western) Black widow, Latrodectus hesperus
(Southern) Black widow, Latrodectus mactans
(Northern) Black widow, Latrodectus variolus
Australian:
Black widow, Latrodectus hasselti, also known as the Redback spider
New Zealand:
Black widow, Latrodectus katipo, also known as the katipo
European:
(European or Mediterranean) Black widow, Latrodectus tredecimguttatus
False black widow, spiders of the genus Steatoda, often mistaken for
widow spiders
Black Widow may also refer to:

Contents [hide]
1 Animals
2 Fiction
3 Film and television
4 Music
5 People
6 Plants
7 Technology
8 Video and computer games

[edit] Animals

mrliu918

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Jun 6, 2009, 3:00:51 AM6/6/09

Black widow 半小時內死亡的巨毒蜘蛛 --- 黑寡妇

Quotation from wikipdia:

Redback spider

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search

Redback spider

Phylum: Arthropoda

Class: Arachnida

Order: Araneae

Family: Theridiidae

Genus: Latrodectus

Species: L. hasselti

[edit] Physical description

[edit] Ecology and behaviour

門： Arthropoda

綱： Arachnida

目： Araneae

科：姬蜘科（Theridiidae）

屬： Latrodectus

種： L. hasselti

Black Widow

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

mrliu918

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Jun 7, 2009, 2:43:52 AM6/7/09

殲滅日軍力量最多的孫立人將軍

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推选十大内战内行，外战外行的内战专家和民族叛徒

在外國侵略者面前，他們战不力, 谈无方, 屢战屢败，不堪一击，卖国求荣，丧权辱国，种下亡亡国灭种的祸根。

对内他们搜刮民脂民膏，精于內斗，兇殘無比，不择手段，五毒俱全, 欺世盗名, 为权势私欲专杀老弱病残，弑父杀兄, 屠杀同类和平民, 比梁
山泊上的强盗和贼匪更残暴, 专业, 是名符其实的黑社会, 内战专家和屠杀平民的屠夫。

1. 降清将领李成栋
嘉定三屠的主谋.

2. 李鸿章
在外国势力支持下屠杀反清汉人. 甲午战争中被日本打至一败涂地, 加速满清亡国.

4
5
6
7
8
9
10

嘉定三屠
维基百科，自由的百科全书
跳转到: 导航, 搜索
嘉定三屠，是1645年（南明弘光元年，清朝顺治二年）发生在清军攻破嘉定后，清军将领李成栋三次下令对城中平民进行大屠杀的事件。

目录 [隐藏]
1 事件经过
2 相关说明
3 參考書目
4 相關條目

[编辑] 事件经过
本来清攻占嘉定时，嘉定曾像南京等地一样"结彩于路，出城迎之"。但由于后来清朝开始下达剃发令，结果导致当地人民的不满。嘉定总兵吴志葵起兵逐走清
政
府派来的县令，占据了城市。投降清朝的原明朝将领李成栋闻讯，开始进行镇压。李成栋决定以大炮攻城，至初四嘉定城破。随后，李成栋下令屠城，许多平民
遇
害。是为嘉定第一屠。

李成栋离开后，嘉定人朱瑛聚集民众再次控制了嘉定。于是李成栋闻讯后派部将徐元吉进行镇压，城破后对乡兵进行了残酷屠杀，"数十里内，草木尽毁。时城
中
无主，积尸成丘......民间炊烟断绝。"，其中外冈、葛隆二镇的情况最为严重。是为嘉定第二屠。

后来，嘉定绿营把总吴之藩反清，不久被镇压。这使得清军将领李成栋极为恼怒，结果嘉定再遭浩劫，数万平民也受到连累。是为嘉定第三屠。

[编辑] 相关说明
经过李成栋的三次屠杀令，嘉定反清运动基本平息下来。关于死亡人数存在不同说法，一般认为总共在5-20万人之间。朱子素《嘉定乙酉纪事》稱："以予
目
击冤酷，不忍无记，事非灼见，不敢增饰一语，间涉风闻，亦必寻访故旧，众口相符，然后笔之于简。后有吊古之士，哭冤魂于凄风惨月之下者，庶几得以考信
也
夫。"

[编辑] 參考書目
朱子素《嘉定乙酉紀事》

[编辑] 相關條目
扬州十日
入關戰爭
屠杀

On 6月7日, 下午2時43分, mrliu918 <mrliu...@gmail.com> wrote:

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> 殲滅最多日軍戰俘力量的孫立人將軍

> Web Results 1 - 10 of about 2,920
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Message has been deleted

mrliu918

unread,

Jun 11, 2009, 4:29:53 AM6/11/09

推选十大内战内行，外战外行的内战专家和民族叛徒

1. 降清将领李成栋
嘉定三屠的主谋.

[编辑] 參考書目
朱子素《嘉定乙酉紀事》

- 隱藏被引用文字 -
- 顯示被引用文字 -

mrliu918

unread,

Jun 11, 2009, 4:41:52 AM6/11/09

Are you serious?

There is no doubt that the fight between 28 years old three-time
European champion Zbigniew Pietrzykowski near retirement age and 18
years old Muhammad Ali in 1960 Olympic game is not the best match on
equal footing other than its racial significance.

However, I doubt your sincerity given the fact that many of you are
lovers of cheap labor and slavery for century. Are you capable of
defeating someone worth challenging in the ring and in war without
relying on African, or it is a matter of the past at the time of
Sparta and Roman Empire. Note that you have been losing most war and
fights in Olympic between 1945 to 1980. Your vulnerability to
communist military might for half century is a matter of fact and
future reality.

