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News Stories on Hunger - 12/6

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Jim Rosenfield

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Dec 6, 1992, 4:46:00 PM12/6/92

/* Written 1:37 pm Dec 6, 1992 by jnr in igc:hunger.general */
/* ---------- "News Stories on Hunger - 12/6" ---------- */
Newswire Stories re: Hunger 12/6

The following file contains stories gathered since 11/27 from
Associated Press, United Press International, Washington Post and Reuters.
(Permission has been obtained from UPI and AP, and is pending in the
case of Reuters and WP). The contents is listed below.

The stories are contained in the first response to this topic in
full-text form. (236 kB)

Response .2 to this topic is the identical material in the form of a DOS
self-extracting archive file (109 kB - to save on connect charges).
Name the downloaded file NEWS.EXE. At your DOS prompt type NEWS to
extract the text.

Svc Date Headline
--- ----- ----------------------------------------------------------
RTw 12/05 FEARS OF AID WORKERS SAFETY IF GUNMEN GO ON RAMPAGE@
APn 12/05 Boutros-Ghali on Somalia, speaking at Carter Center
APn 12/05 Somalia - Aid Workers Withdrawing
RTw 12/05 RIVAL SOMALIA FACTIONS WILL CO-OPERATE WITH TROOPS
APn 12/05 US Troops Packing for Somalia
APn 12/05 French Students' Gift to Somalia
RTw 12/05 U.S. FORCE IN SOMALIA ENOUGH TO ACCOMPLISH MISSION
UPn 12/05 Pope on humanitarian intervention
APn 12/05 Deadbeat Dads
APn 12/05 Crack Kids-Mothers
APn 12/05 U.N. Collective Security - Warring for Peace
APn 12/05 Boutros-Ghali-Somalia
APn 12/05 Somalia-Geography, facts and figures
UPn 12/05 China to move half-million people for dam construction
WP 12/05 Text of Bush's Statement on Somalia
WP 12/05 What to Do After U.S. Forces Leave?
APn 12/05 List of Agencies Doing Relief Work in Somalia
UPn 12/05 Clinton supports Somalian action
APn 12/04 Smoking-Infant Deaths
RTw 12/04 SUDAN SAID TO BE FACING 'SOMALIA-LIKE' SITUATION
APn 12/04 Somalia - Impact on Life of U.S. Troops
RTw 12/04 U.S. TO PROVIDE FOOD TO SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
APn 12/04 U.S. to Provide $32 Million of Corn to Somalia
UPn 12/04 U.N. sets precedent with Military Action in Somalia
APn 12/04 US-Somalia- Bush says "For one reason only"
APn 12/04 US-Somalia - BUSH DETAILS PLAN
RTw 12/04 FRANCE TO SEND UP TO 2,000 TROOPS TO SOMALIA
RTw 12/04 SARAJEVO MULLS WORLD'S INTERVENTION IN SOMALIA
RTw 12/04 SOMALIA - COUNTRY IN CHAOS
RTw 12/04 SOMALIS WELCOME DECISION TO DEPLOY U.S. TROOPS
RTw 12/04 SOMALIA'S AGONY STRETCHES BACK DECADES
RTw 12/04 JAPAN TO HELP U.N. TROOPS TO SOMALIA WITH CASH
WP 12/04 Children of Islam
WP 12/04 Africa Watch Fires Opponent of U.N. Intervention
APn 12/04 Somalia-Chronology
RTw 12/04 U.N. ACTION AVERTS MADAGASCAR FAMINE
RTw 12/03 MOGADISHU SILENT BEFORE UN TROOPS DECISION@
APn 12/03 Clinton Inheriting Somalia
APn 12/03 Somalia-Wary Donors
APn 12/03 Somalia-TV Newspeople to Visit
RTw 12/03 ITALY PLEDGES HELP FOR U.S.-LED SOMALIA MISSION
RTw 12/03 DONORS PLEDGE $1.2 BILLION AID FOR ZIMBABWE REFORM
RTw 12/03 FRANCE to contribute 2000 troops
RTw 12/03 SOMALIS EAGER FOR ARRIVAL OF U.S. TROOPS
RTw 12/03 U.N. GATHERS MINISTERS FOR WORLD HUNGER CONFERENCE
UPn 12/05 Nicaragua-contras re-arming with help form U.S. Groups
UPn 12/04 Nicaraguan president welcomes release of U.S. aid
APn 12/03 Somali Life
APn 12/03 Hollywood Documentary on Somalia
RTw 12/03 FORCE ``ONLY OPTION LEFT'' FOR SOMALIA - BRITAIN
APn 12/03 Somalia-UN Role
WP 12/03 Saving Somalia a Monumental Task
WP 12/03 Clinton Mixes Strategies For Anti-Poverty Policy
UPn 12/03 Bush briefs Clinton on Somalian situation
RTw 12/02 AID WORKERS SAY U.N. TROOPS NEED EIGHT MONTHS
APn 12/02 Somalia-Climate
APn 12/02 Somalia-Wildlife
RTw 12/02 MOZAMBIQUE TO APPEAL FOR MILLION TONS OF FOOD
APn 12/02 Somalia-What Next?
RTw 12/02 FOURTH RELIEF FLIGHT FROM SUDAN ARRIVES IN SOMALIA
RTw 12/01 FARMERS REAP BITTER HARVEST FROM HUNGARY'S RURAL CHAOS
RTw 12/01 SOMALIA'S ``TOWN OF DEATH'' CLAIMS YOUNG VICTIMS
APn 12/01 Food Stamps
RTw 11/30 SINEAD O'CONNOR GIVES MANSION TO SOMALIA APPEAL
RTw 11/30 VOICES AGAINST SENDING U.S. TROOPS TO SOMALIA
RTw 11/30 SUDAN SLIDES INTO CHAOS AND FAMINE
UPn 11/30 Children's voices raised in song despite war, despair

Jim Rosenfield

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Dec 6, 1992, 4:46:00 PM12/6/92

/* Written 1:42 pm Dec 6, 1992 by jnr in igc:hunger.general */
RTw 12/05 1848 FEARS OF AID WORKERS SAFETY IF GUNMEN GO ON RAMPAGE@

By Aidan Hartley

MOGADISHU, Dec 6, Reuter - The commander of U.N. military forces already
on the ground in Somalia says he fears for the safety of civilian aid
workers if gunmen go on the rampage before U.S. Marines sweep into the
capital Mogadishu.

"My worry isn't for my soldiers but all the civilian aid workers in
town. If they (the gunmen) start shooting we are in a dicey situation,"
Brigadier-General Imtiaz Shaheen told Reuters on Saturday.

Top U.N. officers have said the 500-strong force of Pakistani "blue
helmets" deployed in the city since September would be overstretched if
called on to organise an evacuation of Mogadishu where relief aid is at
the mercy of ruthless gunmen.

Shaheen said the mercy work of some 400 relief workers in the anarchic
city would be frozen during the deployment of the 1,800 marines, the
vanguard of a U.S.-led force estimated at more than 30,000 troops.

U.S. defence officials said the operation to help starving Somalis could
start early next week following Thursday's Security Council resolution
approving the force. Many aid agencies believe the marines will come
ashore on Tuesday.

The task force troops are authorised to use force if necessary to
protect themselves and to ensure aid gets to the million Somalis dying
of starvation.

In a city where local warlord Mohamed Farah Aideed estimates there are
over two million guns, that could spell trouble between U.S. troops and
gunmen reluctant to hand over their weapons.

"I don't see these 'technicals' (heavily-armed battle-wagons) driving
around the streets...They will have to go," Shaheen said.

A dozen countries have offered to contribute to the U.S.-led task force
-- Operation Provide Hope.

A thousand people a day are starving to death in Somalia where famine
has killed an estimated 300,000 since clan militias ousted dictator
Mohamed Siad Barre in January 1991, and then turned their guns on each
other.

On Friday, gangsters in the famine-stricken inland town of Baidoa, the
securing of which will be of the marines' first tasks, robbed the
offices of the U.S. agency CARE on Friday after a shootout with guards.

Other firefights involving guards of foreign relief agencies were
reported on Saturday and the handful of aid groups in the town are
scaling down staff ahead of the expected U.S. deployment there next
week.

Relief sources said the Dutch branch of Medecins Sans Frontieres
(Doctors without Borders) had reduced staff from 13 to three in Baidoa,
where the daily death rate has dropped from 400 to less than 40 during
the past two months.

<<>>APn 12/05 1857 Boutros-Ghali on Somalia, speaking at Carter Center

By ROBERT ANTHONY WATTS

Associated Press Writer

ATLANTA (AP) -- U.N. Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-Ghali said
Saturday he was optimistic U.S. forces could restore order quickly in
Somalia and allow the United Nations to begin to negotiate a political
truce.

But he acknowledged he didn't know how long it would take to stabilize
the war-torn east African nation.

"It depends on the situation on the ground," he said.

Speaking after a two-day conference on global development at the Carter
Center, Boutros-Ghali said he was confident that gangs blamed for
looting famine relief food will quickly lose power once the U.N. forces
start distributing food in Somalia.

"When we will be able to distribute the food, the groups will
disappear," he said. The U.N. will then broker aggressive peace
negotiations with the warring Somali clans, Boutros-Ghali said.

Then, he said, "We will need massive assistance in reconstruction, in
creating a police force, in resettling refugees."

The secretary-general said a small peace-keeping force eventually will
replace the U.S. troops and the smaller number of troops from other
nations being sent on the mission of mercy.

Former President Carter, who co-chaired the conference with
Boutros-Ghali, chided the news media for ignoring the issue of long-term
international economic development, the topic of the conference.

How the world responds to future tragedies partly depends on how the
media cover Somalia, Carter said.

Public response would be weak, he said, "if your total focus is on the
efficacy of the American Marines and the soldier's wife and how she's
hurt over Christmas."

"My hope is that the American people will see Somalia is a tragedy for
which we all are responsible and which we could have prevented," he
said.

At an earlier news conference Saturday, Boutros-Ghali declared the
Somali aid project a new chapter in U.N. history because it is a
collective operation to provide purely humanitarian assistance.

He also called on all countries to help end Somalia's strife by
curtailing the flow of weapons to African nations.

"There are no gun factories in Somalia and Somalia did not buy these
guns. They were given to Somalia by outside interests," he said.

<<>>

APn 12/05 1836 Somalia - Aid Workers Withdrawing

By TINA SUSMAN

Associated Press Reporter

MOGADISHU, Somalia (AP) -- The United Nations and relief agencies
Saturday began withdrawing foreign workers from two towns hardest hit by
Somalia's famine because of heightened dangers posed by roving gunmen.

The United Nations failed in an attempt to move food by convoy from
Mogadishu's port to the northern part of the divided capital.

The newest setbacks in the international effort to save the lives of
millions of starving Somalis came as 1,800 U.S. Marines prepared to come
ashore from three warships off the Indian Ocean coast.

They will be the first of about 28,150 American troops and smaller
contingents from other nations that comprise a U.N.-mandated mission of
mercy.

President Bush ordered the relief operation on Friday to secure
Somalia's major ports and airports, and help deliver aid.

Mogadishu's port was closed on Nov. 11 amid clan disputes and rampant
looting, and about 12,000 metric tons of wheat, rice and sorghum have
yet to be distributed. The last attempt to open the port, on Nov. 25,
failed when a U.N.-chartered ship was shelled as it entered the harbor.

Aid agencies estimate at least half the food donated to Somalia so far
has been stolen.

Somalia descended into chaos in January 1991 after rebels drove dictator
Mohamed Siad Barre from power. Since then, the government has collapsed,
and drought and warfare have ravaged the nation.

About 300,000 Somalis have died this year from starvation, disease and
warfare; another 250,000 could die by the end of the year without help.
Some 2 million people, or one-third of the population, are at risk of
starvation.

In Rome, Pope John Paul II on Saturday said it was a moral duty to
intervene in countries where people face starvation. The pope said all
obstacles must be overcome, including "the arbitrary recourse to the
principle of non-interference in the internal affairs of a country."

The U.N. and private aid agencies said they were withdrawing foreign
workers from two towns west of Mogadishu -- Bardera and Baidoa, which
has been referred to as the center of the famine.

"Security just went all to hell in Baidoa today," said CARE
International spokesman Rick Grant, of Toronto. CARE handles most U.N.
food shipments in Somalia.

"What passes for a local police force evaporated overnight, and the
regional governor locked himself in his house," Grant said. "The town is
full of `technicals,"' a term used by aid workers to refer to the young
gunmen who make up the country's many clan militias.

Grant said much of the militia army of Gen. Mohamed Farrah Aidid, one of
the country's most powerful warlords, had returned to Baidoa from the
countryside "hungry and looking for food. They appeared to be on a
rampage."

Aidid's group, the Somalia National Congress, and its strongest rival,
the Somali National Movement, were the only two of the country's
numerous factions to boycott a conference in Ethiopia on Saturday. It
was a follow-up to a similar meeting in Geneva in October to discuss an
aid program for Somalia.

Ismat Kittani, the U.N. special representative in Somalia, said all
Somali factions at the conference agreed on an immediate cease-fire. The
conference, also attended by 60 donor countries and 12 U.N. agencies,
recommended that multinational troops remain until their mission has
been accomplished.

Aidid's militia was thrown out of Bardera on Oct. 13 by forces loyal to
Siad Barre, who was forced to flee the capital, and later the country,
by rebels partly under Aidid's command.

Aidid has repeatedly vowed to retake Bardera, which he once used as a
regional command post. He renewed his threat in a radio broadcast three
days ago.

Grant and other aid workers said Aidid appeared to be reassembling his
forces in and around Baidoa. That and the renewed threats led the United
Nations and other groups to withdraw about half their nearly 30 foreign
workers in Bardera.

In Baidoa, the U.N. Children's Fund, the International Committee of the
Red Cross, the Brussels-based agency Medecins Sans Frontieres, CARE and
other aid groups reduced their staffs from about 60 to fewer than 30.

CARE also canceled a convoy of 40 trucks it had planned to send from
Mogadishu's port to the northern part of the city, controlled by Aidid's
greatest rival, Ali Mahdi Mohamed. It is the power struggle between the
two men that has kept Mogadishu's port closed.

CARE spokesman Rhodri Wynn-Pope said the group would try again on Sunday
to move trucks loaded with about 4,000 metric tons of rice, beans and
wheat.

Visiting French Humanitarian Affairs Minister Bernard Kouchner received
assurances from Aidid and Ali Mahdi that they would welcome the arrival
of U.S. troops, Aidid's radio station said.

<<>>RTw 12/05 1702 RIVAL SOMALIA FACTIONS WILL CO-OPERATE WITH TROOPS

NEW YORK, Dec 5, Reuter - Leaders of rival Somalia factions said on
Saturday they will co-operate with the U.S.-led United Nations effort to
get food to starving people, CBS News reported.

President George Bush on Friday ordered U.S. troops to the country to
block warring Somali gangs from intercepting food shipments being sent
to ease a famine that has killed more than a quarter-million people.

One leader, Mohamed Farah Aideed, a military man trained by both the
Italians and the Russians, told CBS he felt the American involvement
could help the factions unite.

"We believe in the American fairness, loving democracy. And the
Americans are working for the unity of the Somali people," he said in an
interview in the Somalia capital Mogadishu.

Self-declared President Ali Mahdi Mohamed, a wealthy hotel owner in the
once-attractive Indian Ocean port city, also said he was ready to
co-operate.

REUTER BRO JWO <<>>APn 12/05 1605 US Troops Packing for Somalia

By ROBERT BURNS

Associated Press Writer

WASHINGTON (AP) -- The Pentagon on Saturday alerted more troops to pack
up for the U.S.-led mercy mission to Somalia, and military officials
said the logistics of Operation Restore Hope will be one of the toughest
ever attempted.

In the Indian Ocean, three Navy ships carrying equipment and supplies to
support a Marine brigade headed for Somalia. The Pentagon announced that
the ships left the island of Diego Garcia on Friday night and are due to
arrive next Thursday.

Unlike the much larger U.S. deployment to Saudi Arabia in 1990, American
forces arriving in famine-stricken Somali will be unable to rely on
local suppliers for any of their needs: food, drinkable water,
electricity or medicine.

"In this case, if we need it, we take it with us -- everything," Col.
Dave Burpee, a Defense Department spokesman, said. "Everything except
the ground to sleep on."

Just a day after President Bush announced the military humanitarian
mission, a news magazine reported that the U.S. ambassador to Kenya had
advised strongly against sending troops to Somali, saying it would be
futile and costly.

"The one `beneficial' effect a major American intrusion into Somalia is
likely to have may be to reunite the Somali nation -- against us, the
invaders, the outsiders, the kaffirs (unbelievers) who may have fed
their children but also have killed their young men," Ambassador Smith
Hempstone wrote in a cable to State Department officials this month.
U.S. News & World Report said Saturday it obtained the memo and is
reporting on it in next week's issue.

A Newsweek poll released Saturday said 66 percent approved of sending
troops to Somali, and 77 percent thought it was likely that American
forces there would become targets for renegade Somali gunmen. The poll
of 602 adults on Dec. 3 and 4 by the Gallup Organization had a margin of
error of 5 percentage points.

Gen. Colin Powell, chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, said in an
interview on CNN's "Newsmaker Saturday" that it would take three or four
weeks for the full U.S. force to get set up in Somali. He said two to
three months is "a pretty good estimate" of how long the force would
remain there.

Powell also said he believed the feuding Somali faction leaders would
"welcome us and work with us."

"We're bringing in a rather formidable force not to add to the level of
violence, but to see if we can control that level of violence and start
moving it down," Powell said.

While 16,000 members of the 1st Marine Expeditionary Force at Camp
Pendleton, Calif., and 10,000 from the Army's light infantry 10th
Mountain Division at Ft. Drum, N.Y., were preparing for deployment
Saturday, some additional support units were officially notified to get
ready for deployment.

Lt. Cmdr. Joseph F. Gradisher of the Pentagon's public affairs office
said four Navy Seabee units which specialize in construction work were
told to pack up. They were:

--Naval Mobile Construction Battalion 40 from Port Hueneme, Calif.

--Naval Beach Group 1 from the Naval Amphibious Base at Coronado, Calif.

--Naval Mobile Construction Battalion 1 from the Naval Construction
Battalion Center at Gulfport, Miss.

--Elements of the 30th Naval Construction Regiment from Pearl Harbor,
Hawaii.

Gradisher said the four units total about 2,000 Seabees, but not all may
actually deploy.

The main Army and Marine forces won't arrive in Somali until Tuesday or
Wednesday, officials said. They will be commanded by Marine Corps Lt.
Gen. Robert B. Johnston, who was chief of staff to Gen. Norman
Schwarzkopf in the Gulf War.

The Seabees and other support troops are needed for a wide variety of
construction efforts in Somali, including repairing and possibly
extending airfield runways, building or repairing roads, and preparing
the ports at Mogadishu and Kismayo, the only two seaports that can
handle supply ships, Gradisher said.

"The toughest challenge is the ports of entry," Lt. Gen. Leon Salomon,
the Army's chief of logistics, said in an interview.

At Scott Air Force Base, Ill., the commander of the Air Force's Tanker
Airlift Contol Center said Saturday that ground-based communications
links were being set up along the air route to be used by cargo and
other transport planes heading for Somalia.

