two way communication theory by Grunig and Hunt

[Adrian Dharma Wijaya (Adri)]

GRUNIG AND HUNT MODELS FOR PUBLIC RELATIONS PRACTICE

In their 1984 book, Managing Public Relations, professors James E. Grunig
and Todd Hunt describe four theoretical models for public relations practice
that have become starting points for examining how the profession works. The
four models are press agentry and publicity, public information, two-way
asymmetric, and two-way symmetric.

Two- Way Asymmetric

This model is practiced by professionals who use two-way communication to
persuade audiences to change their points of view in nonconflict situations
or conflict situations that are not overly hostile or volatile. The two-way
asymmetric model is used largely by businesses and nonprofit organizations
(or the agencies that represent them) in siluations in which che enlity
involved wants lo resolve conflicts without compromise; it prefers opposing
forces to change their positions. The organizations practicing this model
gather feedback from their audiences, but it is more likely to be used to
better understand the behavior of those audiences and design appropriate
messages than it is to seek areas of common ground and compromise.

Two-Way Symmetric

The two-way symmetric model is used mostly by professionals employed by
businesses, nonprofit organizations, and special-interest groups that find
themselves involved in conflict situations that arc hostile and volatile.
The strategy employed in [he model uses two-way communication to achieve
mutual understanding and to resolve conflicts through negotiation and
compromise. Instead of insisting that all change take place among the
audiences, this model suggests that there is room for compromise on the part
of both the communicator and the audience. Author Stephen Covey, in his
popular book, The Seven Habits of Highly Effective People, paraphrased this
model by suggesting strategies such as "seeking (he 'win-win' situation" and
"seeking first to understand, then to be understood."

Public relations practitioners who find themselves in diagnostic siluations
in which they are assigned the task of determining an organization's
strengths and weaknesses should first determine if the model practiced by
the organization is consistent with its mission and purpose. Public
relations consultants often discover that when organizations find themselves
operating on Murphy's Law (everything that could possibly go wrong for the
organization usually does), the root cause may be an inappropriate model.

Since Grunig and Hunt described these models in their first book, they have
tinkered with them and conducted additional research in an attempt to
fine-tune (hem. With nearly all the organizations they have studied, the
researchers found two recurring phenomena. The first was that nearly every
organization they examined could be placed into one of these four
categories. The second finding was thai more than half of (he organizations
studied were practicing models (hat were not the most effective for their
type of organization; they practiced it because of tradition, stubbornness,
or resistance to change.

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wijaya ears, and adrian dharma wijaya answer the people speaks by only
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telepathy), the people and adrian dharma wijaya can open discussion on that
way perfectly, and understanding both side about the speaks. By the above
theory, that means the people and adrian dharma wijaya are open perfect two
way communication.

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[Adrian Dharma Wijaya (Adri)]

i have telepathy ability since i birth on 1967 and only me have it on all
history of human

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