If I have to end up the same way like the white boxer in Mississippi
Burning or Saint Joan of Arc (French: Jeanne d'Arc) after I am no
longer needed, I would be better off to risk myself for something else
for the sake of comparative advantage. Both the white boxer and Saint
Joan of Arc were betrayed by their own kind despite they claimed one
victory after another for the people they fought for. I an sure that
they will not be the last one in your history. If you can betray GM,
UAW and Saint Joan of Arc, everything is on sales as far as you
concern. You are in no position to challenge anyone in the name of
honor. .

If this is just another scheme, you pick the wrong person. Here is my
current situation. I don't have any money for you.

Sincerely

Expansion of communist power between 1945 to 1980 - continual victory
of 35 years

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_saigon

Expansion of communist power between 1945 to 1980

1945 - 1949 Chinese Civil War and Communist victory

1949 liberation war of NanJing and ShaiHai
1949 Founding of PROC

1953 Korean War ended at 38 parallel

1953 - 1959 Cuban Revolution and communist victory in Cuba
1961 Bay of Pigs Invasion and Cuban victory

1959 – 1975 Vietnam War and communist victory

1975 The Fall of Saigon and communist victory in Vietnam

1950 - 1980 Domination of communist block in Olympic Boxing.

mrliu918

unread,

Jun 11, 2009, 11:00:35 PM6/11/09

ROC, Taiwan in full retreat from year 1988 to 2009,

Turning point of Mainland policy in Taiwan - from Three Noes to Three
link

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Noes
http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%8D%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Links
http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E9%80%9A

Three Noes

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search

The Three-Noes Policy (Chinese: 三不政策) is a policy in the 1980s
maintained by President Chiang Ching-kuo of the Republic of China,
commonly known as "Taiwan", in response to the People's Republic of
China's attempts to have direct contact with the ROC (see Three
Links). When the United States broke diplomatic ties with the ROC in
1979, the PRC believed that it had complete leverage in convincing the
ROC government to talk. President Chiang Ching-kuo stubbornly refused,
reiterating that there were to be "no contact, no compromise, and no
negotiation" (不接觸，不談判，不妥協) with the Chinese Communists.
The hijacking of a Taiwan-based China Airlines cargo plane on May 3,
1986 shattered the "Three Noes" policy. The pilot Wang Shi-chuen
subdued the two other members of the flight crew and commandeered the
plane to Guangzhou, forcing the ROC government to publicly send
unofficial envoys to negotiate in Hong Kong with PRC officials over
the return of the plane and the flight crew. The pilot, credited by
the PRC for reestablishing contact between mainland China and Taiwan,
received a hero's welcome in mainland China and became a senior PRC
aviation official as well as serving as a so-called "Taiwanese
delegate" to PRC government institutions.
During this time, many mainland China-born ROC armed forces veterans
pressed President Chiang Ching-kuo to allow family reunions between
the mainland Chinese who settled in Taiwan after the Chinese Civil War
and their relatives in mainland China. President Chiang relented in
1987, authorizing the ROC Red Cross to issue permits allowing people
from Taiwan to travel to Chinese Mainland only for family reunions.
This started the regular civilian and unofficial exchanges between the
PRC and the ROC that continues to progress to this day.
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Noes"

三不政策

维基百科，自由的百科全书
跳转到: 导航, 搜索

三不政策，为早年台湾的大陆政策之一。1979年，美国与中华人民共和国正式建立外交关系后，蒋经国主政的中华民国政府对中华人民共和国采取"三不政
策"。
[编辑] 三不政策的形成

蒋经国提出不接触、不谈判、不妥协
当时中华人民共和国拟以和平方式解决台湾问题来取代原有"解放台湾"的口号，积极对台湾展开"和平统一"的攻势。对此蒋经国总统曾在声明中提及："中华
民国不论在任何情况下绝对不与中共政权交涉，并且绝对不放弃光复大陆解救同胞的神圣任务，这个立场绝不会变更。"
而在4月4日中国国民党中常会中，前述蒋经国的谈话更进一步成为所谓不接触、不谈判、不妥协的三不政策的内涵。
[编辑] 三不政策的瓦解
1986年5月3日，一名台湾中华航空公司飞行员在空中制服了其他机组人员，将一架货运飞机劫持至中国大陆的广州机场，迫使蒋经国派出代表赴香港与大陆
代表谈判遣返飞行员与货机事宜。这是国共内战以后双方官员首次接触。
同时，蒋经国政府受到民间日益增加的要求改善两岸关系的压力。最终于1987年，蒋经国授权中华民国红十字会代表政府与大陆的中国红十字会接触，作为两
岸沟通的窗口。经两岸红十字会协商后，蒋经国开放台湾居民赴大陆探亲。至此，三不政策事实上已经被放弃。
[编辑] 参见
三通
汉贼不两立
台湾海峡两岸关系
这是与政治相关的小作品。你可以通过编辑或修订扩充其内容。

Three Links

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search

The Three Links or Three Linkages (Chinese: 三通; Pinyin: Sān tōng) was
a "message of Compatriots in Taiwan" calling for the reunification of
China. It was sent by the PRC National People's Congress in 1979.[1]
The three links include direct postal (通郵/通邮 Tōng yóu), transportation
(especially airline) (通航 Tōng háng), and trade (通商 Tōng shāng) links
between mainland China and Taiwan. Communication between the two sides
were routed through intermediate destinations, primarily Hong Kong,
Macau and Jeju, South Korea. The "Three Links" were officially
restored on 15 December 2008, with the commencement of direct flights,
shipping and post.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Proposal
1.2 Lead-up to liberalization
1.3 Limited liberalization
1.4 Further liberalization
1.5 Full restoration
2 Controversies
3 Impact
3.1 Transit points
3.2 Air services
4 See also
5 References
6 External links