Brig. Gen. John W. Handy said in an interview that KC-135 and other
refueling aircraft already are in place forming a "tanker bridge" to
Somalia from the U.S. West Coast.

During Operation Desert Shield, leading up to the war with Iraq, U.S.
forces in Saudi Arabia contracted with local vendors for tons of food,
water, vehicles and other materials that are needed to sustain a
military field operation.

"This is the first time we've deployed to a place where there's
absolutely no infrastructure," said Col. Roy Beauchamp, an aide to the
Army's deputy chief of staff for logistics. "In this case, we've got to
start with a blank page."

Senior military planners on Saturday were still working out details of
supplying the force of about 28,000 Marine, Army and Air Force troops
that will begin heading for Somali next week, Burpee said.

Bob Hall, a Defense Department spokesman, said that complicated
logistics is not the only reason that U.S. forces are not being rushed
into Somali this weekend. The U.N. Security Council authorized the
U.S.-led operation on Thursday and President Bush on Friday ordered the
Pentagon to carry out the mission.

"The buzzwords today are `deliberate' and `orderly,"' he said.

The Bush administration hopes that allowing several days to pass before
the troops' arrival will help pacify the gun-toting teen-aged bandits
who have paralyzed United Nations efforts to deliver food to thousands
of starving Somalis, Hall said.

<<>>APn 12/05 1430 French Students' Gift to Somalia

By G.G. LABELLE

Associated Press Writer

AL-MAN, Somalia (AP) -- With Mogadishu's main port closed by militia
disputes, Somali laborers waded through the surf outside the capital
Saturday to deliver tons of rice given by French children to youngsters
in Somalia.

Since this tiny village is only a makeshift port, the ship carrying the
rice from France was several miles offshore. Small boats brought the
bags of rice near the beach and the laborers carried it the rest of the
way.

Bernard Kouchner, France's minister of humanitarian affairs, hefted a
bag of rice on his head for photographers as a long line of Somalis,
their sarongs wet from the surf, did the real work of unloading the
rice.

The gift of food from millions of French students is being brought in by
the U.N. Children's Fund and will be distributed by the International
Committee of the Red Cross.

Red Cross spokesman Horst Hamborg said it would take 12 days to unload
the 3,500 metric tons of rice this way, compared to three or four days
if it could be brought into Mogadishu port. He said the Red Cross was
unloading from another ship south of Mogadishu in the same way.

Kouchner received assurances from warlords Ali Mahdi Mohamed and Mohamed
Farrah Aidid that the two would welcome the arrival of U.S. troops,
Aidid's radio station said. It is the power struggle between the two men
that has kept Mogadishu's port closed.

Aid agencies estimate at least half the food donated to Somalia so far
has been stolen as the drought-plagued country descended into chaos
following the ouster of dictator Mohamed Siad Barre in January 1991.

<<>>RTw 12/05 1357 U.S. FORCE IN SOMALIA ENOUGH TO ACCOMPLISH MISSION

WASHINGTON, Dec 5, Reuter - The 28,000 U.S. troops ordered to Somalia by
President George Bush should be enough to secure aid to famine victims
in the war-torn east African country, Joint Chief of Staffs Chairman
Colin Powell said on Saturday.

"We have enough forces to do the job, but we shouldn't concentrate so
much on the number as we should concentrate on the mission we're trying
to accomplish," General Powell said in an interview with CNN's
"Newsmaker Saturday."

"We will put whatever force is required to accomplish the mission we've
been assigned," he said. "It could go higher if needed, it could go
lower if it turns out that we have made some overestimations."

Bush on Friday ordered U.S. troops to the country to block warring
Somali gangs from intercepting food shipments being sent to ease a
famine that has killed more than a quarter million people. He also
ordered an aircraft carrier and two other warships to the region in a
major show of force.

A poll released on Saturday said 66 per cent of the American people
approved the president's move, Newsweek magazine reported, citing
findings from a Gallup survey of 602 people that had a margin of error
of plus or minus 5 percentage points.

Powell said it could take two to three months for U.S. troops to
complete its job and turn the relief operation back over to the United
Nations.

"I think two to three months is a pretty good estimate," Powell said. He
said it would take about three to four weeks for the U.S. forces to
arrive in Somalia and another month to month and a half to bring the
situation under control.

Powell said the leaders of the warring factions have offered their
cooperation to the U.S. effort. The general said the United States has
the wherewithal to ensure that cooperation even though there is no
desire to add to the level of violence in Somalia.

"We're bringing in a rather formidable force not to add to the level of
violence, but to see if we can control that level of violence and start
moving it down," Powell said.

The deployment was probably the last decision of major international
importance Bush will make before leaving office and he would like the
troops to be back home by January 20 when President-elect Bill Clinton
takes office.

REUTER DS BRO BN <<>>UPn 12/05 1331 Pope on humanitarian intervention

By CHARLES RIDLEY

ROME (UPI) -- Pope John Paul II, indirectly referring to crisis regions
like Somalia and Bosnia-Herzegovina, said Saturday "humanitarian
intervention" should be obligatory in situations "which seriously
compromise the survival of peoples and entire ethnic groups."

"Wars between nations and internal conflicts should not condemn
defenseless civilians to die of hunger for selfish or partisan reasons,"
John Paul told the opening session of a seven-day International
Conference on Nutrition.

He added, "In these cases, food and health assistance must be provided
and all obstacles lifted -- including those resulting from the arbitrary
recourse to the principle of non-interference in the internal affairs of
a country."

The pope visited the Rome headquarters of the U.N. Food and Agricultural
Organization to address the conference sponsored jointly by the FAO and
the World Health Organization.

The meeting brought together government ministers and senior policy-
makers from more than 150 countries for what FAO called "the biggest
global attack on hunger and malnutrition ever mounted."

In his address, Pope John Paul did not specifically mention Somalia or
the former Yugoslav republic of Bosnia-Herzegovina, but his remarks were
clearly aimed at such situations.

Hundreds of thousands of Somalis in the east African nation are
estimated to have died from starvation, and millions more are threatened
because roving gangs of gunmen backing various political factions have
hijacked aid shipments and stymied distribution of donated food.

In Bosnia-Herzegovina, Serbian forces have besieged the capital of
Sarajevo and other cities since the spring, as U.N. officials try to
deliver food and medical amid winter conditions. Serbians have forced
many Bosnians, mostly Muslim Slavs, from their homes in a process called
"ethnic cleansing."

"The conscience of humanity, from now on supported by the dispositions
of humanitarian international law, demands that humanitarian
intervention be made obligatory in situations which seriously endanger
the survival of peoples and entire ethnic groups," he said.

"This is a duty for nations and the international community," the pope
added.

Organizers of the conference stressed it was aimed mainly at reducing
what they termed the "paradox of plenty."

"In a world that produces more than it consumes, about 780 million
people in developing countries -- 20 percent of their population --
still do not have access to enough food to meet their daily needs," the
FAO said.

It said in Asia and Africa, "more than 2,000 million people suffer from
micronutrient deficiencies, which can lead to blindness, mental
retardation and death."

The pope, who has repeatedly appealed for greater aid to the starving
Third World during his visits in Africa and Asia, particularly deplored
this situation in his address to the conference.

"You should listen here to the cries of millions of people in the face
of the scandal provoked by the 'paradox of plenty,' which constitutes
the main obstacle to the solutions of the nutritional problems of
humanity," John Paul said.

"World food production is sufficiently large to meet fully the needs of
a still growing population provided that resources are shared according
to the real needs for better nutrition of all," he said.

"However, this paradox continues every day with dramatic consequences,"
the pope said. "On the one hand we are shocked by the images of a part
of humanity condemned to die of hunger due to natural calamities, to
disasters provoked by mankind, to obstacles for the distribution of food
resources, and to restrictions imposed on trade of local products
depriving poorer countries of the benefits of the market.

"On the other hand, we are witnessing the denial of solidarity, the
destruction of entire crops, selfishness that rules current economic
relations, refusal of the transfer of technology, conditions attached to
food aid even in cases of clear-cut urgency," John Paul said.

By JIMMY GOLEN

Associated Press Writer

BATON ROUGE, La. (AP) -- Wayne Michael Cassano Sr. gave his son his name
but, since 1984, little else.

The one-time pipefitter and truck driver owes his ex-wife more than
$27,000 in support for their three children, placing him fourth on the
state's list of worst deadbeat dads. No one knows where he is or what
he's doing now.

The dishonor roll from the Department of Social Services is being
distributed across Louisiana to draw attention to delinquent child
support payers. Sightings already are coming in, said Robert Thompson,
assistant director of Support Enforcement Services.

Last year's list helped nab seven men; at least one now is in jail.

Louisiana is among several states that have published such lists. Others
include Illinois, Virginia, South Dakota and New Hampshire, where the
list includes one mother. Iowa officials seek deadbeat parents with
"wanted" posters that include mug shots.

In May 1991, the National Council of State Child Support Enforcement
Administrators, a professional group, published a national most-wanted
list. Heading Louisiana's latest list is Lemuel Hawsey III, a lawyer and
computer consultant who owes at least $123,200 to his ex-wife and three
children.

Barbara Fontenot, Cassano's ex-wife, said the money isn't the most
important thing.

"Wayne Junior is scarred for life," she said. "He feels like he can't
really complete his life until he sits down with his daddy and gets an
answer: `Why did you do what you did?' He says `I know I had a father,
why didn't I have a daddy?"'

Wayne Jr., now 19, is the oldest of the three children.

Fontenot, who now is remarried, said Cassano virtually abandoned her and
the children after they were separated in 1984. Although he was supposed
to pay $375 a month in child support, the most she ever got was about
$200, she said.

She hasn't heard from him since he visited the children on Christmas in
1987. As best she knows, "he kinda stays between Texas, Louisiana,
Mississippi and Florida."

"He knows how the system works and how long it takes before they start
getting close," she said. "He's got it pretty well figured out."

She had him arrested once, and after that he told her: "You caught me
once. You will never catch me again."

Fontenot said Cassano often quits his job to keep from being tracked
down.

It's not unusual for a man on the list to give up his own income to
avoid paying his ex-wife, state officials said.

"The people who are hardest to collect from are the people who have the
most aptitude to pay," Thompson said. "It's just because they don't want
to, not because they can't. They have a distorted sense of value."

To make Louisiana's deadbeat dad list, a man must be missing for at
least 36 months and Thompson's agency must have already tried
conventional means to find him.

Thompson said the agency has about 88,000 collection cases; he estimates
that only 25 percent are "dyed-in-the-wool non-payers."

The state keeps looking as long as a ex-wife wants.

Fontenot won't give up.

"He's got a moral and legal responsibility, and if he's not going to
live up to it, he's going to have to pay the price," she said. "If the
price is that he's going to have to hide, and move from pillar to post,
that's what he's going to have to do."

<<>>APn 12/05 1145 Crack Kids-Mothers

By DANA KENNEDY

Associated Press Writer

NEW YORK (AP) -- When Jean's son came into the world, she wasn't even
aware of it.

"I didn't even know I was in labor," she recounts, seated in a
windowless room at Odyssey House. "I'd been smoking crack all day and
night. I couldn't even dilate. The baby was in distress. My blood
pressure went sky high. I was in labor for two days, but I really didn't
feel it."

Jean, 35, a pretty, heavy-set woman from Long Island, used crack daily
for three years, including throughout her pregnancy.

Her son's ordeal continued after his birth.

"I neglected him," she said. "Drug dealers were always over at the
house. They beat him. Once, they hung him up on a nail on the wall."

He developed eczema, a skin disorder believed to be a side effect of
cocaine exposure in the womb, and his hair fell out.

"I went through hell the first few months of his life," Jean said. "He'd
tear at his arms and I'd find blood in his bed. I knew it was because of
the drugs."

Jean is a participant in Odyssey House's residential program for mothers
and their children, born drug-exposed. For 90 percent of the children,
the drug was crack, program director Cheryl Nazario says.

After the 14-month program, it is hoped both mothers and children can
return to the outside world and continue a drug-free life. Odyssey House
is one of a growing number of treatment centers around the country that
work with both parent and child to ensure such kids have a chance at a
normal life.

Since entering the program, Jean reports a marked difference in her son,
a lively boy who plays at one end of the room while his mother talks.

"It's amazing," she said. "Him and I have a real relationship. When I
first came in here, we didn't have that rapport. But now he feels
attached to me. Now he has trust in me."

At first, Jean said, he was a "real fighter, really violent." He still
has trouble with impulse control. But now, she said, "he's manageable,
he's very intelligent, a bright little kid."

Most important, she said, "He's a real boy today."

Patricia, 33, the mother of four children ranging in age from 2 to 14,
began freebasing cocaine in 1985 after years of heavy drinking and
marijuana smoking. She smoked crack throughout her last pregnancy with
her daughter, Christina.

"I used to feel her move around in my stomach," she said. "Then I'd
light up and smoke and she wouldn't move. She felt like a lump. I'd feel
my stomach and think maybe she'd died."

Christina remained in the hospital for a month after her birth.

"She used to shake a lot," recalled Patricia. "I was going through lots
of feelings. I felt real bad about what I did. I thought she wasn't
going to make it."

Patricia came to Odyssey House after city officials threatened to take
her kids away from her. Since then, she's stopped smoking crack.

"When I had my son, I was also using drugs, but he came out OK for some
reason," she said. "I was worried about my daughter."

She reached over and pulled Christina onto her lap.

"But Christina's turned out really smart. I can't believe it," she said.
"She seems smarter than my son, and he's 3."

Sheila, 34, who has two kids aged 4 and 2, also smoked during her
pregnancy. When her daughter Maria was born, she was startled when she
first saw her.

"Her eyes were just like mine. It was like she'd just taken a hit,"
Sheila said. "She cried all the time. She wanted more drugs."

Sheila said she was "a phone call away" from releasing her daughter for
adoption when something stopped her -- guilt.

Instead, she came to Odyssey House.

"And I stayed here and listened and kept listening," Sheila said.
"Maria's more outgoing now. I was so worried something would be really
wrong with her. She's catching up. I thank God for it every day."

<<>>APn 12/05 1104 U.N. Collective Security - Warring for Peace

By CHARLES J. HANLEY

AP Special Correspondent

UNITED NATIONS (AP) -- Fast-forward this turbulent planet to the year
2000, late in a second Clinton administration.

One African nation is menacing another. The nervous neighbor appeals to
New York, where the Security Council gathers at midnight. From a
36th-floor U.N. operations room, the order goes out to North Carolina
and the North Caucasus: Gear up.

Within hours, American and Russian paratroopers are airborne, converging
on central Africa, the threatened border and possibly a bloody spell of
combat under the baby-blue flag of the United Nations.

Going to war for peace.

One Cold War ago, the United Nations' founding fathers envisioned a
muscular world body that would "unite our strength" to crush any
aggressor. But the promise of 1945 was soon eclipsed in the long
twilight of U.S.-Soviet rivalry and suspicion.

History now has circled, the great powers are again a team, and the
United Nations wants to reclaim its birthright. The new U.N. chief has
laid out a bold plan for a military arm that would punish cease-fire
violators, guard endangered borders, roll back aggression.

"Now is the time ... to seize the moment for the sake of the future,"
says Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-Ghali.

President-elect Clinton sounds like a supporter. Ordinary Americans seem
to agree: A new Associated Press poll finds that a strong majority
believes the United Nations can be relied on to combat at least some
aggressors.

But the push to make the United Nations the heavily armed point man of a
new world order will stir bitter debate in the months to come, because
the Third World is worried. It fears that the Security Council, the U.N.
"board of directors" that dispatches peace missions, will become a mere
tool of U.S. foreign policy.

"If you look at the council, in reality, you will see that only one or
two are making the decisions," said Nugroho Wisnumurti, Indonesia's U.N.
ambassador and a Third World spokesman.

To dilute "northern" power in the Security Council, the poor nations of
Asia, Africa and Latin America are demanding a makeover of the aging
U.N. structure. In a world once split between East and West, a new
North-South divide may soon open up, beginning in mankind's debating
hall on the East River.

The United Nations has been in the "peacekeeping" business -- keeping
watch on truces -- since 1948. But only lately, as the Cold War thawed,
did business get brisk.

Today, more than 40,000 blue-helmeted troops from 61 nations are doing
U.N. duty in a dozen operations on four continents. They have become
more than truce observers: In El Salvador, for example, they are
monitoring human rights, and in chaotic Somalia thousands of soldiers,
Americans and others, will soon be delivering food to the starving.

In Cambodia, after 13 years of civil war, the United Nations has taken
on its biggest job, trying to disarm four armies, organize elections
and, in effect, run the country. But the 17,000-member U.N. contingent
has hit a major obstacle: The Khmer Rouge guerrilla group refuses to
disarm.

Elsewhere, too, the realities of war, politics and money are hobbling a
revived United Nations.

In disintegrating Yugoslavia, for example, U.N. peacekeepers hunker down
amid ethnic warfare while the big powers agonize over taking tougher
U.N. action. At New York headquarters, U.N. members are $844 million in
arrears in peacekeeping contributions. Auditors, meanwhile, tell of
waste in peace operations.

Against this troubled background, President Bush, Russia's Boris Yeltsin
and other leaders met last January in the first summit conference of the
15 Security Council nations and asked Boutros-Ghali to draft a plan for
a stronger U.N. military role. Five months later, he produced his
"Agenda for Peace."

The secretary-general's plan promotes financial reforms guaranteeing a
cash flow for peacekeeping, and more active U.N. diplomacy in heading
off conflicts. But at its controversial heart lies the U.N. Charter's
Article 43, which in 1945 asked governments to formally commit specific
military forces for U.N. call-up.

Boutros-Ghali recommends that such Article 43 agreements, a paper dream
for 47 years, finally be negotiated to give the Security Council a
permanent standby force to fight aggression.

Until they establish forces to push back all-out aggressors, he says,
U.N. member states should at least take the half-step of authorizing
military action to restore broken cease-fires.

His approaches would nudge U.N. peacekeeping permanently into the field
of battle for the first time. Although the U.S.-led Gulf War coalition
of 1991 had the Security Council's blessing, it was not a U.N.
operation.

Others have more detailed plans. The private U.N. Association of the USA
proposes three tiers: a few thousand elite troops from one or two
nations under permanent U.N. command, backed up by a rapid deployment
force of tens of thousands on call from a few nations, backed up further
by larger contingency forces available from many countries.

The Bush administration reacted cautiously to Boutros-Ghali's call for
Article 43 commitments. But Clinton told the U.N. Association he favors
exploring the possibility of a U.N. rapid deployment force. "We must do
more than talk about a new world order," he said.

Now, said a key ambassador, "everyone at the U.N. is waiting for
Clinton. The Clinton people seem to have an optimistic, helpful view."

Support can be found in surprising places. Some say the U.S. military
will always resist putting its troops under multinational command, but a
former U.S. Army chief of staff dismisses that.

Such U.N. operations are "going to be one of the central roles of all
forces, but particularly U.S. forces, because of what U.S. forces can
do," said retired Gen. Edward Meyer, who helped develop the U.N.
Association plan.

A veteran Finnish peacekeeping commander agreed.

"The world has changed," Lt. Gen. Gustav Hagglund, now Finland's chief
of staff, said in a telephone interview from Helsinki. "There's a much
wider consensus that conflicts should be limited before they get out of
hand."

On the floor of the U.N. General Assembly, such members as Russia,
France and Israel have endorsed the core of Boutros-Ghali's proposals.
France offered 1,000 standby troops immediately.

The French U.N. ambassador, Jean-Bernard Merimee, said U.N. forces had
to move into Somalia in a big way, to suppress the clan wars and
alleviate the famine there.

"The same thing could well happen elsewhere," he said in an interview.
"And the question is: Will the U.N. be up to the task?"

Support may appear broad, but a large bloc stands in the way.

Third Worlders fear a United Nations dominated by big powers would order
"unjust interventions," said Indonesia's Nugroho, whose country leads
the 108-nation Non-Aligned Movement.

"Until there is a more democratic scheme of things in the United
Nations, then it's difficult for us to accept a more far-reaching
military role," he said.

The South wants some of its giants -- India, Brazil and Nigeria, for
example -- to get permanent Security Council seats. Meanwhile, Nugroho
said, the Council should at least consult more closely with the
179-member General Assembly on intervention questions.

The General Assembly may vote soon on "Agenda for Peace," and another
Security Council summit is proposed.

While diplomats debate, history creates facts. The professional staff of
the new U.N. Department of Peacekeeping Operations will soon grow to 30.
Peacekeeping spending has ballooned to almost $3 billion this year. And
even Nugroho acknowledged that the disorder and death in Somalia
demanded a major U.N. military intervention.

In the end, the true meaning of a U.N. "peace army" may not hit home
until body bags come home from far-off skirmishes over obscure causes.

Robin Higgins knows the meaning. Her husband, Marine Col. William R.
Higgins, was kidnapped and killed by terrorists while serving as a U.N.
peacekeeper in Lebanon.

A Marine major herself, she sounds both rueful and realistic about the
world's headlong rush into a new order.

Decision-makers bear a heavy responsibility for peacekeepers' safety,
she said. But she noted, too, that America has much to gain from a less
turbulent planet: "It's important to us as an international power to
take an interest in ensuring peace and democratic principles around the
world."

And if she, the peacekeeper's widow, were summoned to some distant
embattled border?

"I would serve."

<<>>APn 12/05 1037 Boutros-Ghali-Somalia

By LEONARD PALLATS

Associated Press Writer

ATLANTA (AP) -- The secretary-general of the United Nations said today
the international organization alone is capable of coordinating the
famine relief project in Somalia.

"The United Nations is the only institution capable of addressing such
problems in all of their dimensions," Boutros Boutros-Ghali said.

On Friday Boutros-Ghali said the project is a new chapter in U.N.
history because it is a collective operation to provide purely
humanitarian assistance. He said he hoped U.S. troops will spend only a
short time opening supply lines to Somalia and getting food moving.
After that, U.N. forces will take over.

Speaking at a brief news conference Saturday, Boutros-Ghali said Somalia
is suffering as much from an abundance of weapons as it is lack of food.

"There is a greater availability of arms than of food in Somalia. There
are no gun factories in Somalia and Somalia did not buy these guns. They
were given to Somalia by outside interests," he said.

"The outside world must act urgently to curtail the flow of arms to
Africa."

Boutros-Ghali was attending a meeting on global development cooperation
at the Carter Center.

Former President Jimmy Carter on Friday told an audience that included
U.N. officials, experts on international aid and foundation executives
that donors and recipients of international aid must become more
efficient.

Those offering aid, he said, should "combine what we have to offer in a
spirit of teamwork."

He cited the example of agencies working independently for years to try
to eradicate polio. "They didn't even know each other," he said.

Working together, he said, they immunized 80 percent of the world's
children in a five-year period, up from the 20 percent they achieved
alone.

Countries receiving aid must determine their needs, Carter said. "In a
country just emerging as a democracy, they don't have the slightest idea
what is necessary to give their people a better life."

Using people who live in a country to teach people to help themselves is
better than bringing in outside help, Carter said. "Sending foreigners
into a country is expensive and they don't know the culture,' he said.

He referred to the aid the Carter Center provides in at least half a
dozen countries, mainly in Africa, at a cost of $30 per family per year.
Help is provided by local workers, who get around by bicycle.

"We don't think it's best to give them the bicycles," he said. "They pay
for it. They're glad to do it."

Carter said he believes the American people will support foreign aid if
the programs are efficient.

"If they see what a tiny investment it would take, I think the American
people will say that's a darn good investment," Carter said.

The benefits of a successful aid program are universal, he said. "I will
have a better life if there is peace and freedom in Liberia."

<<>>APn 12/05 0724 Somalia-Geography, facts and figures

By The Associated Press

Some facts and figures on Somalia:

THE LAND: An elbow-shaped, largely desert country wrapped around
Africa's Horn with 246,201 square miles, about the land area of Texas.
It lies on the Indian Ocean coast facing the Arabian peninsula and is
bordered to the north by Djibouti, the west by Ethiopia and south by
Kenya.

POPULATION: About 6.5 million people live in the entire country,
approximately one quarter of whom are in the so-called Somaliland
Republic, which seceded last year but has not been recognized
internationally. It comprises Somalia's northern hook, jutting westward
over Ethiopia. Somalia's people are mostly nomadic and predominantly
Sunni Muslim, with a common language and ethnic origin. They are divided
into six major clans, each of which is divided into numerous sub- and
sub-sub-clans.

HISTORY: Unified as Somalia in June 1960 after northern British
Somaliland and the southern territory administered by Italy won
independence. Gen. Mohamed Siad Barre seized power in bloodless 1969
coup and set nation on socialist path. He was backed first by the Sovit
Union, then the United States. Siad Barre was toppled by the rebel
United Somali Congress in January 1991. The country fell into anarchy,
ripped apart by warring clans and devastated by a widespread drought and
famine that killed tens if not hundreds of thousands.

GOVERNMENT: With Siad Barre's ouster, government collapsed. Somalia has
been carved into clan-based fiefdoms.

ECONOMY: Somalia, already one of the world's poorest countries, dropped
to the bottom of the rung with Siad Barre's ouster and the collapse of
its economy.

THE CRISIS: While no one has precise figures, more than 100,000 people
are estimated to have died in fighting since 1991, including at least
30,000 killed or wounded from November to March in Mogadishu. About 1
million Somalis have fled the country, including an estimated 600,000 to
Ethiopia, 154,000 to Kenya, up to 100,000 in Djibouti and more than
60,000 to Yemen. The United Nations estimates 1.5 million people are
starving in Somalia and in danger of dying, and that another 4.5 million
require food and other emergency assistance.

<<>>UPn 12/05 0418 China to move half-million people for dam construction

By NICK DRIVER

BEIJING (UPI) -- In a move that almost certainly will create increased
ethnic tension between Chinese and ethnic minorities, government
officials plan to move as many as half a million people who would be
made homeless by the world's largest dam to a region largely populated
by ethnic minorities, an official newspaper said Saturday.

Authorities will spend $350 million in the arid western border city of
Kashgar to resettle 100,000 Chinese migrant families displaced by a
planned dam 2,100 miles away in central China's Hubei province, the
official China Daily said.

"Authorities in Kashi Prefecture (Kashgar) say they are willing to
accept 100,000 people displaced from the Three Gorges Dam," the
newspaper said.

"It is estimated that the area's total capacity for resettlement will be
as high as 470,000," the newspaper said, after work is completed on a
new hydropower station to irrigate some more of Kashgar's fragile desert
ecosystem.

Kashgar, with a population of 2.9 million mostly ethnic Uygur
minorities, is a former capital of an independent Turkestani state
created in the 1940s and destroyed by the Chinese in the wake of the
Chinese civil war in 1949.

Animosity between Uygurs and ethnic Chinese, the second largest minority
in the region, is widespread, and it is considered unsafe for Chinese to
wander outside at night in many Xinjiang cities.

Simmering tensions between nationalist Uygurs calling for independence
from Beijing and their Chinese rulers erupted in 1990 when rebels in a
town near Kashgar tried to stage a small-scale rebellion, but Chinese
police quickly snuffed out the protest.

The Three Gorges Dam, which if completed would make it the largest dam
in the world damming one of the world's biggest rivers, has been plagued
by controversy since the day the idea was conceived in the 1920s.

Disregarding concerns by environmentalists, social scientists,
historians and economists, who feel the dam would waste billions of
taxpayers money while killing off endangered species and destoying
people's lives, the government earlier this year decided to revive the
ambitious plan.

"The Three Gorges project has become one of China's top priorities since
March when the state decided to build the project within the next 10
years," the newspaper said.

Uprooting people from hometowns where they and their ancestors have
lived for centuries is proving to be the thorniest and most expensive
problem facing the authorities, who have decided that Xinjiang Province,
a sparsely settled but highly volatile region in far western China,
offers them an alternative to crowded central China provinces.

Ministry of water resources officials in charge of resettling 700,000
inhabitants of the Yangtze River's Three Gorges dam area say their plan
would "greatly lighten the resettlement burden shouldered by" provinces
closer to the dam site, the newspaper said.

Outside studies have put the number of people to be resettled much
higher, and say the government should pay far more compensation to the
displaced than the $1,750 per person planned.

I want to talk to you today about the tragedy in Somalia, and about a
mission that can ease suffering and save lives.

Every American has seen the shocking images from Somalia, the scope of
suffering there is hard to imagine. Already, over a quarter million
people, as many people as live in Buffalo, New York, have died in the
Somali famine. In the months ahead, five times that number, one and a
half million people, could starve to death.

For many months now, the United States has been actively engaged in the
massive international relief effort to ease Somalia's suffering. All
told, America has sent Somalia 200,000 tons of food, more than half the
world total.

This summer, the distribution system broke down. Truck convoys from
Somalia's ports were blocked. Sufficient food failed to reach the
starving in the interior of Somalia.

And so in August we took additional action in concert with the United
Nations. We sent in the U.S. Air Force to help fly food to the towns. To
date, American pilots have flown over 1,400 flights, delivering over
17,000 tons of food aid. And when the U.N. authorized 3,500 U.N. guards
to protect the relief operation, we flew in the first of them, 500
soldiers from Pakistan.

But in the months since then, the security situation has grown worse.

The U.N. has been prevented from deploying its initial commitment of
troops. In many cases, food from relief flights is being looted upon
landing. Food convoys have been hijacked, aid workers assaulted, ships
with food have been subject to artillery attacks that prevented them
from docking.

There is no government in Somalia. Law and order have broken down.
Anarchy prevails. One image tells the story. Imagine 7,000 tons of food
aid literally bursting out of a warehouse on a dock in Mogadishu while
Somalis starve less than a kilometer away because relief workers cannot
run the gantlet of armed gangs roving the city.

Confronted with these conditions, relief groups called for outside
troops to provide security so they could feed people. It's now clear
that military support is necessary to ensure the safe delivery of the
food Somalis need to survive.

It was this situation which led us to tell the United Nations that the
United States would be willing to provide more help to enable relief to
be delivered. Last night the United Nations Security Council, by
unanimous vote and after the tireless efforts of Secretary General
(Boutros) Boutros-Ghali, welcomed the United States' offer to lead a
coalition to get the food through.

After consulting with my advisers, with world leaders and the
congressional leadership, I have today told Secretary General
Boutros-Ghali that America will answer the call.

I have given the order to (Defense) Secretary (Richard B.) Cheney to
move a substantial American force into Somalia. As I speak, a Marine
amphibious ready group, which we maintain at sea, is offshore Mogadishu.
These troops will be joined by elements of the 1st Marine Expeditionary
Force based out of Camp Pendleton, California, and by the Army's 10th
Mountain Division out of Fort Drum, New York.

These and other American forces will assist in Operation Restore Hope.
They are America's finest. They will perform this mission with courage
and compassion and they will succeed.

The people of Somalia, especially the children of Somalia, need our
help. We're able to ease their suffering. We must help them live. We
must give them hope. America must act.

In taking this action I want to emphasize that I understand the United
States alone cannot right the world's wrongs, but we also know that some
crises in the world cannot be resolved without American involvement,
that American action is often necessary as a catalyst for broader
involvement in the community of nations. Only the United States has the
global reach to place a large security force on the ground in such a
distant place quickly and efficiently and, thus, save thousands of
innocents from death. We will not, however, be acting alone. I expect
forces from about a dozen countries to join us in this mission.

When we see Somalia's children starving, all of America hurts. We've
tried to help in many ways, and make no mistake about it - now we and
our allies will ensure that aid gets through.

And here is what we and our coalition partners will do.

First, we will create a secure environment in the hardest-hit parts of
Somalia, so that food can move from ships overland to the people in the
countryside now devastated by starvation.

And second, once we have created that secure environment, we will
withdraw our troops, handing the security mission back to a regular U.N.
peace-keeping force.

Our mission has a limited objective - to open the supply routes, to get
the food moving, and to prepare the way for a U.N. peace-keeping force
to keep it moving. This operation is not open-ended. We will not stay
one day longer than is absolutely necessary.

And let me be very clear. Our mission is humanitarian, but we will not
tolerate armed gangs ripping off their own people, condemning them to
death by starvation.

(Marine) General (Joseph P.) Hoar and his troops have the authority to
take whatever military action is necessary to safeguard the lives of our
troops and the lives of Somalia's people.

The outlaw elements in Somalia must understand this is serious business.
We will accomplish our mission. We have no intent to remain in Somalia
with fighting forces, but we are determined to do it right, to secure an
environment that will allow food to get to the starving people of
Somalia.

To the people of Somalia I promise this: We do not plan to dictate
political outcomes. We respect your sovereignty and independence. Based
on my conversations with other coalition leaders, I can state with
confidence we come to your country for one reason only: to enable the
starving to be fed.

And let me say to the men and women of our armed forces, we're asking
you to do a difficult and dangerous job. As commander in chief, I assure
you you will have our full support to get the job done. And we will
bring you home as soon as possible.

And, finally, let me close with a message to the families of the men and
women who take part in this mission. I understand it is difficult to see
your loved ones go, to send them off knowing they will not be home for
the holidays. But the humanitarian mission they undertake is in the
finest traditions of service.

And so to every sailor, soldier, airman and Marine who is involved in
this mission, let me say: You're doing God's work. We will not fail.

Thank you, and may God bless the United States of America.

By John M. Goshko

Washington Post Staff Writer

UNITED NATIONS, Dec. 4 - As U.S. troops prepare to intervene in Somalia
against warring militias that have blocked efforts to relieve the
country's famine, the global community faces the question of how to
stabilize Somalia after the troops leave.

The Bush administration has insisted that U.S. troops will be deployed
only for a brief period, to establish security for international
humanitarian operations, and that it wants the troops home soon.
Whenever the U.S.-led force leaves, it will turn over to U.N. Secretary
General Boutros Boutros-Ghali the infinitely more complicated task of
trying to bring reconciliation out of the anarchy that has tormented
Somalia in the two years since President Mohamed Siad Barre's
dictatorship was overthrown.

To protect relief operations, the United Nations in the next few days
will muster a force expected to involve as many as 28,000 American
troops and smaller contingents from other countries.

For the longer-range job of national reconstruction in a country the
size of Texas, Boutros-Ghali will have to rely on a traditional U.N.
peace-keeping force that, even on paper, can now count on only 3,500
soldiers. Only 550 peacekeepers, from Pakistan, are actually in Somalia.

When the Security Council decided Thursday night to authorize a massive
military intervention in Somalia, it did not address this disparity in
resources. The council emphasized that once the U.S.-led force
"establishes a secure environment for humanitarian relief operations,"
it should hand back to Boutros-Ghali and his traditional peacekeepers
the effort to restore a basis for normal political, social and economic
life.

But it provided no clues about how that should be done, asking
Boutros-Ghali to come up with a plan within 15 days explaining how the
peace-keeping force "will be able to fulfill its mandate upon the
withdrawal of the unified force."

Boutros-Ghali has no time to spare. Gen. Colin L. Powell, the chairman
of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, said today the U.S. mission could take as
little as three months, while White House officials had said earlier
that President Bush hopes for it to take as little as six weeks. And,
President-elect Bill Clinton likely would retain a high priority on an
early withdrawal. U.S. officials acknowledge that the American public
and Congress, with their memories of the Vietnam War, would never permit
the U.S. force to become bogged down indefinitely in Somalia.

"We believe a lot of countries will sign up with the U.S.-led force
because they don't want to be with the peacekeepers that have to stay
behind," a U.S. official said, somewhat facetiously. His remark
contrasted starkly with speculation that swept through the United
Nations last week about the possibility of following the military
intervention with what would be a virtual U.N. trusteeship over Somalia.

Enthusiasm for that idea shrank drastically after the United States made
clear that it was not offering troops for that purpose. African
governments viewed the idea as a barely disguised return to colonialism
and other countries began to realize that they could be getting into an
open-ended commitment.

Instead, in Security Council discussions over the last four days, there
was a shift to the idea, as spelled out in the intervention resolution,
that while the world community is willing to help, "the people of
Somalia bear ultimate responsibility for national reconciliation and the
reconstruction of their own country."

"Military intervention is no substitute for political reconciliation,
and that task belongs firmly in the hands of Somalis," U.S. Ambassador
Edward J. Perkins said following the Thursday vote. "It is for the
Somali people to decide their own future. The secure environment we will
establish will allow Somalis to devise their own formula for
reconciliation."

Almost every other ambassador who spoke echoed the idea: the U.S.-led
intervention will leave the process of reconciliation to be pursued by
the Somalis and the United Nations with its handful of peacekeepers.

Some diplomats here privately acknowledged that this is optimistic. They
said it ignores the fact that the principal warlords, despite frequent
protestations of their desire for reconciliation, are unlikely to give
up the hopes of power that kept them fighting for two years. They might
be forced into a temporary truce by the international force, the sources
said. But it is far from certain that they can be disarmed sufficiently
to prevent them from resuming warfare once the force is withdrawn.

However Boutros-Ghali reportedly is optimistic that intervention can
open the way to a successful reconciliation. Clues to his plans can be
found in a report he made to the Security Council last July. In it, he
called for African countries, particularly neighboring states in the
Horn of Africa, to press the warlords to honor their promises to
negotiate a peace.

He also sought an arms embargo to prevent the factions from replenishing
their arsenals after a disarmament is achieved and, once the threat of
imminent mass starvation is ended, a U.N.-assisted program to help the
Somalis rebuild their political system, establish an effective police
system, improve public health and get the agriculture-based economy
moving again.

While this is being done, the report said, the U.N. peace-keeping force
could establish cease-fire zones throughout the country to ensure that
reconstruction is not disrupted by new fighting.

Other sources here said that if those efforts prove successful, it
ultimately should be possible to establish some kind of coalition of the
different factions, such as the national council that has been set up
under U.N. auspices in Cambodia, to prepare elections.

By The Associated Press

Here are names, addresses and telephone numbers of some relief agencies
in the United States taking donations for Somalia.

------
American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee, 711 Third Ave., 10th
floor, New York, N.Y., 10017. (212) 687-6200.

AmeriCares, 161 Cherry St., New Canaan, Conn., 06840. 1-800-486-HELP.

Disaster Relief Fund of B'nai B'rith, send checks 1640 Rhode Island Ave.
N.W. Washington, D.C., 20036. 1-202-857-6582 (donations) 1-202-857-6536
(press).

CARE, 660 First Ave., New York, N.Y., 10016. 1-800-521-CARE.