[edit] History
[edit] Proposal
In December 1978 after Deng Xiaoping and his supporters won the Third
Plenum of the 11th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China,
it started China's economic reform. This also began a new direction in
PRC's foreign policy.[2] On January 1, 1979 Beijing proposed the Three
Links of postal, commercial and transportation.[2] It was also
proposed together with the Four flows/Four exchanges which included
relatives, tourists, academic groups, cultural groups and sports
representatives.[1][2] This was greeted in Taiwan by President Chiang
Ching-kuo's Three Noes.
[edit] Lead-up to liberalization
While the PRC and ROC agree in principle on opening the Three Links,
there were over-riding concerns. According to the Mainland Affairs
Council of the ROC, the major obstacle resided in the PRC's One-China
position which does not recognize the sovereignty of the ROC. The
Council stated that the Three links would only be considered when the
PRC stops its animosity against ROC sovereignty and improved the cross-
strait relationship.[3] The PRC government considers the cross-strait
flights as domestic flights, according to the One China Policy.
However, the ROC's Democratic Progressive Party government in Taiwan
regarded this position the same as recognising Taiwan (ROC) as a part
of the PRC and thus would compromise the ROC sovereignty.
The previous administration led by President Chen Shui-bian, who was
in power from 2000 to 2008, was keen to establish direct links under
his "four noes and one without" pledge. China reacted with caution
however, and was eventually infuriated when Chen spoke of "one country
on each side of the Taiwan Strait", and the Taiwanese administration
believed establishment of the links would not be possible. However,
China eventually shifted its position when it realised that the three
links may be an opportunity to hold on to Taiwan, with its Ministry of
Transport and former Chinese foreign minister Qian Qichen declaring
that the "one China" principle would no longer be necessary during
talks to establish the links, which would be labelled merely as
"special cross-strait flights" and not "international" nor "domestic"
flights.[4]
In 2004, Beijing declared a cross-strait expressway project linking
Beijing to Taipei connecting the two sides of the Taiwan Straits
together. However, due to the potential technical difficulties, some
people in Taipei consider this move as political propaganda.[5]
The Three Links are mentioned in the Anti-Secession Law of the
People's Republic of China.
[edit] Limited liberalization