Caritas International Inc., P.O. Box 10-0179, Brooklyn, N.Y., 11210.
(718) 252-3684.

Catholic Relief Services, P.O. Box 17090, Baltimore, Md., 21298-9664.
1-800-SEND-HOPE.

Christian Children's Fund, 203 E. Cary St., Richmond, Va., 23219.
1-800-441-1000.

Direct Relief International, P.O. Box 30820, Santa Barbara, Calif.,
93130.

Food for the Hungry, 7729 E. Greenway Rd., Scottsdale, Ariz., 85260.
1-800-2-HUNGER.

Inter-Lutheran Disaster Relief, 8765 W. Higgins Rd., Chicago, 60631.,
215-395-6891. (Leon Phillips)

Mennonite Central Committee, 21 S. 12th St., P.O. Box 500, Akron, Pa.,
17501-0500.

Oxfam America, 115 Broadway, Boston, Mass., 02116. (617) 482-1211.

Presiding Bishop's Fund for World Relief, 815 Second Ave., New York,
N.Y., 10017. (212) 922-5144.

Salvation Army World Service Office, 799 Bloomfield Ave., Verona, N.J.
07044. (201) 239-0606

Save the Children, Box 975, Westport, Conn., 06881. (203) 221-4000.

The U.S. Committee for UNICEF, 333 E. 38th St., New York, N.Y., 10016.

United Methodist Committee on Relief, P. O. Box 5050, Church St.
Station, New York, N.Y., 10249.

World Concern, P.O. Box 33000, Seattle, Wash., 98133.

World Vision, P.O. Box 1131, Pasadena, Ca. 91131, 1-800-423-4200.

<<>>UPn 12/05 0016 Clinton supports Somalian action

By STEPHEN BUEL

LITTLE ROCK, Ark. (UPI) -- President-elect Bill Clinton is standing
behind President Bush's decision to commit thousands of U.S. ground
troops to a humanitarian aid effort in food-starved Somalia.

A Clinton spokesman said Bush's assignment of about 28,000 servicemen
and women to famine-ravished Somalia met the president-elect's own
criteria for the use of U.S. troops.

"The impediments to delivery of life-saving food supplies simply must
not be allowed to continue," Clinton said Friday in a prepared
statement.

"The mandate our armed forces and our partners in the coalition will
fulfill is to create a secure environment to save lives and I commend
President Bush for his leadership on this important humanitarian effort.
"

The U.N. Security Council voted 15-0 Thursday night to approve a
multinational aid effort. Bush acted Friday to authorize the movement of
U.S. troops.

Clinton praised his former opponent for the level of discussion between
the current and former administration, though a spokesman once again
declined to say whether Clinton helped formulate the U.S. response.

"I have been kept informed of the administration's actions and was
briefed on the president's decision this morning to provide U.S. forces,
" Clinton said. "I share his determination to ensure the success of this
important mission and will continue to follow this important
international effort closely."

Clinton was briefed in person at the Arkanas Governor's Mansion by
representatives of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the Central Intellengence
Agency and the State Department, spokesman George Stephanopoulos said.

He said the briefing was set up by Gen. Brent Scowcroft, Bush's national
security affairs adviser, and Sandy Berger, the transition teams'
security adviser who has handled the issue for Clinton.

Stephanopoulos would not identify the specific officials who briefed the
governor.

Although Stephanopoulos said the decision met Clinton's criteria for the
use of U.S. troops abroad, he declined to specifically articulate what
those criteria were. The unanimous support of the U.N. Security Council
and the existance of an "achievable mission" were both key to Clinton's
support, he said.

"Look at what President Bush said," Stephanopoulos said. "He said we
want to establish a secure environment to allow the food to go through.
That is a mission that is achievable, it's a mission that we support."

Clinton himself alluded to the mission's humanitarian component by
applauding the United Nations for showing "that it will not stand idly
by while armed bandits force starvation on millions of people who have
bceome pawns in a political struglle for power."

Stephanopoulos said America has but one president, and he declined to
share Clinton's thoughts about who should help rebuild a Somalian
government capable of maintaining order after U.N. troops are gone.

"President Bush said it right," Stephanopoulos said. "The military
circumstances on the ground will determine the scope and the length of
the mission."

Likewise, Clinton's chief spokesman rejected all attempts to compare the
situation in Somalia with that of war-torn Bosnia, in what used to be
Yugoslavia.

Stephanopoulos said the Somalia crisis was not keeping the governor from
his other duties, and he added that it hadn't created any greater
urgency for him to name his secretaries of defense or state.

"This isn't a political issue; it's a humanitarian issue,"
Stephanopoulos said.

Clinton, in his statement, also had a word for the American servicemen
and women who face the prospect of spending the holidays overseas.

"America stands with you and supports you important mission," he said.
"You are making us proud and God bless you."

On another matter, Stephanopoulos said he expects Clinton to resign as
governor of Arkansas before a scheduled Dec. 14 session of the Arkansas
legislature. The Arkansas Supreme Court clarified uncertainty Friday
about the process whereby Clinton will be replaced, paving the way for
his resignation.

By TOM AVRIL

Associated Press Writer

CHICAGO (AP) -- Infants born to mothers who smoked after, but not
during, pregnancy were twice as likely to die of Sudden Infant Death
Syndrome than infants whose mothers never smoked, a new study suggests.

But the lead author of the study, Dr. Kenneth C. Schoendorf, said the
findings were not conclusive.

"From this data, we have a fairly strong association, but because of
limitations of the data, we can't say there is a cause-and-effect
relationship here," said Schoendorf, a researcher at the U.S. Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention's National Center for Health
Statistics.

The study by Schoendorf and John L. Kiely was published in the December
issue of Pediatrics, the journal of the American Academy of Pediatrics.

Dr. Bradley T. Thach, a leading SIDS researcher not connected with the
study, said previous studies have shown similar, if not greater, risks
associated with smoking during pregnancy.

Dr. Alfred Steinschneider, president of the Atlanta-based American SIDS
Institute, said the study does not determine whether the higher
incidence of SIDS might be related to the mother's smoking before
pregnancy instead of afterward.

"The problem with the study looking at only afterwards is that these are
women who probably smoked before," said Steinschneider, who also wasn't
connected with the study. "It's a question of whether it had its effect
on the living infant, or whether it had its effect on the mother's
capacity to have healthy babies."

SIDS is the sudden, unexplained death of a child younger than 1 year of
age. Other known risks include a prone sleeping position, low birth
weight, and a lack of prenatal care.

Steinschneider said SIDS is responsible for the deaths of nearly 8,000
infants a year.

The study analyzed data from the National Maternal and Infant Health
Survey, which was conducted nationwide in 1988. The researchers looked
at 465 cases of SIDS, with a control group of about 6,000 healthy
infants.

A spokesman for the Tobacco Institute criticized the study, saying it
failed to adequately address other factors that may explain the study
results, including access to medical care and type of infant feeding.

"This new study published in Pediatrics raises more questions than it
answers," said Thomas Lauria, a spokesman for the Washington-based trade
group.

<<>>RTw 12/04 2300 SUDAN SAID TO BE FACING 'SOMALIA-LIKE' SITUATION

UNITED NATIONS, Dec 4, Reuter - A key U.N. panel on Friday adopted a
harsh resolution on human rights abuses in Sudan, whose Islamic
fundamentalist government has been practicing scorched-earth policies in
a protracted civil war.

The resolution adopted by a committee of the General Assembly was the
first one ever against Khartoum and was drawn up even before the U.N.
Human Rights Commission completed its report of alleged rights
violations there.

U.S. delegate Kenneth Blackwell said the humanitarian situation in the
southern part of the country was approaching "a Somalia-like scenario."

He said the government needed to open up corridors for relief agencies
or "we face a major humanitarian catastrophe."

The vote was 102-7 with 27 abstentions. Libya was the only African
country to come to Sudan's support during debate and the vote. Diplomats
said the vote reflected increasing concern among north African
governments about spreading Islamic fundamentalism.

Sudanese delegates harshly condemned the resolution, saying none of the
allegations in the document had been verified by U.N. human rights
experts. They said the allegations were based on misinformation in the
American press.

An estimated 500,000 people have died in Sudan's nine-year-old civil
war, mainly due to famine, and another 4.5 million have been displaced.

The civil war between the Arab-dominated military government in the
north and various southern rebel groups, who are Christian or animist
black Africans, escalated this year when Khartoum received arms from
Iran and China.

The resolution expressed alarm at the number of displaced persons,
victims of discrimination, summary executions and torture. The
government has been accused of capturing or burning down villages and
sending civilians into the countryside empty-handed.

The resolution also urged the government to ensure full and prompt
investigations into killings of its nationals working for foreign
governments.

A Sudanese employee of the U.S. Agency for International Development was
convicted of treason and executed in September. The government has said
it would investigate.

REUTER EL SR RAA <<>>APn 12/04 2244 Somalia - Impact on Life of U.S. Troops

By HILARY APPELMAN

Associated Press Writer

Tiffany Cooper huddled by the radio Friday, fighting back tears, as
President Bush promised to keep Marines such as her husband in Somalia
no longer than necessary.

The Oceanside, Calif., woman had heard that before.

"It sounds a lot like the Gulf War speech," said Cooper, 21, whose
husband, Cpl. Derek Cooper, served in the Persian Gulf War.

"I know that 90 days can easily turn into six months, which can turn
into nine months," Cooper said as she listened to Bush's address with
another Marine wife, Paula Walklett.

Elsewhere in the nation, soldiers hustled to update wills and life
insurance policies, and, in some cases, to get married, before heading
to Somalia as part of Operation Restore Hope to guard famine relief.

Members of the National Guard's 108th Air Refueling Wing took off Friday
evening from McGuire Air Force Base in a KC-135 Stratotanker aircraft,
one of several heading to bases in Europe and the Middle East to support
the relief effort. Brig. Gen. Richard C. Cosgrave said fewer than 100
members of the unit were shipping out Friday, but others might be
deployed later.

The base in central New Jersey will serve as an "outbound staging
facility" where some of the troops and supplies will assemble and be put
aboard transport planes, officials said. KC-135s can carry cargo or
personnel as well as fuel.

About 60 members of the Air Force 1701st Mobility Support Squadron, also
based at McGuire, were to leave overnight for an undisclosed overseas
destination to set up an intermediate staging area for the relief
effort, said Col. Ron Owens.

The Utah Air National Guard, meanwhile, was ordered to send air
refueling tankers and volunteer flight crews for an "air bridge" moving
people and equipment from the United States to Somalia, Maj. Gen. John
Matthews said Friday. The number of guard members wasn't released.

U.S. officials said 28,000 members of the military will be deployed to
Somalia during the next few weeks. They include 10,500 soldiers from
Fort Drum, N.Y., and about 16,000 soldiers from the 1st Marine
Expeditionary Force, which is headquartered at Camp Pendleton near
Oceanside, Calif.

About 6,000 Marines will come from Camp Pendleton, and another 5,000
Marines and sailors from the Twentynine Palms Marine Corps Air-Ground
Combat Center, officials said.

About 1,800 troops, many from Camp Pendleton, already are waiting off
the East African coast in three San Diego-based ships that were diverted
from the Persian Gulf.

Meanwhile, hundreds of soldiers in camouflage uniforms lined up in the
gymnasium at Fort Drum, N.Y., on Friday, completing paperwork, getting
shots and giving blood and saliva samples for DNA identification.

In Watertown, N.Y., soldiers swamped jewelry stores and the city clerk's
office to snatch up wedding rings and marriage licenses.

"We find out before the papers, as far as when they're going and how
many are going, because the soldiers come here," said Mark Waterbury,
owner of Waterbury Fine Jewelers.

In an ordinary week, City Clerk Donna Dutton issues 30 marriage
licenses. But this week, demand has doubled, she said.

"We've had couples standing three deep," Dutton said. "When they shipped
out to Saudi, the same thing happened."

For many of the Fort Drum soldiers, this will be the third-consecutive
Christmas away from families. Last year, the 10th mountain division was
deployed in Cuba, and two years ago it was in the Sinai Desert.

"There's no way of making that up," said Bryon Butler of Sacramento,
Calif., whose wife is in the fourth month of a difficult pregnancy. "I
think it's a good mission. I just don't want to go."

In Oceanside, Calif., Cooper, whose husband has been away three of the
last four Christmases, warned Walklett about the stress of waiting and
worrying. For Walklett, it's the first such separation from her husband,
Jesse, a lance corporal in the 1st Marine Division.

"It makes me sad to see him go, but he believes in it and so do I,"
Walklett said. "We don't want to see people starving."

<<>>RTw 12/04 2103 U.S. TO PROVIDE FOOD TO SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA

WASHINGTON, Dec 4, Reuter - The United States will provide $32 million
in food to help ease severe shortages in sub-Saharan Africa, according
to a speech Secretary of Agriculture Edward Madigan is scheduled to
deliver on Monday.

A copy of the prepared remarks that Madigan will deliver at an
international conference on nutrition in Rome was released in Washington
on Friday.

Madigan's speech said the U.S. Department of Agriculture will donate
93,000 metric tonnes of goverment-owned stocks of corn through the World
Food Programme, a Rome-based U.N. agency.

The corn will be used to feed people in Somalia, Kenya and other African
countries facing dire food emergencies as a result of refugees fleeing
civil strife and drought.

The United States planned to attack the global problem of vitamin and
mineral deficiencies through a $50 million programme run by the U.S.
Agency for International Development, Madigan's speech said.

"Ending vitamin A, iodine and iron deficiency is within our grasp," said
Madigan's speech, adding "we can prevent childhood blindness, mental and
physical retardation or death caused by these deficiency diseases."

The programme will focus on government training and education with an
eye on providing consumers with the resources and knowledge needed to
construct a balanced diet.

In fiscal 1992, the United States provided 7.8 million metric tonnes of
agricultural commodities valued at $1.5 billion to 90 countries,
according to the Agriculture Department.

Madigan is to lead a U.S. delegation to the global conference on
nutrition being held in Rome through December 11. He is to be joined
there by Louis Sullivan, secretary of Health and Human Services.

The conference is sponsored by two agencies of the United Nations -- the
Food and Agriculture Organisation and the World Health Organisation.

REUTER NW LJG RAA <<>>APn 12/04 1915 U.S. to Provide $32 Million of Corn to Somalia

WASHINGTON (AP) -- The United States will provide $32 million in corn to
starving Somalis and other victims of food shortages in sub-Saharan
Africa, according to Agriculture Secretary Edward Madigan.

The aid is being donated from USDA stocks and will provide approximately
93,000 metric tons of corn for use in Somalia, Kenya and other African
countries where civil strife, drought and the needs of refugees have
strained local food supplies.

The donation totals 3.66 million bushels. U.S. farmers this year are
expected to harvest a bumper crop of 9.33 billion bushels.

Earlier this fall, USDA donated another $33.6 million in corn from
Agriculture Department stockpiles to Somalia and other African
countries.

In the fiscal year that ended Sept. 30, the United States provided 7.8
million metric tons of agricultural commodities worth $1.5 billion to
people in 90 countries. About 40 percent of the total went to Africa.

Madigan was to announce the decision on the aid to Somalia in a speech
Monday morning in Rome, where he is attending the International
Conference on Nutrition, sponsored by the U.N. Food and Agriculture
Organization and World Health Organization.

He was also scheduled to announce a new effort by the United States to
attack micronutrient deficiency through a $50 million program by the
U.S. Agency for International Development.

Micronutrient deficiency affects millions of people in many countries
who do not get enough of certain vitamins or minerals in their diet.

"Ending vitamin A, iodine and iron deficiency is within our grasp,"
Madigan said. "We can prevent childhood blindness, mental and physical
retardation or death caused by these deficiency diseases."

<<>>UPn 12/04 1531 U.N. sets precedent with Military Action in Somalia

By J.T. NGUYEN

UNITED NATIONS (UPI) -- The U.N. Security Council decision to send a
military force to ensure the implementation of its humanitarian aid
program in Somalia breaks a decades-old practice that had subordinated
U.N. relief work to the vagaries of local politics.

Whether it was to send a peace-keeping operation to Cambodia or a relief
convoy to Sarajevo, the United Nations had to get permission from all
governments or warring parties involved in the crisis before it could
commit its resources.

That iron-clad respect for the wishes of local governments had
frustrated U.N. relief work in the past two years in Somalia, where
central authority had collapsed and relief workers watched helplessly as
warlords broke their pledges and clans pilfered food stores sent to feed
starving Somalis.

At least 300,000 people died of starvation in that period, including one
out of every six children in Somalia.

Such situations have forced U.N. members to rethink their positions on
whether national sovereignty and non-interference in the affairs of
sovereign states should be maintained as inviolate principles in the
face of an urgent need to stop human suffering and degradation.

With the vote to send a U.S.-led military force to Somalia, the world
body broke through decades of practice and set a new precedent allowing
the U.N. to intervene forcefully for humanitarian reasons. Secretary-
General Boutros Boutros-Ghali praised the decision by the 15-nation
council.

"I think that what is important is the moral value of this resolution,"
he said following the vote. "For the first time the United Nations will
intervene for purely humanitarian reasons."

The United Nations has been moving slowly away from the strict principle
of non-interference in recent months amid growing pressures caused by
regional conflicts, famine and drought.

The war in Bosnia-Herzegovina, for example, has required armed U.N.
peacekeepers to lead food convoys and occasionally return fire when
challenged by local militiamen.

Some, however, express concern about the decision. International groups
like the Red Cross have balked at military operations moving
hand-in-hand with humanitarian assistance campaigns. Many worry the
practice could backfire, threatening the perceived neutrality of the
relief workers.

The end of the Cold War has eased such concerns, permitting greater
international cooperation to resolve humanitarian crises, some of them
caused in part by the collapse of the East-West confrontation.

But it was the anarchic conditions specific to Somalia that made it
easier for the Security Council to push beyond the principle of non-
intervention in the affairs of sovereign nations.

Some view Somalia as a unique case. Chinese U.N. Ambassador Li Daoyu,
vor example, called it an "exceptional situation under a unique
circumstance."

But others, like Zimbabwe Ambassador Simbarashe Mumbengegwi, belive that
the council's decision "sets a precedent for future operations under
unique circumstances."

The secretary-general was among those who agree. Boutros-Ghali, calling
the degree of cooperation on Somalia unprecedented, said it would be
viewed as a model for post-Cold War conflict resolution.

"Let's hope there will be no more disputes in the future," he said. "But
this is very important."

By BARRY SCHWEID

AP Diplomatic Writer

WASHINGTON (AP) -- There is no whiff of any geopolitical dividend in the
U.S. decision to use massive force to deliver food to hundreds of
thousands of starving people in Somalia.

President Bush told the nation today there was "one reason only" for
dispatching the troops in Operation Restore Hope: To head off the death
of 1.5 million people.

"When we see Somali children starving all of America hurts," Bush said.

And he said, "Only the United States has to global reach to place a
large security force on the ground in such a place quickly and
efficiently, and thus save thousands of innocents from death."

Still, the United States runs the risk of being accused of African
colonialism in a new form, of flexing its muscles once again to show the
world it is a superpower.

But in the days leading up to the U.N. Security Council's approval of
the U.S.-led operation, which could involve some 28,000 American troops,
no one made a credible case that the Bush administration was motivated
by anything other than generosity.

During the Cold War, Somalia was viewed both in Washington and in Moscow
as having strategic value. The East African country was under the
influence of, first, the Soviet Union and then, later, the United
States.

Somalia still sits along the Red Sea across from the rich Arabian oil
fields. But it no longer is the target of superpower rivalry.

The relief operation now getting under way is not a cynical ruse to gain
favor with a potential client. It is simply the result of Somalia's
internal agony, and the inability of the United Nations to provide
assistance in the cross-fire of feuding factions.

Mostly American troops are taking on that dangerous task, and the
operation smacks more of Vietnam and its dark shadows than the triumph
over Iraq in the Persian Gulf War.

The enemy is everywhere in Somalia. Transportation lines will be
vulnerable. There is no clearly identifiable enemy, nor can any of the
local warlords be cast in the terms of a Saddam Hussein.

But like Indochina and the gulf, the president is acting with little
regard to Congress and its prerogatives. Congress is being consulted --
after the fact.

The cost to the U.S. taxpayer, meanwhile, is incalculable. When the
United States agreed in OctOber to transport 3,000 peacekeepers from
other nations to Somalia the idea was to charge the operation against
the 30.4 percent the United States pays of U.N. peacekeeping operations.

Sending in 28,000 American troops will cost many times more, and unlike
the Gulf War, James A. Baker III is not going to the gulf and Europe to
solicit heavy checks from Saudi Arabia, the gulf emirates, Germany and
other fat cats.

Voluntary contributions will be cheerfully accepted, of course.

President Bush expects to wind up the operation before turning the White
House over to Bill Clinton on Jan. 20. He does not want to leave his
successor with a difficult foreign policy venture, if he can help it.

But walking out of the thicket of Somalia may not be as easy as entering
it. Bush may have more to say on that subject in briefing the American
people.

American troops have been used in the past for humanitarian purposes,
but never to this extent, and critics question whether they are being
used properly in Somalia.

"American soldiers should not be put at risk if U.S. national interests
are not endangered," Andrew J. Cowin wrote in October in a project study
for the Heritage Foundation, a conservative research group.

"Americans should discourage the trend toward the U.N. using armed force
to solve violent conflicts," Cowin said. "If this trend continues, it
could undermine U.S. security interests, sacrifice American troops for
obscure causes unrelated to defending the U.S. and cost American
taxpayers increasing amounts of money."

The other view is that in the face of massive starvation, the United
States, considering its traditions, had no alternative in Somalia.

------

EDITOR'S NOTE -- Barry Schweid has reported on diplomacy for The
Associated Press since 1973.

<<>>APn 12/04 1226 US-Somalia - BUSH DETAILS PLAN

By ROBERT BURNS

Associated Press Writer

WASHINGTON (AP) -- President Bush briefed congressional leaders today on
the details of his plan for launching an armed U.S. relief operation in
famine-wracked Somalia. The first U.S. troops were expected to land no
earlier than Monday.

The Pentagon readied about 28,000 troops for the mission and diverted a
three-ship battle group headed by the aircraft carrier USS Ranger to
Somalia from the Persian Gulf. The carrier was expected to be off
Qomalia's coast on Monday, a Navy official said.

A Pentagon official, speaking on condition of anonymity, said a vanguard
force of about 1,800 Marines probably would not land in the capital
Mogadishu before the beginning -- and possibly not until the middle --
of next week.

That initial force of Marines must be in place in Somalia before
designated Marine and Army troops based in the United States would start
heading to Somalia, the official said.

Asked about the time gap between Bush's expected order today and the
initial landing of Marines, Pentagon spokesman Pete Williams said, "What
the military wants to do is move in a very orderly way."

The Pentagon official speaking anonymously said the force intends to
move as quickly as it can, but needs a few days of preparation before
landing in Somalia.

The Ranger, with its complement of 60 combat warplanes, is accompanied
by the Aegis cruiser USS Valley Forge and the destroyer USS Kinkaid. The
warplanes will be used "to dissuade anybody from opposing us," the Navy
source said.

Bush also was to go on national television this afternoon to address the
American people on the operation in Somalia.

After meeting with Bush at the White House, congressional leaders said
they supported the deployment, even though they saw the possibility of
some American troop casualties.

"It's not risk-free," Senate Minority Leader Bob Dole told reporters.

House Speaker Thomas Foley said Bush and his military advisers "do not
expect major confrontations with armed forces. They view this as
relatively low risk."

Sen. Paul Simon, D-Ill., said that the president "expressed reluctance
to do it prior to another administration coming in but said this is a
problem that can't wait."

He said that Gen. Colin Powell, chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff,
spoke in terms of a two-to-three months mission. "Frankly, I think they
are being optimistic," Simon said.

Bush's session with the House and Senate leaders was expected to set in
motion a chain of events leading to the launching of the American-led
operation in Somalia, where thousands of men, women and children are
starving to death daily while armed bandits loot relief supplies.

White House spokesman Marlin Fitzwater defended the U.S. offer to send
troops, saying the "crisis remains urgent" in the east African nation,
where an estimated 2 million Somalis are in imminent danger of
starvation.

Fitzwater said today there is no change in the White House hope that the
U.S. troops will be out of Somalia by Inauguration Day, Jan. 20.

"The peace-making force going in will be replaced by the (United
Nations) peacekeeping force that will have the longer term
responsibilitiy and we are hopeful to take out the American forces in
this initial operation as soon as possible," he said.

The troop movement was authorized Thursday night by the U.N. Security
Council, which voted 15-0 in favor of using force to ensure deliveries
of humanitarian aid.

President-elect Clinton called the Security Council resolution a
"historic and welcome step" that "has provided new hope to the millions
of Somalis at risk of starvation."

The largest U.S. contingent would be 16,000 Marines from the 1st Marine
Expeditionary Force from Camp Pendleton, Calif. In a second wave, up to
10,000 soldiers from the Army's light infantry 10th Mountain Division at
Fort Drum, N.Y., would be added, said a Pentagon official who spoke on
condition of anonymity.

Williams declined to say exactny how many troops might be sent to
Somalia. France said it would contribute 2,000 troops, and Belgium and
the African nations of Kenya, Nigeria and Zimbabwe also offered troops.

Members of Congress were generally supportive of Bush's decision to
intervene on humanitarian grounds, but some have raised questions about
cost and other issues.

Republican Sen. Hank Brown of Colorado, a member of the Senate Foreign
Relations Committee, said on ABC's "Good Morning America" today that he
supported the humanitarian effort, but wanted to ensure that American
troops "have the rigjt to fire back, that they have the ability to
defend themselves."

Sen. Richard Lugar, R-Ind., appearing on the same program, called the
situation in Somalia an "international catastrophe," and praised the
administration for taking steps necessary to help the starving populace.

"The great risk is the quagmire," said Rep. Lee Hamilton, a senior
Democratic member of the House Foreign Affairs Committee, adding that he
feared "this is going to be a costly endeavor" for American taxpayers
unless other countries ante up.

<<>>RTw 12/04 1132 FRANCE TO SEND UP TO 2,000 TROOPS TO SOMALIA

By Frances Kerry

PARIS, Dec 4, Reuter - France, with a record of backing U.N.
peace-keeping efforts and military experience in Africa, said on Friday
it was sending between 1,500 and 2,000 troops to Somalia to help protect
aid supplies for the starving.

President Francois Mitterrand and German Chancellor Helmut Kohl said
after talks in Bonn they backed the U.N. Security Council decision to
send a U.S.-led military force to Somalia and would increase their
humanitarian aid.

"France will send a contingent of 1,500 to 2,000 men to take part in
this undertaking under the United Nations. The goal is to stay...until
we reach a breakthrough in this tragic situation," Mitterrand told a
news conference in Bonn.

Germany will not send any troops because its constitution bars its army
from deployment outside the NATO alliance.

The Security Council unanimously resolved on Thursday to send a force
totalling 20,000 or more. The United States is to contribute the bulk of
the force for the short-term operation.

In Rome, Foreign Minister Emilio Colombo said after a cabinet meeting
that Italian troops would also join the force.

The exact composition of the Italian contingent has not been decided but
newspapers said some 2,000 men would probably go.

The U.S-led operation aims to protect aid from armed gangs and ensure it
reaches millions of starving civilians.

French Health and Humanitarian Affairs Minister Bernard Kouchner said
the force would succeed quickly. Many of the armed in Somalia were boys
who would run away when they saw soldiers, he said.

But in London, Britian's Overseas Development Minister Baroness Chalker
said the United Nations must seek a long-term political solution to the
problems in Somalia.

"Somalia needs a long-term political solution and we need to work out
with the (Somali) elders the long-term civil administration. That is not
the job of the American troops, that is the job of the U.N.," she said
in a radio interview.

Chalker said on Thursday that British troops would not join the planned
force.

Kouchner, long an advocate of international intervention to help
threatened civilian populations, said he wished similar international
muscle could be used in former Yugoslavia.

"It's apparently much easier for the United Nations to go into Somalia
than it is for it to intervene in a decisive way in former Yugoslavia,"
Kouchner told France-Info radio.

Asked why he could not launch a similar aid drive for Bosnia, Mitterrand
said the former Yugoslav republic was much more dangerous for
humanitarian troops than Somalia.

"The terrain and the style of fighting leads to the fact that we cannot
do in Bosnia what we will be doing in Somalia in the next few weeks," he
said.

Kouchner, a familiar figure in the world's trouble spots, travelled to
Mogadishu on Friday to supervise the unloading of a boatload of rice
collected a month ago by French schoolchildren.

Delays delivering the rice have brought home to a wide public in France
the problems faced by aid agencies in Somalia as they deal with chronic
insecurity and looting.

Newspapers and radio stations said the French troops would be drawn from
bases in France and Djibouti and would be backed by some 10 Mirage
fighters and 20 helicopters.

Djibouti is a former French colony bordering northern Somalia where
France has some 4,000 permanently based troops. It was used as a rear
base during last year's Gulf War.

France has maintained close links with many of its former African
colonies and also has bases in Chad and the Central African Republic.

Several dozen French soldiers went to the Somali capital in January 1991
to help evacuate foreigners from the city during the fighting which
toppled dictator Mohamed Siad Barre.

More than 300,000 Somalis have died as a result of civil war and famine
since the country slipped into anarchy following Siad Barre's overthrow.

REUTER FK PHT CAB PI <<>>RTw 12/04 1123 SARAJEVO MULLS WORLD'S INTERVENTION IN SOMALIA

By Kurt Schork

SARAJEVO, Dec 4, Reuter - The besieged Bosnian capital of Sarajevo
reacted with weary resignation on Friday to news that tens of thousands
of American troops are poised to intervene in Somalia's civil war.

"It's a good thing the world has decided to solve somebody's problem --
they haven't solved ours," said 38-year-old Alija from his bookstall in
the centre of the city.

When the United Nations Security Council voted on Thursday to authorise
direct military intervention on the horn of Africa, Somalia got what
Bosnia has been praying for.

The Bosnian government has been requesting military intervention -- or
the right to arm itself against Serbian aggression -- ever since civil
war broke out here last April.

Instead, the international community has dispatched U.N. peace-keepers
to Bosnia and refused to lift an arms embargo.

Taking full advantage of their superior weapons, rebel Serbs have
captured 70 per cent of Bosnia in the past eight months, creating some
two million mostly Moslem and Croat refugees.

About 17,000 people have been killed and 134,000 wounded in the war,
which has left Sarajevo under siege.

Atrocities have been committed by all parties to the conflict, but
evidence points to the systematic murder and rape of civilians by
Serbian forces on a scale reminiscent of Nazi excesses 50 years ago.

"What is going on here is not war, it is genocide," said 43-year-old
Ismail, a Sudanese agricultural engineer who has lived in Bosnia for 20
years.

"Europe and the West should have intervened when the war began. The
price paid for their failure is the death of a nation."

While Bosnian citizens pondered why Somalis and not they were to be
rescued, government officials in Sarajevo took statesmanlike positions
on the U.N. decision.

"I am glad the people of Somalia will receive what they need -- proper
protection," said Ejup Ganic, Bosnia's Vice-President, told Reuters.

"It's good news for Somalia, but the new world order seems very
hypocritical to us here in Sarajevo," said another government official,
who asked not to be named.

More than 15,000 soldiers -- mostly British, French, Canadian and
Spanish -- are deployed as peace-keepers in Bosnia. Their job is to
escort aid to hundreds of thousands of civilians at risk from war,
malnutrition, illness and winter weather.

The soldiers are armed, but rules of engagement which restrict their use
of force, rugged terrain and Serbian intransigence have reduced the
effectiveness of the U.N.'s Bosnian mission.

Sarajevo's airport is often closed by fighting, disrupting an
international airlift to the city's 400,000 residents. Ground convoys
carrying relief supplies to besieged Bosnian towns are often delayed or
blocked by local military commanders.

Bosnians criticise the U.N. mission in their country as "too little too
late" and say the only thing which can bring relief is direct military
action.

"America should realise Serbian aggression is an infection which will
spread to the rest of Europe -- to Macedonia, Albania, Bulgaria and
Greece," said businessman Alija Hirlic, as he emerged from Friday
prayers at Sarajevo's main mosque.

"Anyone who knows history knows aggressors are not stopped by words,
only by force." he added.

REUTER KS MFB MN <<>>RTw 12/04 1041 SOMALIA - COUNTRY IN CHAOS

MOGADISHU, Dec 4, Reuter - Somalia, a country in chaos, desperately
needs the famine relief supplies which American and other U.N. forces
are preparing to escort to its starving people.

But its history offers little hope that United Nations intervention can
foster stable government able to keep order and continue the job.

Dry, poor and backward, Somalia is a land of few resources.

Its people -- seven million a few years ago, now reduced perhaps a
million by famine deaths and the exodus of refugees -- lived largely by
raising cattle and camels and growing sorghum, millet and maize in the
few places with seasonal water.

Its one great asset is its strategic position on the Horn of Africa,
with 2,000 km (1,200 miles) of coastline facing east to the Indian Ocean
and 1,000 km (600 miles) facing north to the Gulf of Aden, the approach
to the Red Sea and Suez Canal.

Its rulers traded on that asset during the Cold War, winning arms and
aid first from the Soviet Union, then from the West.

President Mohamed Siad Barre used the arms for an invasion of Ethiopia,
then for a full-scale war against rebels in the north, bombing major
towns.

As the Cold War drew to a close Washington and other aid donors got
tougher on human rights and corruption, disregarding a veneer of
democratic and free market reforms.

When foreign funds dried up Said Barre's government, heavily in debt,
crumbled. The arms fell into the hands of rebels, warlords and robbers.

Development projects worth many millions of dollars, begun when aid
donors saw Siad Barre as a star pupil, have been abandoned or wrecked.

Unlike most African countries whose borders were drawn in colonial times
with little regard for linguistic and tribal boundaries, Somalia has the
theoretical advantage of ethnic cohesion.

Its people speak one language, Somali. The great majority are Moslems.

But the north, a former British colony, has lost all enthusiasm for its
1960 decision to unite with the south, which had been ruled by Italy.

And clan rivalries run deep.

Local people say Siad Barre's dictatorship and the civil war that
toppled him destroyed the influence of the clan elders who used to patch
up disputes over water and grazing rights.

Economic and political power now rest almost entirely with a new breed
of warlords and gang leaders.

Their private armies control the only activities which yield wealth and
food -- stealing relief supplies, extorting grotesque fees from foreign
relief teams, and running the still lucrative import trade in qat, a
stimulant leaf grown in Kenya and chewed by most Somalis who can get it.

There is no internationally recognised government.

Washington talks of solving "the military aspect" of the operation
quickly and hopes to call most of its troops home within two months.

But relief workers want to see U.N. troops move deep into the lawless
interior, stay to at least July and make sure the private armies do not
resurface as soon as they leave.

"Unless they're coming in to disarm there's no point in them coming,"
said a relief official with a decade of experience in the Horn of Africa
country.

REUTER JA DJG <<>>RTw 12/04 0854 SOMALIS WELCOME DECISION TO DEPLOY U.S. TROOPS

By Jonathan Clayton

NAIROBI, Dec 4, Reuter - Somalis on Friday broadly welcomed a U.N.
decision to commit thousands of U.S.-led troops to break the deadly grip
of warlords on their wrecked and starving country.

"This is great news, this is what we have wanted for months," said Abdi
Osman Mohammed, chairman of the Somali Peace and Resettlement Committee
-- one of the few organisations that cuts across clan lines.

The U.N. Security Council on Thursday unanimously backed the despatch of
a huge U.S.-led military force to Somalia to ensure aid meant for
starving millions was not looted by gunmen.

An advance force of 1,800 U.S. marines is already off the ruined capital
Mogadishu and could land as early as this weekend.

"One of the boats is visible from the shore. The feeling here is they
could come at any moment," said a Reuter journalist contacted by
satellite telephone from Nairobi, capital of neighbouring Kenya.

Military sources said they thought it was more likely the troops would
begin landing on Monday or Tuesday.

The U.N.'s move after months of indecision over what to do with warlords
who cajole and threaten aid workers battling the worst famine this
century has been hailed by Somalis and foreigners alike.

Japan said it would help finance the operation, France said it would
send 2,000 troops and Ethiopia, for months concerned about growing
instability in the Horn of Africa, said it would offer logistical
support if needed.

The mission represents the biggest humanitarian operation ever launched
by the United Nations and its boldest and most dangerous endeavour in
Africa since it sent troops to Katanga, now south Zaire, in the 1960s.

"The warlords will not resist, they understand only power," said Mohamed
Sheikh, a former civil servant who is now a refugee like one in six of
all Somalis.

Outgoing U.S. President George Bush planned to brief top legislators on
Friday on the operation and later to address the American people on what
is likely to be his last act on the world stage.

Administration officials said that more than 25,000 marines, ranging
from riflemen to medical specialists and engineers, might be sent to
Somalia, but that their mission would be narrowly defined and limited in
scope.

"We don't seek a confrontation. We're not looking to go in with guns
blazing. We're seeking to provide humanitarian relief," Defence
Department spokesman Pete Williams said. "I wouldn't expect a big
confrontation."

Military sources and experts on Somalia doubted if Bush's plan of
getting American soldiers back home and handing over to U.N. "Blue
Berets" before the January 20 inauguration of President-elect Bill
Clinton was feasible.

"I have a horrible feeling they have no idea what they are getting
involved in," said one expert. "Rebuilding Somalia will require years,
even decades. You cannot go in and out and off again."

Some American senators were equaly forthright.

"I think Americans have to get used to two fundamental facts if this
goes forward," Senator Hank Brown of Colorado told CNN. "There are going
to be American casualties. You are going to have American troops in
firefights with Somalians."

REUTER JMC JCH <<>>RTw 12/04 0620 SOMALIA'S AGONY STRETCHES BACK DECADES

MOGADISHU, Dec 4, Reuter - U.S. Marines were set on Friday to spearhead
a U.S.-led military force to ensure food aid reached starving Somalis.
Following is a chronology of events in Somalia:

July 1, 1960 - Independence saw unification of Somali peoples ruled
since late 19th century by Britain and Italy.

October 21, 1969 - Army seizes power in bloodless coup. Major- General
Mohamed Siad Barre takes control.

July 1, 1976 - Somali Revolutionary Socialist Party (SRSP) formed as
sole political party modeled on communist parties of Eastern Europe.