On January 29, 2005, China Airlines flight CAL581 landed in Beijing,
People's Republic of China.
Main article: Cross-strait charter
Under the DPP government, gradual steps were taken to lift
restrictions on the three links. The so-called Little Three Links,
also referred to as Mini Three Links or Three Small Links (小三通; xiǎo
sān tōng) allows for limited postal, transportation, and trade links
between the People's Republic of China's Fujian province cities of
Xiamen, Mawei and Quanzhou, and the islands of Kinmen and Matsu, which
are administered by the Republic of China. When introduced in January
2001, they allowed only those with household registrations in Kinmen
and Matsu to use the trade links, as well as China-based Taiwan
businessmen. Travels must be done in groups. Restrictions were lifted
to allow individual travellers, as well as to open the routes to
former residents and relatives of Kinmen and Matsu. Quanzhou was also
added to the list in the same year.[6]
The ferry trip, which takes as little as 20 minutes, involved regular
routes connecting Kinmen and Matsu to the ports of Xiamen, Mawei and
Quanzhou. Occasional trips were also made between Kinmen and Meizhou,
a popular religious site.[7] The routes saw 21,377 entries and exits
in 2001. It balloned to 341,152 in 2006,[8] but still represents a
small part of overall trade.
In early 2003, the Republic of China (ROC) government permitted its
air carriers to ferry Chinese New Year passengers back and forth
across the Strait by way of "indirect charter flights" that touched
down briefly in Hong Kong or Macau. The ROC and People's Republic of
China (PRC) did not repeat the charter flights during the 2004 Chinese
New Year, in part because the two sides could not agree on the terms
for meetings to discuss how PRC carriers might also participate.
The two sides agreed to permit cross-strait flights for the Chinese
New Year of Rooster in 2005. Unlike the 2003 flights, the 2005 flights
did not have to touch down in Hong Kong or Macau, but still must enter
its airspace. The first direct commercial flights from the mainland
China (from Guangzhou) to Taiwan since 1949 arrived in Taipei on
January 29, 2005. Shortly afterwards, a China Airlines carrier landed
in Beijing. Airports on both sides saw ceremonial displays on the
arrival of the first passengers, with dancing lions and dragons, and
officials making speeches. For the three week holiday period, 48
flights were scheduled.
On 19 July 2006, the first direct chartered all-cargo flight since
1949 operated by China Airlines landed in Shanghai from Taipei.[9]
Four other flights were operated, with the last on 10 August 2006 in
August 2008.[10]
[edit] Further liberalization
In the leadup to the 2008 presidential elections in Taiwan, the
Kuomintang candidate, Ma Ying-jeou, pledged opening the Three Links at
an accelerated rate should he be elected president. The ruling DPP has
traditionally been reluctant to implement this, citing the PRC's
refusal to negotiate unless the Taiwanese counterparty accepts the one-
China principle under the 1992 consensus. In June 2007, DPP
presidential candidate Frank Hsieh criticised Ma's plans as a
reflection of his lack of experience in handling cross-strait affairs.
He also stressed that while the direct links may benefit Taiwan
economically, Taiwan's values must not be compromised as a result.[11]
On 29 February 2008, Ma announced plans to commence weekend charter
flights by 1 July 2008, which will be expanded to daily charters by
the end of the year. Regular scheduled flights may commence by June
2009.[12] The airports of Taoyuan, Taipei, Taichung, Kaohsiung,
Hualien, Taitung, and Penghu will be open for these cross-strait
flights, while the seaports of Keelung, Taipei, Taichung, Kaohsiung,
Hualien, Chiayi, and Tainan will be open to direct shipping routes.
All restrictions limiting the scope of the "mini three links" will be
lifted, including allowing all Taiwanese to use them. Hsieh responded
by promising to expand cross-strait charter flights within three
months after taking office, including increased flight frequencies and
the addition of destinations on the Chinese mainland which may be
flown to.[13] Both liberalisation plans were greeted by enthusiasm
amongst Taiwanese airlines.[14]
Formal agreements to launch regular weekend charter flights were
signed on 13 June 2008, allowing for an initial 36 return flights per
weekend from Friday to Monday, divided equally to allow 18 return
flights amongst up to six mainland and six Taiwan-based airlines
respectively. The agreement will involve five airports from the
mainland, including those in Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Xiamen and
Nanjing, and eight airports in Taiwan,[15] namely Taipei Taoyuan
International Airport, Kaohsiung International Airport, Taichung
Airport, Taipei Songshan Airport, Makung Airport, Hualien Airport,
Kinmen Airport and Taitung Airport. Flights to mainland cities of
Chengdu, Chongqing, Hangzhou, Dalian, Guilin and Shenzhen may be added
later.[16] The first flights are scheduled to commence on 4 July 2008,
and flight frequencies may be increased on demand, with expectations
to increase to 72 each weekend after the 2008 Olympic Games.[17] For
the first time, the flights will be open to anyone holding valid
travel documents, and will no longer be restricted to mainlanders and
Taiwanese residents only, and no longer required to fly through the
Hong Kong FIR. There are also frequency caps on certain sectors:
flights from Shanghai to Taiwan are capped at nine return trips each
week, while those from the mainland to Taichung must not exceed six
return flights each week. There will be no restrictions out of Nanjing.
[18]
On 17 June 2008, the Civil Aviation Administration of China announced
that the 18 return flights available to Chinese airlines will be
apportioned such that Air China and Hainan Airlines will fly to Taiwan
from Beijing with four return flights and two return flights
respectively; China Eastern Airlines and Shanghai Airlines will fly
from Shanghai to Taiwan with four return flights and two return
flights respectively; China Southern Airlines fly depart for Taiwan
from Guangzhou for four return flights per week, and Xiamen Airlines
will connect Xiamen with Taiwan with two weekly return flights.[19]
Allocation amongst Taiwanese carriers was adjusted from six airlines
to five after the suspension of Far Eastern Air Transport. A rotating
allocation system was adopted, whereby in the first week, Mandarin
Airlines, TransAsia Airways and UNI Air would fly four return flights
each and China Airlines and EVA Airways will fly three flights each,
and in the second week, four flights will be operated by TransAsia
Airways, UNI Air and China Airlines, while EVA Airways and Mandarin
Airlines will fly three flights. The rights will be rotated through in
subsequent weeks such that each airline will fly in aggregate the same
number of flights every five weeks.[20] On the Taiwan-Shanghai route,
three airlines will be allocated two roundtrip flights each week, and
another airline one weekly flight, to be cycled through the five
airlines.[21] China Airlines and its subsidiary Mandarin Airlines
would fly seven round-trips a week, with four to Shanghai, two to
Beijing and one to Guangzhou from Kaohsiung, Makung, Taichung and
Taipei. Eva Air and subsidiary UNI Air would fly from Taiwan Taoyuan,
Songshan and Kaohsiung to Shanghai, Beijing and Guangzhou, while
TransAsia Airways will operate from Songshan to Shanghai, Guangzhou
and Xiamen.[22] China Airlines and its Mandarin Airlines subsidiary
would offer 29 return flights in the month of July to Shanghai,
Beijing, Guangzhou and Xiamen,[23] while Eva Air would offer 7 flights
per week initially from Taiwan Taoyuan and Songshan airports.[24]
Announced routes so far are as follows:
Announced Cross-straits flights[25][26] Airline Chinese airport
Taiwanese airport Flights per week
(Week commencing
4 July 2008) Aircraft Remarks
Air China Beijing Capital International Airport Taiwan Taoyuan
International Airport 2 (Fridays and Sundays)
Air China Shanghai Pudong International Airport Taiwan Taoyuan
International Airport 2 (Fridays and Sundays)
China Airlines Beijing Capital International Airport Taiwan Taoyuan
International Airport
China Airlines Shanghai Pudong International Airport Taiwan Taoyuan
International Airport
China Eastern Airlines Shanghai Pudong International Airport Taiwan
Taoyuan International Airport 1 (Sundays) Airbus A321
China Eastern Airlines Shanghai Pudong International Airport Taipei
Songshan Airport 2 (Mondays and Fridays) Airbus A321
China Eastern Airlines Nanjing Lukou International Airport Taipei
Songshan Airport 1 (Fridays) Airbus A321
Mandarin Airlines Xiamen Gaoqi International Airport Makung Airport
Embraer 190
Mandarin Airlines Xiamen Gaoqi International Airport Taichung Airport
Embraer 190
Shanghai Airlines Shanghai Pudong International Airport Taipei
Songshan Airport 2 (Fridays and Sundays) Boeing 767-300ER First flight
to commence[27]