July 1977 - Somalia commits army to war in Ogaden desert region of
Ethiopia and captures major towns.

March 1978 - Somali army retreats before counter-offensive of
Soviet-backed Ethiopian forces.

August 7, 1990 - Rebel SNM, United Somali Congress (USC) and Somali
Patriotic Movement (SPM) form alliance to topple Siad Barre.

January 27, 1991 - Siad Barre's palace overrun as rebels seize capital.
He flees by tank.

November 17, 1991 - Power struggle between rival clan warlords Mohamed
Farah Aideed and Ali Mahdi Mohamed erupts into violence. Thousands of
civilians killed and wounded.

March 3, 1992 - Rival warlords sign U.N.-sponsored ceasefire but fail to
agree on monitoring provisions.

April 24 - U.N. Security Council creates new U.N. military and
humanitarian mission by approving deployment of 50 ceasefire observers
in Mogadishu.

April 29 - Siad Barre flees into exile.

July 23 - A 46-strong U.N. military observer team arrives to monitor
shaky ceasefire.

July 27 - Security Council calls for urgent relief airlift.

Aug 12 - U.N. reaches outline agreement with Aideed for 500 armed U.N.
personnel to guard Mogadishu port and escort food supplies to the
starving.

Aug 18 - U.S. aid organisation leaders say at least 350,000 Somali
children have died in the famine and civil strife.

Aug 19 - France starts emergency airlift of food, followed two days
later by a massive U.S. airlift.

Aug 28 - Security Council authorises deployment of 3,000 more troops to
protect relief supplies.

Sept 12 - U.N. announces huge increase in relief operations.

Sept 19 - Warlord Mohamed Farah Aideed returns to Mogadishu from bush
battles and rules out deployment of 3,000 U.N. troops.

Sept 21 - Pakistani contingent of 500 troops ferried to Mogadishu in
week-long airlift by U.S. transport planes as U.S. ships offshore
provide logistical support.

Oct 22 - Senior U.N. officials say Aideed is preventing Pakistani troops
from deploying.

Oct 25 - Fresh fighting in southern Somalia seriously disrupts relief
efforts, U.N. officials say.

Oct 26 - U.N. special representative for Somalia, Mohammed Sahnoun,
resigns following dispute with the secretary-general over Sahnoun's
criticism of U.N. handling of famine. He is replaced by Iraqi diplomat
Ismat Kittani.

Nov 24 - Somali militia fires shells at U.N. relief ship tring to enter
port in Mogadishu.

Nov 25 - U.S. reported to offer to send in U.S. troops to get food
supplies to the starving.

Nov 28 - Warlords Mohamed and Aideed welcome U.S. initiative.

Nov 30 - U.N. secretary-general asks Security Council to authorise use
of force to deliver humanitarian aid to Somalia.

Dec 3 - All 15 members of Security Council endorse full-scale military
operation led by the United States as 1,800-strong force of U.S. Marines
arrives off Somalia. U.S. defence officials say more than 25,000 troops
might fly there. French President Mitterrand says France also will send
a substantial military force.

REUTER JCH <<>>RTw 12/04 0351 JAPAN TO HELP U.N. TROOPS TO SOMALIA WITH CASH

By Shinichi Kishima

TOKYO, Dec 4, Reuter - Japan said on Friday it would give money toward
United Nations forces being sent to Somalia to ensure that food aid
reached its starving people, but it was unlikely to send troops.

"Japan will do what it has to," Prime Minister Kiichi Miyazawa told
reporters. He said he expected the United Nations to ask Japan for
financial help but not personnel.

The U.N. Security Council voted on Thursday to authorise the use of
U.S.-led troops to protect the distribution of aid in the strife-torn
east African country, where more than 300,000 people have died as a
result of civil war and famine.

Foreign ministry spokesman Masamichi Hanabusa told a news conference
that Japan would create a fund similar to a Gulf War Fund it set up in
1991 to help the U.S.-led multinational army which freed Kuwait from
Iraqi occupation.

Hanabusa said the size of the Somali fund had yet to be decided. Japan
has already provided $27.1 million in humanitarian aid through the U.N.
High Commissioner for Refugees.

Asked whether Japan could contribute other than financial assistance, he
said: "We are first finding out what is required and then will decide
what we can do."

But Japan had legal restraints against using military force to settle
disputes and its U.N. peace-keeping operation law required certain
conditions before it could deploy troops, he said.

"The present situation which exists in Somalia does not seem to satisfy
those conditions." he said.

Japan was criticised during the Gulf War for not taking a bigger role,
but Hanabusa said he did not think the aid for Somalia would be "a
repeat of the Gulf crisis."

Japan has sent 600 peace-keeping soldiers to Cambodia, its first
overseas troop deployment since World War Two. They are mostly
engineers, under orders to avoid military confrontation.

It took 20 months of heated debate before Japan's parliament last June
passed a law which allowed participation in U.N. peace-keeping
operations.

REUTER SK JS MS <<>>WP 12/04 Children of Islam

By Laura Blumenfeld

Washington Post Staff Writer

Girls in Guess? jeans and dangly earrings retie their head scarves,
careful not to let any hair show. Men kneel on prayer rugs, barefoot,
their Nikes lined up nearby. It is a Muslim holiday and hundreds of
African Americans are gathered for an outdoor service.

"We are praying here in Anacostia Park to show solidarity with Muslim
brothers and sisters around the world," booms the imam. "As African
Americans. As the children of Islam."

Worshipers greet each other with "Id mubarak," happy holiday. The words
are Arabic. The accent is Washington, D.C.

They are black, American and Muslim. But they aren't the black Muslims
identified with Louis Farrakhan's Nation of Islam. They are several
thousand of a million-strong community nationwide that says it
represents the beliefs of Malcolm X, the true ones, the final ones he
espoused before he died.

"If Malcolm X was alive today, he'd be strongly promoting universal
Islam the way I do," says Warith Deen Muhammad, national leader of
this lesser-known black community.

Like Malcolm X, they were born Christian. Like him, many initially
embraced the Nation of Islam, which teaches that white people are a race
of devils. And like him, they later left the black nationalist movement
to follow conventional, orthodox Islam, which tolerates racial
differences.

It was 1964 when Malcolm made the pilgrimage to Mecca and adopted a
Muslim name, El-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz, and orthodox Islam. A year later
he was dead. But in mosques around the country, his faith thrives.

At the Masjid Muhammad mosque in Northwest Washington, the prayer room
is carpeted with children. They flip through English Korans and
notebooks filled with wobbly Arabic handwriting. Girls on one side, boys
on the other, they wear no shoes, oversized scarves and sleepy Sunday
morning expressions. During the week, most go to public school,
mainstream Washington. Now their weekly Islamic studies classes are
about to begin. While they wait, a circle of fourth-grade girls explains
the Islamic way.

"We try to cover ourselves," says Aaliyah Bilal, 10, her eyes peering
from below a black kerchief. "No short clothes. It's like exposing a
holy part of the body."

"My mom makes long skirts down to here," says Ajeenah Abdul-Haqq, 9,
touching her shin. "We can't eat pork either."

"Once I was visiting Grandma in Mississippi. She's a big Christian,"
says Aaliyah. "She came home from church and she had two big pigs,
boiling them in a witch pot."

The girls' eyes go wide. Aaliyah flutters her slender fingers: "They
were hogging down that pork. It stank. And I said, `I can't eat that.' I
got real mad at my grandma and she said, `Why? A little pork can't hurt
you.' "

"Pork! Ew!" the girls say, squirming. They exchange gross pig stories.

"Some kids at school swing ham and ribs in my face," says Ajeenah.
"Sometimes I feel I'm weird or unusual."

They are different. Along with avoiding pork, Muslims don't smoke, don't
drink, don't play the lottery. Teenage boys and girls don't date
unescorted. They pray five times a day and some have even made the hajj,
a pilgrimage to Mecca.

"The Koran is a screen that protects us from all the ills that hurt
African Americans," says Ibrahim Mumin, a community activist. "It
rebuilds our family life. It's a blessing, especially in this society."

"We tried blackness and found pride. But it's false pride," says Hassan
El-Amin, an attorney. He calls himself a "Nation of Islam survivor." "We
needed something bigger than nationalism, a universal home."

They are different, these African Americans who must reconcile daily the
demands of modern America and traditions dating back to ancient Arabia.

Here in the prayer room garlanded with Arabic inscriptions sit the girl
whose mother kept her home the day her class visited a church, the boy
who proudly showed his Christian classmates how he prays, the girl who
had trouble explaining to her phys ed teacher why she must wear sweat
pants beneath her gym shorts.

"What will Allah do if you make a real big sin?" an Islamic studies
teacher asks a puddle of 6-year-old boys.

"You get an Allah bop!" shouts one.

In another corner, a teacher asks a group of junior high school girls:
"You're all of age, and boys are going to try to touch you. What do you
say?"

"My purpose in life is to serve Allah," one girl volunteers. Next week
the teacher will show the girls how to tie their scarves stylishly.

Downstairs in the social hall, new members in an orientation session are
learning how to pray. Veteran believers, those who 30 years ago were
part of the Nation of Islam, sit around a table, reminiscing about their
Nation days.

Like them, Malcolm X was a black nationalist then. As a minister and the
Nation's East Coast representative, Malcolm preached to them at the
mosque here

many times. He named this one's baby. He stayed at that one's home when
he visited Washington.

"He got on the pulpit and said, `Be aware of the sisters wearing high
heel shoes,' " recalls Labeebah Salaam. "He said, `Don't be shaking
sisters' hands. Don't be eyeing sisters.' "

"One time he saw me," says Aidah Sabir, 74. "He said, `Sister, don't get
too happy. We're still in Hell.' "

Memories: They went to jail for draft evasion, refusing to fight "the
white man's war." They paid taxes to the movement, one cent for every
pound they weighed over the designated Nation of Islam ideal, 150
pounds. They eked out a living hawking their Muhammed Speaks newspaper
and selling red snapper door-to-door.

"This was called Temple Number 4," says Omar Nashid, 54. Back then,
Nashid was called Richard 3X. And back then, Masjid Mohammed, now a
conventional mosque, was one of a numbered national network of temples.

In the prayer room they sat on chairs, instead of kneeling. In the
social hall, the men of the militaristic Fruit of Islam learned karate
and practiced drills. By the door was a "shakedown post," where members
searched visitors for weapons.

"Here was the outside post," Nashid says, walking through the door.
Nothing here now, except a sign posting prayer times. Then, though, a
sentry stood guard. "We didn't allow Caucasian people inside. We were
taught the white man was the Devil."

The Nation's leader, Elijah Muhammad, preached racial separation. When
he died in 1975, the movement split. Louis Farrakhan now heads the
10,000 or so devotees who still teach racial dogma. Elijah Muhammad's
son, Warith Deen Muhammed, purged the anti-white tenets and led his
group of supporters to Islamic orthodoxy.

"Malcolm X today wouldn't approve of Farrakhan's Nation of Islam," says
Warith Deen Muhammed. Orthodox Muslims were hoping that Spike Lee's
movie would establish that point. But the film disappointed many, they
say, because it focuses excessively on his Nation days.

"Too much emphasis on the X part and not the Muslim part, the El-Hajj
Malik El-Shabazz part," says Abdul Karem Shakir, a member of Masjid
Muhammed, echoing many other Muslims. Shakir and Malcolm were friends
from Boston, from the nights the minister ate Shakir's mother's bean
soup with his family and stirred them with ideas. "I want people to know
he was a Muslim when he got killed."

Farrakhan's spokesman in Washington failed to return several phone
calls. The Nation is reportedly avoiding press inquiries linked to the
Malcolm X movie. But in its newspaper, the Final Call, it has put its
own spin on the film.

The orthodox Muslims have done the same in their paper, in their bid to
claim Malcolm X, and have been distributing pamphlets at movie theaters.
For Muslims like Qaadir Madyun, now a bearded father of five, Malcolm
is a man who walked the same spiritual journey.

He was supposed to grow up and become an Episcopal priest. But as a boy,
Madyun felt alienated by the blue-eyed blond Lord in his King James
Bible and cut out every picture of Jesus in the book. He joined the
Nation - still keeps his uniform as a souvenir - but later embraced
Islam and went on the hajj. Today he serves on the executive board of
the Interfaith Conference of the Washington, D.C., area.

"Twenty years ago he couldn't have done that," says his friend, Ibrahim
Mumin.

"We're talking about evolution," says Madyun. "Malcolm X went through an
evolution. We did too."

By Jay Mathews

Washington Post Staff Writer

NEW YORK, Dec. 3 - Rakiya Omaar, one of the best known Somali activists
in the United States, has been fired by the human rights organization
Africa Watch for opposing the planned U.N. military intervention in
Somalia.

The dismissal of Omaar, an attorney who helped establish Africa Watch
and served as director for four years, dramatizes an increasingly public
debate among Somalis and Africa experts over the consequences of Western
intervention in the chaotic and famine-ridden country.

"I think the sudden arrival of 20-or-30,000 U.S. troops without prior
consultation with Somalia's underground and with the relief
organizations . . . will escalate (the violence) . . . and that will
force any responsible relief organization to withdraw its people," Omaar
said on CNN's "Crossfire" program Nov. 27, one of the statements that
led to her dismissal.

Kenneth Roth, deputy director of Human Rights Watch, the New York-based
organization that includes Africa Watch, said today Omaar was fired "for
insubordination and failure to abide by our internal procedures on
establishing a policy." He said the organization had been calling for
U.N. military protection for food supplies for months. When Omaar came
out against President Bush's offer to send a large contingent of U.S.
troops as part of a stepped-up international military effort, "she was
told not to keep speaking that way," Roth said. "She refused and said
she was Africa Watch's expert on Somalia."

Alex de Waal, the associate director of Africa Watch, said in a
telephone interview from London that he resigned shortly after Omaar was
told Wednesday she no longer represented Africa Watch. De Waal said
Omaar, who is in London, was ill and exhausted and not available for
comment, but that he shared her view that the United Nations risked
ruining Somalia's recovery from the famine and political breakdown by
sending such a large force with so little preparation.

He said Western news media had exaggerated the extent of anarchy and
famine and ignored successes in negotiating truces and getting food
supplies to starving Somalis by using local traders. "Wouldn't it make
more sense to go back to this successful, low-cost formula than use this
extremely expensive and risky formula?" he said.

Mumin A. Barre, director of a Somali television program on Channel 56 in
the Washington area, said he had been impressed by Omaar's firsthand
knowledge of the situation in Somalia, which she had displayed in many
network television appearances, including Monday on NBC's "Today" show.
He emphasized, however, that although he and other Somalis shared
Omaar's concern about the long-term political impact of the U.N.
intervention, the vast majority of Somalis in the United States
supported the plan to use U.S. troops.

Roth said Omaar had resigned as Africa Watch director Oct. 1 to focus
her efforts on Somalia and was working as a consultant to the
organization when she was fired. He said the organization shared her
desire to preserve the local clan leaders but "she assumed without any
knowledge that the U.S. military intervention would automatically
supplant those local authorities." Copyright 1992 The Washington Post
<<>>APn 12/04 0136 Somalia-Chronology

By The Associated Press

A chronology of recent events in Somalia:

1991

Jan. 5 -- Heavy fighting breaks out in Mogadishu between rebels of the
United Somali Congress and troops of President Mohamed Siad
Barre.

Jan. 28 -- Siad Barre flees the capitol, ending his 22-year
dictatorship.

Nov. 17 -- Fighting forces the U.N. staff to withdraw.

Dec. 23 -- U.N. Secretary General orders UNICEF to return to Mogadishu.

1992

Feb. 14 - Two factions, led by General Mohammed Farah Aidid and interim
President Mohammed Ali Mahdi, agree to immediate cease-fire
and promise negotiations.

Feb. 29 - U.N.-sponsored negotiations begin.

March 3 - Cease-fire signed by Ali Mahdi and Aidid.

March 5 - First U.N.-chartered relief ship is fired on while entering
Mogadishu harbor. Ship returns to Kenya.

July 5 - First of 50 U.N. cease-fire observers arrive in Mogadishu.

July 27 - U.N. Security council approves emergency airlift of relief
supplies for the estimated 30 percent of the population
believed to be starving to death.

Aug. 12 - Aidid agrees to allow 500 U.N. troops into country to protect
relief convoys.

Aug. 14 - The United States begins an emergency airlift of food to
Somalia and refugees in Kenya.

Aug. 28 - First four relief planes land in Belet Uen. Three guards
killed and two U.N. military observers wounded by gunmen in
Mogadishu when they refuse to stop for attackers.

Sep. 14 - 40 armed U.N. troops arrive in Mogadishu to help protect
relief supplies. United Nations authorizes 3,000 additional
troops.

Sep. 16 - U.S. Naval Forces Central Command announces 2,400 Marines en
route to waters off Somalia for command and control of U.S.
airlift planes.

Sep. 28 - Final contingent of 500-man Pakistani infantry battalion
arrives in Mogadishu.

Oct. 12 - United Nations announces 100-day crash program to accelerate
food shipments.

Nov. 24 - U.N. relief ship carrying 10,000 tons of food shelled while
trying to enter harbor; returns to sea.

Nov. 25 - United States offers troops to distribute food and aid as part
of a multinational force.

Nov. 30 - U.N. Secretary General Boutros Boutros-Ghali recommends use of
military force.

Dec. 3 - The Security Council voted unanimously for a U.S.-led force to
enter Somalia to safeguard relief work.

<<>>RTw 12/04 0038 U.N. ACTION AVERTS MADAGASCAR FAMINE

By Andrew Hill

TRANORA, Madagascar, Dec 4, Reuter - While the West weighs the use of
force to feed Somalia, swift and innovative action by the United Nations
has averted a famine in southern Madagascar.

With scant publicity and minimum fuss, the World Food Programme (WFP)
has cheated a blowtorch drought of a million potential victims, about
half the number at risk in Somalia.

The operation is seen by those involved as a vindication of the
29-year-old WFP's resourcefulness and proof postive that it can put food
in needy mouths when allowed to.

"The main difference between Somalia and here is war. Madagascar is
peaceful," said David Fletcher, WFP's representative in the vast and
wretchedly poor Indian Ocean island.

Madagascar was not at war but it was in turmoil. Since May 1991 it has
been convulsed by demonstrations, strikes and protests against the
17-year rule of strongman President Didier Ratsiraka.

For much of the critical period all Madagascar was without government as
Ratsiraka tried in vain to outmanoeuvre an opposition weary of economic
neglect and bent on his departure.

It is debatable whether the absence of government helped or hindered a
plan under which 35,000 tonnes of food were mobilised for distribution
largely through a novel use of Malagasy village chiefs and
organisations.

The plan would be unworkable in Somalia, where the delivery of aid is
left to relief agencies but plundered by gunmen who put loyalty to clan
warlords even above responsibility to their own families.

But it has worked in this remote, poor region 800 km (500 miles) south
of Antananarivo the capital and there are lessons to be learned, says
Fletcher, a British veteran of 15 years of campaigning against hunger.

Last week cheerful village chiefs queued patiently and good naturedly to
await an allocation of sacks for their hamlets where drought has wrecked
a subsistence way of farming unchanged since the last century or before.

Next will come seeds, Fletcher hopes, so that peasants can be
self-sufficient again.

"They don't want aid. They want to grow their own food and they tell us
so," said Arturo Randriaina, a doctor.

He looks like a Malaysian Rambo in sleeveless bush jacket and jeans with
a sheath knife at his waist. His participation, says Fletcher, was one
of the keys to the programme's success.

Local people were recruited to measure need and to explain to recipients
when and under what conditions aid would be handed out.

Local people unload the trucks that bring it from a faraway port and
guard it until it is time to be distributed.

Local chiefs take it away by cart and share it out themselves. Local
people, say those involved, have spontaneously repaired rutted dirt
roads to speed up the process.

The hierachy of wealthy aid organisation over the disposessed or plain
hungry does not exist in SOS South, the codename of the operation.

"This is different from other places I've seen where we saw the people
as beneficiaries rather than participants and who saw us bring the food,
dole it out and all but pick up the spoon and put it in their mouths,"
said Fletcher.

Drought first struck in early 1991 but was beaten by a quick response
from donors and the WFP. It came again early this year but the
organisation was in place.

Last week, as the Security Council agonised over sending troops to shoot
their way through to those in need in Somalia, Randriaina gave village
chiefs a pep talk, checked their entitlement papers and ordered another
distribution to get under way.

"When the people realised that we wre going to bypass political
structures and that they would be doing most of the distribution and
work themselves, we won their trust," he confided.

The villagers drove away the sacks of grain in a convoy of creaking
bullock carts past fields where some maize is sprouting in what used to
be dust.

Birds sang. Women smiled and children chased the ox carts. Then, as if
in benediction, the brooding skies opened and it rained and rained and
rained.

REUTER AJH AET <<>>RTw 12/03 2312 MOGADISHU SILENT BEFORE UN TROOPS DECISION@

By Aidan Hartley

MOGADISHU, Dec 4, Reuter - Guns fell silent on the streets of Mogadishu
for the first time in weeks before the United Nations Security Council
voted to send in a U.S.-led military force to protect aid supplies for
starving Somalis.

"We welcome them with peace," Osman Hassan Ali, the financier and close
adviser of Somalia's fiercest warlord Mohamed Farah Aideed, said on
Thursday.

He spoke as 1,800 U.S. Marines waited on ships off the coast of the East
African nation for the U.N. go-ahead to move ashore.

The Security Council unanimously gave the green light in a resolution on
Thursday and thousands more troops are now expected to follow, with the
force possibly totalling 20,000 or more.

Osman Hassan urged the U.S.-led force to send an advance party ashore to
brief the Somalis on its objectives before moving the bulk of troops
into the city.

"We want to avoid unfortunate incidents. We will co-operate fully," he
told Reuters in an interview.

The Security Council resolution set no time limit for the operation,
which will be the biggest by the world body in Africa since the 1960s
crisis in the Congo (now Zaire).

But it authorises the use of force to establish a secure environment for
humanitarian relief operations in Somalia.

U.S. officials said the advance amphibious task force was 80 km (50
miles) off the port of Mogadishu, and would probably first deploy in the
derelict international airport and form a bridgehead for the troops
still to come.

The ships Tripoli, Juneau and Rushmore in the task force can carry 23
transport and attack helicopters.

A Pakistani U.N. contingent of 500 has been stationed at the airport
since last month. Until the Security Council's decision on Thursday,
they were the only armed troops out of a total of 3,500 sent to Somalia.

In a puzzling about-turn from his previous stance, Aideed last week
welcomed the plan to send in American troops.

"We have always specifically asked for U.S. and Western involvement. The
U.N. bureaucratic system has failed us," said Osman Hassan.

But political analysts in Somalia said the faction leaders, who can
muster forces of only a few hundred ill-trained and equipped youths,
will try to avoid confrontation and instead jostle for recognition as
the legitimate authorities to negotiate with.

Tens of thousands have been killed in fighting and an estimated 300,000
have died in a resulting famine since clan guerrillas ousted dictator
Mohamed Siad Barre from the capital in January 1991.

The world finally woke up to the plight of Somalia in March, when the
United Nations brokered a ceasefire in Mogadishu between Aideed and his
bitter rival Ali Mahdi Mohamed and started bringing food in.

But the clan militias began looting the relief food and extorting money
from aid agencies.

After a string of death threats, attacks and looting sprees, the major
ports and airports of arid Somalia have been closed for weeks and the
U.N. has only been able to import 4,000 tonnes of food through Mogadishu
port in the last four weeks.

"If there is no security, there will be no food, but without food there
can be no security," Jan Eliasson, U.N. Under-Secretary-General for
Humanitarian Affairs, told Somali clan leaders and aid agencies at a
conference on Somalia in the Ethiopian capital Addis Ababa.

REUTER AHH CD MH <<>>APn 12/03 2125 Clinton Inheriting Somalia

By JOHN KING

AP Political Writer

LITTLE ROCK, Ark. (AP) -- For President-elect Clinton, the deployment of
U.S. troops to Somalia carries both risk and opportunity, perhaps
offering a defining moment in the earliest days of the new
administration.

A potential foreign policy crisis could distract Clinton from his pledge
to focus on the homefront, but also provide an immediate chance to prove
himself on the world stage -- and as commander in chief.

Such talk could prove moot. President Bush hopes to have any military
operation to provide famine relief completed by the time Clinton takes
office. But given the anarchy in the African nation and the depths of
the starvation, many senior Clinton advisers are convinced no military
support operation could end that quickly.

They expect Clinton to inherit Bush's Somalia policy -- and a deployment
of perhaps 30,000 U.S. troops.

"They are going to get us into this and we are going to have to get us
out," said a senior Clinton transition aide who spoke on condition of
anonymity.

And so Clinton and his aides watch with some trepidation as the Somalia
policy unfolds -- choosing their words carefully and trying not to
meddle in Bush's affairs while stopping short of any blanket
endorsement.

Senior Clinton advisers are concerned that the mission has not been
clearly defined. Just what would U.S. troops do? Who would command them?
What would be the rules for engaging Somalia militia units? What would
trigger a withdrawal?

Because of these and other concerns, the Clinton camp terms itself
"generally supportive" when asked about Bush's Somalia policy.

"We are not going to give them carte blanche," a senior Clinton aide
said. "We are not going to rubber stamp any agreements they reach with
the (U.N.) Security Council."

Still, after the Security Council voted Thursday to approve the U.S.-led
multinational military protection effort, Clinton issued a statement
calling the action an "historic and welcome step" that "has provided new
hope to the millions of Somalis at risk of starvation."

Clinton also commended Bush for keeping him abreast of developments. But
some aides grumbled privately that the U.N. resolution was vague in
terms of defining the role of troops any threshold for troop withdrawal.

A subplot to the debate is a difference between Bush and Clinton that
got scant attention during the presidential campaign.

Bush has insisted, at least so far, on U.S. command of any American
troops deployed in Somalia. Neither Clinton nor aides have said directly
whether they would insist on a U.S. command. But during the campaign,
Clinton expressed the desire for a larger United Nations role in
regional conflicts, including a permanent U.N. rapid deployment force
for situations like the Somalia crisis.

Also, Clinton advisers are adamant that the goals and missions of any
American deployment be clearly stated, so that Clinton does not inherit
an open-ended U.S. troop commitment.

Important Clinton allies echo that view.

"There will be a never-ending series of tasks that we could be called on
to perform unless we know clearly where we are stopping," said Georgia
Sen. Sam Nunn, chairman of the Senate Armed Service Committee.

A success for Clinton in Somalia could help the new president put to
rest campaign-season doubts about his foreign policy credentials and
questions about his qualifications to serve as commander in chief that
were raised by the controversy over his avoidance of the Vietnam draft.

But Clinton aides also worry that an instant foreign policy crisis,
particularly one involving potential use of military force, could
attract attention they would rather see focused on Clinton's economic
and other domestic initiatives.

"This is the job of the president and he intends to fulfill it," Clinton
communications director George Stephanopoulos said Thursday when asked
if Clinton was daunted by the prospect of inheriting the Somalia crisis.
"He is up to speed on the challenges and is prepared to handle them."

Still, Clinton aides had hoped for at least a brief post-inaugural
period where Clinton could direct the overwhelming amount of his
attention to economic and other domestic priorities -- the theme of his
campaign.

"Obviously, whether it's Russia or Bosnia or Somalia or the Mideast or
several of these or somewhere else, there are going to be major foreign
policy questions to answer early in the term," said a senior Clinton
adviser.

"But we had hoped to get some momentum on the economic stuff first, to
`focus like a laser beam,' as the governor has said. It looks like we're
going to be put right to the challenge."

------

EDITOR'S NOTE -- John King covered the Clinton campaign for The
Associated Press.

<<>>APn 12/03 2359 Somalia-Wary Donors

By FRED BAYLES

AP National Writer

In the mid-1980s, grim pictures of famine and mass starvation in
Ethiopia brought an outpouring of American aid. Today in Somalia, where
the crisis is considered even worse, relief agencies have received only
a tenth of that help.

Reasons for this famine of compassion include: fears that gifts of
needed food will end up in some war lord's warehouse; anxiety about the
economy back home; a sense, after years of hope and help, that nothing
can stem the mounting death toll.

"People are looking at Somalia with one eye to Ethiopia and saying it's
happening again," said Scott Forrest, a spokesman for Los Angeles-based
World Vision. "They see the chaos and anarchy and realize it's going to
be harder to solve this problem."

Lisa Mullins, a disaster assistance expert at InterAction, a coalition
of 140 relief organizations, said its members collected $110 million for
Ethiopian relief during a six-month period at the height of the crisis
in 1985.

The same agencies have raised just $11 million for Somalian relief in
all of 1992.

Reports of Somali war lords seizing up to 80 percent of some relief
shipments has hurt contributions, Mullins said.

Efforts elsewhere are also suffering. Contributions to aid war-torn
areas of what was formerly Yugoslavia are slow in coming.

The endless fighting among ethnic groups also has created a level of
what charity officials call "compassion fatigue."

"People gave during the fighting in Croatia six months ago. They are not
giving to Bosnia now." said Luke Hingson, executive director of
Brother's Brother Foundation, a Pittsburgh-based charity.

Another big factor: the economy.

"What's happened between Ethiopia and now is that this country is facing
issues it didn't before, like homelessness, AIDS and the economy," said
Jack Bode, vice president of the New York-based International Rescue
Committee. "People are asking why should they send money overseas when
there is a need in their own backyard."

A recent survey by Independent Sector, a coalition of philanthropic
groups, found while people still give to charity, they are giving less.

Seventy-two percent of 2,700 households surveyed made a charitable
donation last year -- about the same as 1989. But the amount they gave
was down by 20 percent.

"People were concerned about the economy, about having someone in the
household lose their job," said Virginia Hodgkinson, vice president of
research at Independent Sector.

The survey also found a big shift in where people send their money.
Gifts to international causes have dropped 50 percent since 1987.
Instead, people give to domestic causes, such as the environment,
medical research and human services.

This turn inward has helped divert attention from Somalia.

"The election and other domestic issues generated a lot of media
coverage that might have been given to Somalia," said John Mohrbacher, a
CARE spokesman.

Charity officials hope the deployment of U.S. troops in Somalia will end
the aid drought.

"You're going to see increased giving and attention," Mohrbacher said.
"Americans may not be faithful contributors to a country from year to
year, but when you have a hunger emergency involving people, Americans
really come through."

<<>>
APn 12/03 1909 Somalia-TV Newspeople to Visit

By SCOTT WILLIAMS

AP Television Writer

NEW YORK (AP) -- News anchors Tom Brokaw of NBC and Dan Rather of CBS
are heading to Somalia for a series of live reports and taped broadcasts
from the turbulent, famine-gripped African nation, the networks
announced Thursday.

All the networks were mobilizing for beefed-up coverage of U.S. military
action in support of international famine relief, but Rather stole a
march on the competition by departing for the sub-Saharan country
Thursday.

CBS correspondent Bob Simon, en route from Tel Aviv, will join Allen
Pizzey in Somalia. Also en route are Bob McKeown for CBS' "Street
Stories" and Dr. Bob Arnot, whose reports for "CBS This Morning" begin
Friday.

Brokaw was scheduled to leave for Mogadishu, the Somali capital, after
Thursday's "Nightly News" broadcast, a network spokeswoman said.

ABC anchor Peter Jennings will remain in New York, but "Nightline"
anchor Ted Koppel will originate at least a week of live broadcasts from
Mogadishu, beginning Monday, "satellite transmission facilities
permitting," ABC said.

Neither CBS nor NBC could say whether their anchor desks -- the "control
point" of their broadcasts -- would switch to Somalia.

"It's a chaotic, dangerous situation and we don't know yet exactly what
we'll be doing," said CBS News spokeswoman Donna Dees. "We know that
he'll be reporting from Somalia tomorrow."

Brokaw's Mogadishu-based tour of duty is "open-ended," said NBC News
spokeswoman Peggy Hubble.

Plans call for Brokaw to appear on "Today" and "Nightly News" beginning
Monday. He also may be seen as early as this weekend, she said.

Koppel and "Nightline" executive producer Tom Bettag will leave sometime
over the weekend, ABC said.

"We're going to have Koppel, and five other correspondents, five crews
and support staff," said ABC News spokesman Arnot Walker. "We're quite
confident that the story in Somalia will be covered."

CNN's vice president for international newsgathering, Eason Jordan, said
bureau chief Gary Strieker would be joined in Mogadishu on Friday by
Mideast correspondent Brent Sadler.

<<>>RTw 12/03 1344 ITALY PLEDGES HELP FOR U.S.-LED SOMALIA MISSION

ROME, Dec 3, Reuter - Italy on Thursday expressed a readiness to join a
United Nations mission to ensure food is delivered to Somalia's starving
population, but did not spell out what forces it might deploy.

Prime Minister Giuliano Amato told U.S. President George Bush any
decision would require the approval of the Italian parliament.

But he said Rome was speeding up preparations to intervene in Somalia, a
former Italian colony.

A statement issued by Amato's office said Bush had telephoned the
Italian premier to ask Italy to take part in a U.N. mission to bring
peace and humanitarian aid to Somalia.

"The Prime Minister confirmed the willingness of the Italian government
to contribute to the U.N. initiative," the statement said.

The U.N. Security Council is expected to send up to 20,000 troops to
Somalia, which has been ravaged by famine and fighting. A 1,800-strong
force of U.S. marines arrived off the coast of Somalia on Thursday.

Italy ruled southern Somalia for half a century and for decades felt a
historic responsibility for the territory which it administered under a
U.N. mandate until independence in 1960. Italian is still widely spoken
in many parts.

REUTER RW RMG <<>>
RTw 12/03 1306 DONORS PLEDGE $1.2 BILLION AID FOR ZIMBABWE REFORM

By Alan Raybould

PARIS, Dec 3, Reuter - International aid donors applauded Zimbabwe for
persevering with its economic reform programme in the face of a severe
drought and promised it $1.2 billion to help the reforms along in 1993,
the World Bank said on Thursday.

The World Bank said ahead of a two-day meeting here that Zimbabwe was
looking for external assistance of about $1.4 billion for 1993.

Zimbabwe's Finance Minister, Bernard Chidzero, told a news conference
that individual countries had promised aid worth 33 per cent of that
total and multilateral agencies 53 per cent.

"The balance of 14 per cent will come from commercial borrowing by the
government of Zimbabwe. And that is more or less in the bank," Chidzero
said.

He said it was always the government's intention to fund part of its
five-year structural adjustment programme by commercial borrowing, and
there was no question of some donors holding back on pledges because of
discontent with Zimbabwe.

"This is perfectly compatible with Zimbabwe's borrowing capacities,"
said Stephen Denning, director of the World Bank's Southern Africa
department. He noted that the total pledged was up on the $1.1 billion
of aid that will be disbursed this year.

According to official figures, Zimbabwe's Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
is likely to fall in real terms by a massive 11 per cent in 1992, mostly
due to the drought in southern Africa, though the world economic
recession also played a part.

The World Bank is expecting GDP to rise by six per cent in 1993 and
another six per cent in 1994, but even that will only take the economy
back to where it was in 1991.

For Denning, the real story was the success of the countries in southern
Africa in overcoming the drought this year. "This is the famine that
didn't happen," he said, commending the prompt action of neighbouring
countries and donors.

In normal times Zimbabwe is a net exporter of most food commodities, but
Chidzero said the drought had reversed that situation. Both the balance
of payments and the budget deficit deteriorated sharply.

"The food bill alone in the current fiscal year to June 30, 1993, will
cost us over two billion Zimbabwe dollars, which is about 400 million
U.S. dollars," he said.

But Zimbabwe still continued with its reform programme, cutting back the
state sector and civil service and deregulating the economy. "The reform
programme is going ahead, drought or no drought," Chidzero said.

The meeting here focused on aid for Zimbabwe's structural adjustment
effort, but a separate discussion on the drought took place on the
sidelines.

Zimbabwe officials said the drought meeting was not a formal pledging
session, but they noted that some of the $1.2 billion pledged this week
would find its way into drought-related tasks such as food and water
distribution.

In a speech to the donors, Chidzero said that the drought had combined
with the effects of price liberalisation to push inflation up to an
annual rate of 47 per cent in August, but it fell to 43 per cent in
October and seemed to be falling further.

REUTER AGR CAB <<>>RTw 12/03 0943 FRANCE to contribute 2000 troops

"Under the auspices of the United Nations and limited in time, the
operation will aim to ensure the distribution of humanitarian aid in
decent conditions and allow non-governmental and international
organisations as well as the United Nations mission to fulfil their
tasks," the statement said.

The French daily Liberation reported on Thursday that France was
preparing to contribute 2,000 troops to the U.S.-led force for Somalia.

Liberation quoted senior defence sources as saying the troops would be
sent in from a French army base in Djibouti to the north of Somalia.

France's foreign and defence ministries had no immediate comment on the
newspaper report.

At least a million Somalis are starving, with famine killing about 1,000
people daily in central and southern towns as rival warlords and armed
gangs block relief supplies.

The 15-member U.N. Security Council was likely to adopt a resolution
authorising the emergency force on Thursday, U.N. sources said,
providing some minor differences can be resolved.

REUTER APG MN <<>>RTw 12/03 0851 SOMALIS EAGER FOR ARRIVAL OF U.S. TROOPS

By Aidan Hartley

MOGADISHU, Dec 3, Reuter - Somalis looked to U.S. troops to bring
feuding warlords to heel while relief agencies stockpiled supplies on
Thursday for an 1,800-man advance guard of peacekeepers.

The capital Mogadishu, lashed by the first heavy rains of the season,
was calmer than it had been for weeks as residents awaited a final
United Nations decision to send a 20,000-man U.S.-led force to the
famine-stricken country.

Ships carrying the advance guard were already steaming towards the Horn
of Africa country devastated by war and famine and plunged into anarchy
by rival warlords.

"Most Somalis believe the arms will disappear from the streets. There
have been bad relations with the U.N. but people think the Americans
will get things done properly," said Hassan Elmi, a Somali visiting his
home from Canada.

Some Somali warlords resisted deployment of an earlier 4,200-man U.N.
force which was intended to protect relief convoys from marauding bands
of gunmen.

Bound by strict U.N. rules that required the warlords' approval for any
move in Somalia, a Pakistani contingent of 500 troops has been largely
confined to barracks since it arrived in September. It has moved only as
far as the airport.