Negotiators are expected to meet again in Taiwan to tackle outstanding
issues, including revisiting the issue of introducing cross-strait
charter cargo flights within three months,[28] the introduction of
direct flight routes without the need to fly via Hong Kong airspace
[16] and subsequent addition of destinations and frequencies.[29]
On 19 June 2008, the "Little Three Links" between the islands of
Kinmen and Matsu and Fujian was greatly liberalised, allowing any
Taiwanese to use the ferry services by travelling to either island on
their onward journey into Fujian province and beyond. In response,
several Taiwanese airlines increased flights to Kinmen, including
Mandarin Airlines (increased Taipei-Kinmen flights), Trans Asia
Airways (an additional weekly Taipei-Kinmen flight) and UNI Airways
Corporation (increase Taipei-Kinmen flights by one or two each week,
for a total of 24 weekly flights). Still, the sudden surge in
travellers caused flights to become overbooked in the immediately
aftermath of liberalization.[30] There were calls for further
relaxation on travel restrictions of Chinese travelling into the
islands so as to enable them to also travel onwards to the main island.
[31] Work was also needed to correct the current trade and movement
imbalance, where 300,000 Taiwanese travel via the route to reach the
mainland, compared to 37,000 Chinese who travel in the opposite
direction. On the other hand, the volume of Chinese goods using the
route was significantly higher compared to Taiwanese goods. The MAC
chairman Lai Hsin-yuan remarked that the Straits Exchange Foundation
will negotiate with the Association of Relations Across the Taiwan
Straits to allow the Chinese to travel to Taiwan via the route, and to
lift a US$100,000 trade value ceiling imposed by the Chinese on
Taiwanese goods using the route.[32]
[edit] Full restoration
Full restoration of the Three Links officially commenced on 15
December 2008, with inaugural direct shipping, direct flights, and
direct mail.[33]
[edit] Controversies
During the period of the direct charter flights, the PRC state media
stressed that they were domestic flights, whereas the ROC government
stressed that they were international flights.[citation needed]
In reaction to 13 June 2008 agreements, the DPP criticised the
government of "yielding to China", and accused Straits Exchange
Foundation Chairman Chiang Pin-kung of "defying the legislature",
saying the "Statute Governing Relations Between the Peoples of the
Taiwan Area and the Mainland Area (兩岸人民關係條例) stipulates that
legislative resolutions are required before any direct cross-strait
links are opened", which was not carried out. Chiang dismissed the
accusations, saying he followed the precedent set by former SEF
chairman Koo Chen-fu, and would "report to the legislature's Home and
Nations Committee instead of the legislative caucuses".[34]
The DPP and the Pan-Green Coalition has routinely claimed there was a
potential compromise on Taiwan's national security should there be
liberal three links, suggesting the PRC could disguise troop carriers
as commercial aircraft to invade Taiwan, a charge met by criticism
from both the PRC and the Pan-Blue Coalition. In the wake of 13 June
2008 agreements, the DPP raised the issue of national security again,
criticising its plans to open up to eight airports when China would
open only five. The eight airports included Hualien and Taitung, which
also operate as military airfields, thus creating a security threat.
They also expressed concern over the possibility of absconding Chinese
tourists.[34] A defense ministry report on 18 May 2008 concluded that
direct charter flights would be a national security threat, and the
air force has reportedly expressed concern that six of the airports
except the Taiwan Taoyuan and Kaohsiung airports have military
installations and aircraft. The Vice Minister of National Defense Lin
Chen-yi has further recommended to maintain indirect flight routes via
a third party's air space on 23 May 2008. But on 18 June 2008, the
Minister of National Defense Chen Chao-min declared that direct
flights without the involvement of any third party air space would not
pose a threat to national security, saying "The final routes for
direct charter flights shall be decided by the Mainland Affairs
Council and the Ministry of Transportation and Communications. We will
submit recommendations to the MOTC that take national security into
consideration, but I do not foresee any problems if the flights travel
directly between Taiwan and China".[35]
The DPP gave itself credit for having "laid the groundwork" for
opening weekend charter flights and allowing Chinese tourists into
Taiwan, both of which did not occur under KMT rule, and criticised the
current negotiators as being "inexperienced and ill-prepared".[34]
[edit] Impact
Visitor data from Taiwan's Mainland Affairs Council indicates that the
mainland China-Taiwan aviation market is about 8 million passengers
annually just prior to the June 2008 agreements, and may be expected
to immediately increased to 10 million as a result of liberalisation.
IATA's figures puts the market figure at about 6 million passengers
annually based on number of air tickets issued, with the Shanghai-
Taipei pair accounting for 40% of the entire market. The ten biggest
markets are as follows:
Top ten city-pairs on the cross-Strait aviation market
(one-way mainland to Taiwan traffic figures)[36] Mainland port
Taiwanese port 2005 2006 2007
Shanghai Taipei 1,056,000 1,179,000 1,249,000
Beijing Taipei 227,000 257,000 274,000
Shanghai Kaohsiung 167,000 183,000 198,000
Xiamen Taipei 149,000 141,000 134,000
Hangzhou Taipei 65,000 100,000 104,000
Nanjing Taipei 61,000 92,000 84,000
Fuzhou Taipei 71,000 74,000 72,000
Guangzhou Taipei 70,000 61,000 69,000
Shenzhen Taipei 81,000 99,000 55,000

[edit] Transit points
The enforcement of the ban on direct trade links has benefited third
party transit points, in particular Hong Kong, since 1988. Current
China-Taiwan traffic channels about 60% of its traffic via Hong Kong,
30% via Macau, and the rest via other points such as Jeju. In 1997,
the Taipei-Hong Kong air route alone constituted one-sixth of the
passengers handled at the Hong Kong Airport with five million
passengers,[37] and by 2001, this figure has jumped to 6.7 million. In
the fiscal year 2006-07, the Taipei-Hong Kong air route accounted for
18% of Hong Kong's 45 million passengers, making it one of the busiest
international air routes by passenger numbers in the world.[38]
1.6 million air travellers flew into China from Hong Kong in 1996,[39]
and in 2000, 18% of Hong Kong's 2.4 million tourists came from Taiwan,
out of which 36% of them traveled on to the mainland with or without
staying in Hong Kong.[40] In the five year period from 2003 to 2007
there were an average of 3.68 million passengers annually who travel
through Hong Kong between the two locations. Today, about 60% of
Taiwan-Hong Kong traffic connects onwards to flights into the Chinese
mainland, and for the Macau-Taiwan sector, about 80%.[36]
Currently, over 3,000 flights offering nearly 1 million seats are
operated every month by five airlines, namely China Airlines, Cathay
Pacific, Dragonair, EVA Air and Thai Airways International, between
Hong Kong and Taipei. In addition, flights are operated between Hong
Kong and Kaohsiung by China Airlines, Dragonair and Mandarin Airlines,
and between Hong Kong and Taichung by Dragonair, Hong Kong Express
Airways, Mandarin Airlines and Uni Air. Summary of flights through
Hong Kong and Macau are as follows:
Cross-straits flights between Taiwan and Hong Kong/Macau[41][42]
Airline Third destination airport Taiwanese airport Flights per
week
(Week commencing
16 June 2008) Remarks
Cathay Pacific Hong Kong International Airport Taipei Taoyuan
International Airport 108
China Airlines Hong Kong International Airport Taipei Taoyuan
International Airport 93
Dragonair Hong Kong International Airport Taipei Taoyuan International
Airport 28
EVA Air Hong Kong International Airport Taipei Taoyuan International
Airport 56
Thai Airways International Hong Kong International Airport Taipei
Taoyuan International Airport 7 Through-traffic from Bangkok only
China Airlines Hong Kong International Airport Kaohsiung International
Airport 12
Dragonair Hong Kong International Airport Kaohsiung International
Airport 35
Mandarin Airlines Hong Kong International Airport Kaohsiung
International Airport 17
Dragonair Hong Kong International Airport Taichung Airport 7
Hong Kong Express Airways Hong Kong International Airport Taichung
Airport 7
Mandarin Airlines Hong Kong International Airport Taichung Airport
14
Uni Air Hong Kong International Airport Taichung Airport 11
Air Macau Macau International Airport Taipei Taoyuan International
Airport 56
EVA Air Macau International Airport Taipei Taoyuan International
Airport 28
TransAsia Airways Macau International Airport Taipei Taoyuan
International Airport 42
Air Macau Macau International Airport Kaohsiung International Airport
18
EVA Air Macau International Airport Kaohsiung International Airport
14
TransAsia Airways Macau International Airport Kaohsiung International
Airport 14

Conversely, liberation of the three links may have adverse economic
consequences on Hong Kong. The Hong Kong Airport Authority's chairman
Victor Fung Kwok-king estimated up to 6% reduction in air travel
through Hong Kong as a result of direct China-Taiwan flights.[43] The
city's tourism operators estimated losses of over HK$3 billion
annually should the three links be liberated in 2008.[44] A possible
6.6% reduction in tourism in Hong Kong may be limited in economic
impact as transit passengers typically spend far less during transit,
but it may have significant impact on Hong Kong-based airlines, in
particular Cathay Pacific and its affiliate Dragonair.[40] It was
reported on 18 May 2008 that Taiwan's China Airlines intents to trim
its Taiwan-Hong Kong flights by two to three flights per day once
direct flights resume in July 2008,[43] but the airline denied this,
saying "when cross-strait relations improve and market trends are
clearer, then we'll make a specific plan".[45] Chinese Premier Wen
Jiabao believes Hong Kong will not be affected as the increased
economic exchange may benefit the city too.[46] In the immediate
aftermath of the announcements for 4 July direct flights, shares of
Cathay Pacific fell by 1.8% over fears of its negative impact on the
airline, which derives significant profits from the route.[47] Shares
of Xiamen Gaoqi International Airport and Shanghai Airlines gained
1.18% and 1.27% respectively over expectations of possible gains from
the deal.[48]
[edit] Air services
Gradual liberalization has paved the way for direct coorperation
between airlines from both sides. China Southern Airlines and China
Airlines announced their intention to seal a strategic cooperation
contract on 23 June 2008 for coorporation on the weekend chartered
flights, soon after the announcement of their liberalization.[49]
Officials from each of the three largest Chinese airlines also flew to
Taiwan with attempts to negotiate with Taiwanese airlines on
coorperation deals, with likely coorperation between all parties in
areas including marketing, ground services, maintenance and airline
catering.[50]
The impending competition also prompted the main Chinese airlines to
embark on a publicity blitz, highlighting their intentions to provide
their best aircraft, crew and service to passengers, including
customised in-flight meals to suit tastes from both sides.[51]
Announced ticket prices for the first flights were shown to be almost
similar to those requiring a stopover, negating expectations of the
direct flights depressing ticket prices except on the Xiamen-Taipei
route. This was due to high fuel costs, but prices were not expected
to rise further.[52]
[edit] See also
History of the Republic of China
Chinese reunification
Anti-Secession Law of the People's Republic of China
Political status of Taiwan
Politics of Taiwan
Taiwan independence
[edit] References
^ a b Tsang, Steve Yui-Sang. [1993] (1993). In the Shadow of China:
Political Developments in Taiwan Since 1949. University of Hawaii
Press. ISBN 0824815831, 9780824815837. pg 31.
^ a b c Lin, Zhiling. Robinson, Thomas W. [1994] (1994). The Chinese
and Their Future: Beijing, Taipei and Hong Kong. Published by American
Enterprise Institute. ISBN 0844738042. pg 356.
^ 兩岸「三通」政策說明
^ Taipei Times - archives
^ The Standard - Mainland to triple highway network - Top Stories
^ AFP: Taiwan expands shipping links with China: official
^ Taiwan residents allowed to take direct sea service from Kinmen,
Matsu to mainland_English_Xinhua
^ Taiwan residents can ferry to China - The China Post
^ BBC news | Asia-Pacific | Taiwan-China cargo flight lands
^ People's Daily Online - More direct cargo flights set between Taiwan
and Chinese mainland
^ Taipei Times - archives
^ Ma sets timetable for cross-strait air travel - The China Post
^ Expansion of direct flights welcomed - The China Post
^ Airlines welcome Ma's cross-strait flight plan - The China Post
^ Mainland, Taiwan agree on weekend charter flights, direct cross-
Strait flights to be discussed_English_Xinhua
^ a b Mainland, Taiwan ink deal to boost flights, tourism - Shanghai
Daily | 上海日报 - English Window to China New
^ Taipei, Beijing reach historic pacts - The China Post
^ CAAC Assigns Mainland Airlines' Weekend Charter Flights - China
Hospitality News - The Digest of Corporate and Leisure Travel
Planning
^ Aviation watchdog announces flight schedule to Taiwan - Shanghai
Daily | 上海日报 - English Window to China New
^ Five Taiwanese airlines to operate China flights
^ Five Taiwanese carriers to serve 18 weekend charter flights to China
| Airlines | News | en.AvBuyer.com.cn
^ CCTV International
^ CAL to start charter flights to Shanghai and Beijing - The China
Post
^ Eva Air eyes cooperation with China peers for direct flights - The
China Post
^ Eastern Airlines to Open Weekend Charter Flights to Taiwan
^ CAL and AE Prepare to Launch Direct Weekend Charter Flights to
Mainland China - China Airlines, Airports and Aviation News
^ IEL China Industry Daily News -Shanghai Airlines to Open Mainland
China - Taiwan Charter Flights
^ Ma seeks more cross-strait talks - The China Post
^ CENS.com - The Taiwan Economic News
^ Direct flights via Kinmen applauded - The China Post
^ Taiwan residents can ferry to China - The China Post
^ CENS.com - The Taiwan Economic News
^ China Post - Direct across-strait links in place today, Taipei 15
December 2008
^ a b c Taipei Times - archives
^ Taipei Times - archives
^ a b Opening the flood gates: airlines allowed to fly between China
and Taiwan
^ IngentaConnect Deregulating direct flights across the Taiwan Strait:
the transfo
^ More flights for Taiwan Hong Kong airspace
^ The Hong Kong Tail That Wags the China Dragon
^ a b The impact of "three links" on Hong Kong (hktdc.com)
^ Hong Kong International Airport - Flight Information - Flight
Planner - Arrival Flights
^ [Macau International Airport]
^ a b Direct links could cost HK 6% of traffic - The China Post
^ SCMP.com - the online edition of South China Morning Post, Hong
Kong's premier English-language newspaper
^ China Airlines has no immediate plan to cut HK flights-
International Business-News-The Economic Times
^ Wen offers Taiwan talks - The Irish Times - Sun, March 30, 2008
^ Hong Kong shares close lower led by China stocks, property
developers UPDATE - Forbes.com
^ http://www.forbes.com/home/feeds/reuters/2008/06/13/2008-06-13T081355Z_01_SHA27635_RTRIDST_0_MARKETS-CHINA-STOCKS-CLOSE-UPDATE-1.html
Forbes.com
^ Mainland, Taiwan ink deal to boost flights, tourism - Shanghai Daily
| 上海日报 - English Window to China New
^ Taiwan's China Airlines to cooperate with Air China, 2 others -
report
^ Flying across Straits
^ Beijing Capital International Airport
[edit] External links
List of articles related to the Three Links at Taiwan Headlines
"Direct China-Taiwan flights start" at BBC News, referenced 29
January, 2005
Wikinews: Taiwan-China flights begin
Taiwan Security Research on three=links
[hide] v * d * eCross-Strait relations

三通

維基百科，自由的百科全書
跳轉到: 導航, 搜尋

關於國學上三部書籍《通典》、《通志》、《文獻通考》，詳見十通。
此條目或章節閱讀起來類似評論，需要清理。
請幫助改進這個條目以使其語氣中立，且符合維基百科的品質標準。
本文記述一項台灣新聞動態。隨著事件發展，內容可能會快速更新。
注意：維基百科不是新聞報導，如果您想要提供與此條目相關的新聞訊息，請至維基新聞發佈。
本文記述一項中國大陸新聞動態。隨著事件發展，內容可能會快速更新。
注意：維基百科不是新聞報導，如果您想要提供與此條目相關的新聞訊息，請至維基新聞發佈。

三通，是實現臺灣海峽兩岸直接「通郵」、「通商」、「通航」的簡稱。主要是中國大陸提出與台灣方面就兩岸之間的交流提議。當時台灣方面對於中國大陸採取
三不政策：「不接觸」、「不談判」、「不妥協」作為對應。
因為兩岸政府主張之管轄區域重疊，且雙方領導人宣稱一個中國，此航線一般定義為：不是國內航線（道）、也不是國際航線（道），而是特殊航線（或稱兩岸航
線）。
目錄
[隱藏]
1 歷史背景
2 三通歷史
2.1 航空
2.2 海運
2.3 郵路
3 大三通航點及封發局
3.1 客運包機航點（共29個）
3.2 海運開放港口（共74個）
3.3 封發局（共13個）
4 負面看法
5 腳註
6 外部連結
7 相關條目

[編輯] 歷史背景
1949年中華民國政府遷台後，基於政治與軍事理由，兩岸斷絕了交通往來。1987年，中華民國政府宣佈解嚴後不久立即開放台灣地區人民到大陸觀光及探
親政策。由於當時兩岸仍未有正式交通方式直接往來，當時台灣人需要先飛往香港，然後再以其他交通方式或轉機前往大陸。行政院在1977年甚且頒訂「取締
匪偽物品管理辦法」，對兩岸交流採負面態度。1979年元旦中共全國人大常委會在《告臺灣同胞書》中提出兩岸應該立即「通商、通郵、通航」，是為三通。
台灣方面雖在1987年11月開放「大陸探親」，解嚴之後也不再視「中共」為叛亂團體，但依舊拒絕三通。
1990年代，中國大陸發生多起劫機案件，有部分客機更被迫降落於台灣機場。後來兩岸就劫機問題達成人機分離處理並視同犯罪案件處理的共識，這些案件才
逐漸減少。
[編輯] 三通歷史
[編輯] 航空
2003年，兩岸實現節日包機，但飛機需要經停香港或澳門。
2008年7月4日，兩岸實現週末包機，飛機需要繞經香港飛航情報區，但實質上僅為象徵性經過（即觸及香港飛航情報區邊界後即折回），而無需完全飛入，
更無需停靠香港。[1]

台北區管要求復興航空332航班切換通訊至上海區管（音頻）
2008年12月15日，兩岸實現直接通航和常態包機。例如上海至台北航班最快只要82分鐘就可完成整個飛行，比搭高速鐵路從台北到高雄來回還快，兩岸
一日生活圈具體成型。[2]。大陸最大城市上海的空管中心和台灣的台北空管中心在北方航路上名為SULEM的航管交接點進行交接，飛機不用再飛經香港飛
航情報區，[3]，但由於南線航路仍然沒有開放，廣州、深圳等地至台灣南部的航班仍以經過香港飛航情報區的較短航路飛行。
[編輯] 海運
2001年，金門和馬祖與福建沿海實現客運直航（即小三通）。
2008年12月15日，兩岸實現海上貨運直航，以上海到基隆為例，航程可以節省超過8個小時。[4]
[編輯] 郵路
兩岸互不通郵（1949-1979）
大陸向台灣單向通郵（1979-1988）
雙向非正式通郵（1988-1989）
雙向正式間接通郵（1989-2008）
2008年12月15日，兩岸實現直接通郵，各封包局可直接交換郵件，而無需經過第三地；(臺灣)中華郵政董事長吳民佑寄出第一封快捷郵件給(大陸)中
國郵政集團總經理劉安東。

[編輯] 大三通航點及封發局
[編輯] 客運包機航點（共29個）
台灣（8個）：桃園、高雄小港、台中清泉崗、台北松山、澎湖馬公、花蓮、金門、台東
大陸（21個）：北京、上海、廣州、廈門、南京（原周末包機航點），成都、重慶、杭州、大連、桂林、深圳、武漢、福州、青島、長沙、海口、昆明、西安、
瀋陽、天津、鄭州（新增16個）
[編輯] 海運開放港口（共74個）
台灣（11個）：基隆（含台北）、高雄（含安平）、台中、花蓮、麥寮、布袋（先採項目方式辦理），金門料羅、水頭、馬祖福澳、白沙、澎湖馬公（5個「小
三通」港口）
大陸（63個）：丹東、大連、營口、唐山、錦州、秦皇島、天津、黃驊、威海、煙台、龍口、嵐山、日照、青島、連雲港、大豐、上海、寧波、舟山、台州、嘉
興、溫州、福州、松下、寧德、泉州、蕭厝、秀嶼、漳州、廈門、汕頭、潮州、惠州、蛇口、鹽田、赤灣、媽灣、虎門、廣州、珠海、茂名、湛江、北海、防城、
欽州、海口、三亞、洋浦（48個海港），太倉、南通、張家港、江陰、揚州、常熟、常州、泰州、鎮江、南京、蕪湖、馬鞍山、九江、武漢、城陵磯（15個河
港）
[編輯] 封發局（共13個）
台灣（5個）：台北、高雄、基隆、金門、馬祖。
大陸（8個）：北京、上海、廣州、福州、廈門、西安、南京、成都。
[編輯] 負面看法
以臺灣的觀點來看，前民進黨不分區立委林濁水表示：臺灣的談判代表馬政府觀念錯誤（高估三通對台灣的好處及中國對三通的重視程度，而且馬政府完全不瞭解
台灣的產業現狀及中國的經濟戰略），因此馬政府談判時籌碼盡失，談出很爛的三通條約----例如海運直航限制權宜輪及排除非兩岸資本船隻、已經打擊臺灣轉運
地位及臺灣船商權益，許多本來能在兩岸間航行的台資船在大三通後被禁止航行了----讓臺灣離海運轉運中心更遠。未來的談判台灣很難不悲觀。[5][6]
在臺灣發展空運中心的角度觀察，經濟日報曾經以社論指出，馬英九的松山機場直航政策沒有讓旅客有多少獲利、但會讓分散桃園機場的航班、客源及建設經費
（桃園機場是臺灣唯一有機會發展成轉運中心的國際機場），讓臺灣離空運轉運中心更遠[7]。
價格要素均等化（factor price equalization）問題：當兩個繁榮程度顯著不同的經濟體融合在一起時，比較富有的經濟體的薪資水
準，會被拉低到接近較低的經濟體。如果台灣人不把眼光放在全球，三通及相關的兩岸經濟的統合，很容易拉低台灣薪資。[8]

隱私政策
關於維基百科
免責聲明

> http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_saigon

>
> Expansion of communist power between 1945 to 1980
>
> 1945 - 1949 Chinese Civil War and Communist victory
>
> 1949 liberation war of NanJing and ShaiHai
> 1949 Founding of PROC
>
> 1953 Korean War ended at 38 parallel
>
> 1953 - 1959 Cuban Revolution and communist victory in Cuba
> 1961 Bay of Pigs Invasion and Cuban victory
>

> 1959 - 1975 Vietnam War and communist victory

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