On Friday Mogadishu warlords Mohamed Farah Aideed and his bitter rival
Ali Mahdi Mohamed, who jointly overthrew dictator Mohamed Siad Barre
last year but then fell to feuding, said they would welcome the U.S.-led
force.

But last week rockets were fired at the base of the Pakistani contingent
in the U.N. force. Three mortar bombs landed near the soldiers' camp on
Sunday, causing no injury.

Not since the Katanga crisis in the Congo (now Zaire) in the early 1960s
has the U.N. sent armed troops to a conflict in Africa. The move could
establish a precedet in the post-Cold War era on a continent beset by
famine, ethnic unrest and war.

Tens of thousands of Somalis have died in the war and an estimated
300,000 were killed by starvation in the last two years.

Aid workers and experts in the war-ravaged country warned that the
U.S.-led force could get snared for years in the complex web of
Somalia's clan-based politics.

Relief agencies in Mogadishu stockpiled food and readied hospital
operating theatres ahead of their arrival.

"What we have is pretty austere," said Colonel James Cox, the Canadian
deputy commander of some U.N. forces already in the country, said.

"We have rations for about two weeks," said Cox, adding that two
operating theatres staffed by two surgeons had been set up in case of
emergency.

In addition to the Pakistanis, the U.N. staff in Mogadishu includes 94
unarmed military truce observers, staff officers and members of a
logistics support team and about 200 civilian workers.

There are about a further 200 foreign civilian staff working for
independent relief agencies.

Cox said that if U.N. medical facilities were overstretched the world
body would call for help from the foreign medical teams that have been
struggling to cope with the sick and war-wounded for the last two years
of civil war.

REUTER AHH MR <<>>RTw 12/03 0830 U.N. GATHERS MINISTERS FOR WORLD HUNGER CONFERENCE

By Vera Haller

ROME, Dec 3, Reuter - With the world's attention riveted on Somalia's
starving, some 180 government ministers meet in Rome this weekend for a
United Nations conference to find ways to overcome hunger and
malnutrition.

Pope John Paul will address Saturday's opening session of the
International Conference on Nutrition (ICN), sponsored by the U.N. Food
and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) and the World Health Organisation
(WHO).

"This...mini-summit, will provide the political driving force needed to
move away from platitudes to practical resolution," ICN
secretary-general Vulimiri Ramalingaswami told reporters this week.

The conference asks the international community to give special
attention to Africa. Some 300,000 Somalians have already died of
starvation and another two million could perish if food is not brought
into the country, FAO officials said.

During the week-long conference a "plan of action for nutrition," which
will be non-binding, will be discussed and a vote on adopting the
resolution will be held on the last day.

One organiser said the plan would serve as "a catalyst to inspire
commitment and accelerate action" on hunger.

FAO and WHO decided two years ago to hold the conference when it was
realised the world food supply was adequate for everyone but that there
were still 780 million people, mainly in Africa, South Asia and Latin
America, who were undernourished.

"There is a persistent problem of access to food," said John Lupien,
director of FAO's Food Policy and Nutrition Division. He said the
conference hoped "to bring together various ministries and force them to
coordinate a food programme."

The conference hopes to address the problem of deficiencies of
nutrients, like iodine, which Ramalingaswami said are the largest cause
of mental retardation in developing countries.

He said the simple act of including salt or iodine-fortified oil into
diets can wipe out this problem.

Trade also is expected to be discussed as many of the agriculture
ministers attending the conference are involved in or following the
Uruguay Round of trade negotiations under the auspices of the General
Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT).

Conference sources said cuts in farm subsidies by developed states would
help developing ones feed their people.

"Western countries can ship cheaper grain to Africa than African
countries can produce," Lupien said.

Ramalingaswami said the participation of health and agriculture
ministers from 80 to 85 countries would "add teeth" to the conference.

"We must distill what we know, process it into a policy statement and
let the political system do something to help us implement it," he said.

REUTER VH CC MN <<>>
UPn 12/05 0000 Nicaragua-contras re-arming with help form U.S. Groups

UPI NewsFeature

By JOHN OTIS

ZUNGANO, Nicaragua (UPI) -- Rearmed Contra rebels say they have resumed
the fight against the Sandinistas with the help of some powerful
friends: anti-communist brethren in the United States.

The rightist rebels, who call themselves the 380 Northern Front, say
they have received thousands of dollars from private citizens in Miami
and in Central American countries. They also claim to have a dozen
surface-to-air missiles.

The Sandinista army calls the group delinquents with little military
capacity but members of an Organization of American States mission, who
have worked closely with demobilized Contras since the civil war ended
in 1990, say the group could become a serious threat.

"Miami is full of conspirators from all over Latin America," said an OAS
official. "To get money from Miami is not a complicated task... And in
the mountains $25,000 goes a long way."

After waging war against the Sandinista's during the 1980s, hundreds of
disgruntled Contras rearmed over the past year to protest Sandinista
influence in President Violeta Chamorro's government. But most turned in
their guns in exchange for cash, land and promises to bring more Contras
into the police force.

However, during a recent visit to the rebel base camp at Zungano, 120
miles north of Managua, several Contras said they will not disarm until
they see concrete political changes.

Jose Angel Talavera, one of the group's nine commanders, said they are
trying to force the government to purge top Sandinistas from the army
and police. They have also called on Chamorro to fire Antonio Lacayo,
her influential chief-of-staff, and Army chief Gen. Humberto Ortega.

Chamorro, whose 1990 election ended a decade of Sandinista rule, claims
Ortega will be retired before her term expires in 1996. But she still
counts on Sandinista support for her post-war reconciliation policy.

The army estimates the 380 Northern Front has less than 300 men. The
group is named in in honor of slain Contra military leader Enrique
Bermudez -- whose nom de guerre was "380."

At the camp, there were signs the rebels are getting some outside help.
Several wore new camouflage fatigues and boots and carried freshly-oiled
AK-47 rifles. They were also paying cash for food from local farmers.

"We count on foreign aid from many old friends and people in solidarity
with our cause," said Talavera. He refused to name who was involved or
how much they had donated.

In Nicaraguan exile circles in Miami, Talavera is better known as "The
Jackal," the nickname he took during the war. He was flown to Miami in
1988 to be fitted for a prosthesis after a land mine tore off his left
foot.

"Some civilian organizations, principally in Miami, have sent them aid,"
said Lt. Col. Ricardo Wheelock, spokesman for the Sandinista army. He
said the group gets its weapons from local farmers, retired Contras and
from arms caches in Honduras -- the Contras' base during the civil war.

Under the Neutrality Act, it is illegal for U.S. citizens to fund
foreign insurgents, although the law is seldom enforced. State
Department officials in Washington and at the U.S. Embassy in Managua
refused to comment on the group.

Talavera said the group has five Red Eye and seven SAM-7 missiles.
Wheelock said during the civil war the U.S. government gave 165 missiles
to the Contras and reckoned that up to 15 may still be in the hands of
former Contras.

Wheelock claims the group has little popular support and is being
manipulated by Managua politicians to put pressure on Chamorro.

Talavera said he supports Vice President Virgilio Godoy, who fiercely
opposes Chamorro's reconciliation policy. Godoy recently traveled to
Quilali, a town near the rebel camp, and gave a fiery political speech.

Indeed, the region has always had a rebel streak.

Across the valley from Zungano is El Chipote, the mountain headquarters
of nationalist leader Augusto Sandino who fought the U.S. Marines in the
1930s. Locals supported the Sandinistas during the insurrection against
dictator Anastasio Somoza. And in the 1980s, it was a Contra stronghold.

Talavera's group has clashed several times with the Sandinista army but
there have been few casualties. In September, the army sent hundreds of
troops after the rebels, a move which prompted the group to begin
negotiating with the government on Nov. 15.

Although he takes the group seriously, a Latin American diplomat said
that sooner or later, rebel leaders may cut a deal. Most rearmed Contra
groups started out with political demands but eventually focused on
economics. Several leaders received huge cash payments and other perks
for disarming their men.

"Last year, they were asking for Lacayo's head and (Humberto Ortega's)
head, and they each ended up with $9,000 and a car," the diplomat said.

adv weekend dec 5-6 or thereafter

By JOHN OTIS

MANAGUA, Nicaragua (UPI) -- Confronted with an economic slump and rising
political tensions, President Violeta Chamorro said the release of $54
million of frozen U.S. aid will provide her country with much- needed
relief.

"I am satisfied because the money will help us to breathe. Our coffers
are almost empty," Chamorro said Thursday in an interview with United
Press International in her office at the Presidential Palace.

"The United States made a promise a long time ago to help the people and
the government of Nicaragua...And that is our hope that they will
continue to help."

On Wednesday, Antonio Lacayo, Chamorro's influential chief-of-staff,
announced that the Bush administration would release $54 million
immediately and that the remaining $50 million of the package would be
released soon afterwards.

The money was frozen in May after conservatives in the U.S. Congress,
led by Sen. Jesse Helms, R-N.C., objected to Chamorro's close working
relationship with the leftist Sandinista Front.

Although Chamorro's 1990 election ended 10 years of Sandinista rule,
once in office she infuriated many of her supporters by seeking
Sandinista support. Most controversially, she retained Gen. Humberto
Ortega -- the brother of Sandinista leader Daniel Ortega -- as chief of
the Sandinista army.

Still recovering from an eight-year civil war, Nicaragua remains
dependent on foreign assistance and the aid freeze provoked a major
crisis. It also embarassed Chamorro, 62, who was backed by the United
States in the election campaign and considers herself a close U.S. ally.

The aid release was the first good news for Chamorro after several
traumatic weeks.

The country has been beset by strikes by state workers, while in the
countryside groups of re-armed Contra rebels have threatened to carry
out attacks. Last month, the country was shaken by the murder of Arges
Sequeira, a conservative businessman who had pressured the government to
return properties confiscated by the Sandinistas.

However, despite such problems, Chamorro insists that conditions are
improving.

"Many people have forgotten how I received this country," Chamorro said.
"The main thing was to stop the war...Now there is freedom of the press
and freedom of the labor unions. I think a lot has been done."

The U.S. aid delay has led to some reforms. A dozen Sandinista police
commanders were retired while Chamorro named a commission to speed up
the return of confiscated properties to their former owners.

But in the interview, Chamorro indicated that she would not abandon her
national reconciliation policy or make any drastic changes in her
relationship with the Sandinistas. She said her bipartisan approach is
how many governments function.

"When there is democracy, you always have in-fighting," she said,
referring to criticism of her relationship with the Sandinistas. "This
(criticism) does not worry me."

By THOMAS WAGNER

Associated Press Writer

MOGADISHU, Somalia (AP) -- There's no escape from Somalia's heat -- at
least, not without running into its gunmen.

Temperatures that reach 100 degrees by 7:30 a.m. sent some relief
workers to the lovely beaches and sand dunes near the city, even though
they knew sharks fed nearby and that women wearing Western swimsuits
would offend some Muslims in this predominantly Islamic country.

But the outings ended a few weeks ago when clan gunmen hiding in bushes
opened fire on cars carrying the relief officials back from the beach.
One relief worker suffered a bullet wound in his arm.

Heat, humidity and health risks are among what many relief workers would
say are the biggest challenges they face in Somalia -after gunmen, of
course.

It's so hot that if your bedroom has no air-conditioning you will go to
sleep sweating and wake up sweating.

"When you leave the house for the office, it's like a furnace outside,"
said Horst Hamborg, of the International Committee of the Red Cross in
Mogadishu, a coastal city that gets more breeze than all the sweltering
villages and cities inland.

Somalis always try to avoid standing in the glaring sunlight and many of
the foreigners have to wear hats to avoid sunburn.

Even the mules, camels and sheep that trod through this wartorn city
under their owner's stick move slowly.

"If you are not used to it, you can't be as effective as you are in
climates in the West. You sweat all day even if you are not standing in
the sun," said Lars Weghagen, director of SwedRelief.

"The staff is ordered to carry bottles of spring water from Kenya or
Thermoses full of tea when they leave the offices. If you don't drink
enough in an hour or two, you have a burning headache. That's the first
sign of dehydration," he said.

Many of the relief agents not only work seven days and 80 hours a week
fighting Somalia's famine, they also live under strict security rules
aimed at protecting them from all the random gunbattles in the street.

Even though the staffers live in houses protected by armed guards and
cement walls topped with broken glass, they're still forbidden to walk
outside or drive anywhere at night, even in cars protected by gunmen.

One UNICEF worker was so frustrated because he couldn't walk or jog
anywhere in Mogadishu or swim in the ocean, he had an exercise bike
flown in from Nairobi and he uses it in his bedroom.

Somalia's climate and the famine caused by its two-year civil war also
have exposed many of the relief workers to serious illnesses, including
malaria spread by mosquitos.

"I arrived in Somalia on June 23," recalled Bo Hakansson of SwedRelief.
"After two days I was terribly sick with diarrhea.

"After I recovered, I got an amoeba in my system that gave me dysentery
and diarrhea for 25 straight days. You can get this easily if your cook
doesn't wash his hands or the plates or the vegetables well enough."

On Oct. 13, when Gen. Said Hersi Morgan's forces defeated Gen. Mohamed
Farrah Aidid's in the southern city of Bardera, the bodies of many of
Aidid's men were left in the field for a week until relief workers paid
Somalis to bury them.

"The bodies attracted many flies and they can land on your food without
you realizing it, or they can land on an arm that you later rub across
your sweaty top lip," said Weghagen.

In that same city, five of SwedRelief's seven relief workers got dengue
fever from mosquitos and were sick for two weeks.

The Red Cross had even worse luck, according to Hamborg.

"All 15 of our Western workers got diarrhea in the first 10 days. Four
of them got malaria, even though they were taking antimalarial drugs,
and our director got hepatitis and had to be treated in Switzerland."

<<>>APn 12/03 0414 Hollywood Documentary on Somalia

By JOHN HORN

AP Entertainment Writer

WEST HOLLYWOOD, Calif. (AP) -- The director of "Field of Dreams" said he
isn't worried about any imperfections in a documentary on Somalia airing
tonight on ABC's "Nightline."

"None of this is about the fine points," Phil Alden Robinson said
Wednesday. "You spend an awful lot of time on a feature film smoothing
off the rough edges. You don't worry about rough edges here. You just go
for the story."

Robinson, whose other film credits include "Sneakers," also narrates the
18-minute documentary culled from material recorded during a recent
visit to the famine-stricken African nation.

"Nightline" anchor Ted Koppel and producer Tom Bettag reviewed the
footage and Robinson's script and decided immediately to use it.

"What makes it so extraordinary is that he writes beautifully and
sensitively with no hype, with no melodrama but at the same time with
enormous humanity," Bettag said Wednesday.

"Nightline" plans to broadcast a Robinson documentary about Bosnia's
civil war in the coming weeks.

Robinson was part of a delegation of Hollywood writers that visited
Somalia in cooperation with the United Nations High Commissioner for
Refugees. The group, which also visited Croatia and Bosnia, returned in
late November.

Others on the trip included "MASH" actor Mike Farrell, "A River Runs
Through It" writer Richard Friedenberg and Del Reisman, president of the
Writers Guild of America.

Robinson said the 18-minute video documentary is simply a start.

"It's an immediate thing that I thought I could do," he said. "It's all
about: make noise, wake people up. Writing scripts is one of the ways to
do that."

<<>>RTw 12/03 0331 FORCE ``ONLY OPTION LEFT'' FOR SOMALIA - BRITAIN

LONDON, Dec 3, Reuter - Britain's Overseas Development Minister
Baroness Chalker said on Thursday military force was the only option
left to the United Nations to ensure relief supplies reach the starving
people of Somalia.

"We have always been extremely cautious about increased military
operation but it really does seem, having tried everything else over the
months, that there are no other options if we are to feed the starving,"
Chalker told British Broadcasting Corporation radio.

The U.N. Security Council is likely to approve later on Thursday a
resolution launching a new U.S.-led military force to safeguard relief
supplies in the famine-stricken Horn of Africa nation.

But Chalker said British troops would not join the planned force.

"We will play our part in (the operation) though not with troops...we
already have more than 2,400 British troops committed in peace-keeping
in (the former Yugoslav republic of) Bosnia," she said.

REUTER HS JLF <<>>APn 12/03 0232 Somalia-UN Role

By EDITH M. LEDERER

Associated Press Writer

LONDON (AP) -- Experts on Somalia who have been advising the United
Nations believe the world body must help restore a functioning
government in the shattered African country regardless of any military
involvement.

But they disagree on how intrusive the U.N. needs to be to restore
political stability.

Some want the U.N. to take control of the entire country and establish a
trusteeship. Others say it should take a back seat and let local clan
elders try to govern.

Somalia would be no stranger to U.N. rule: It was established in 1960 by
joining the former British Somaliland Protectorate in the northern Horn
of Africa with the former Italian trust territory in the south, which
was a U.N. trusteeship from 1950-60.

Professor Ioan Lewis of the London School of Economics believes the
situation has become so critical that the U.N. must intervene
decisively.

Civil war and drought following the overthrow of President Mohammed Siad
Barre in January 1991 have splintered the boomerang-shaped nation into
dozens of clan-controlled areas.

An estimated 2 million people are threatened with starvation.

"I think the basic problem is that none of these clans trust each other.
Therefore, it is essential to have some outsiders involved as a neutral
administrative presence," Lewis said.

"Provided it's done intelligently, I think it will have very widespread
support from the general public."

Professor Bernard Helander of the University of Uppsala in Sweden, who
has done research in famine-hit southern Somalia, said there is no
alternative to U.N. administration.

"There is no single body in the country that is able or trusted to take
over state functions. If the term trusteeship is offensive to Somalis,
you can call it a temporary aid administration. But in effect it would
be a trusteeship," he said.

"Basically what is needed is what was never done in the 1950s when the
country was prepared for independence -- to recreate basic political
institutions in the country in a Somali way," Helander said.

But Said Samatar, a professor of African history at Rutgers University
in New Jersey, believes "it's premature" to impose a U.N. administration
because 75 percent of Somalia is successfully self-governing, including
Hargeisa and Berbera in the northwest, Bosaso in the northeast and Belet
Huen in the center.

"Why not just help these regions ... restore infrastructure, establish
schools, roads, veterinary services, facilitate trade?" he asked.

The regions should initially be encouraged to become autonomous, Samatar
said. Then, through inter-regional conferences, they should be
encouraged to reconcile and eventually to reunify the country.

Sture Normark, director of the Horn of Africa Program at the Life and
Peace Institute in Uppsala, said U.N. authorities have already suggested
that Somalia be broken into four administrative zones -- northeast,
northwest, central region and south.

"The best thing could be that the U.N. try to work together with some
local structures that are already working," he said.

The United Nations appointed Normark's operation to arrange
consultations with Somali experts and intellectuals. Helander, Samatar
and Lewis have all participated in that dialogue.

The experts believe the United Nations must do much more to win support
from the Somali people for any intervention.

Helander cited anti-U.N. demonstrations and accusations that U.N.
officials lead a life of luxury and aren't helping famine victims
enough. He said the United Nations needs to improve its public
relations, for example by establishing an independent radio station
offshore.

Samatar, a Somali who heads a committee promoting reconciliation,
believes a U.N. administration won't work unless the country's warlords
are dealt with first.

But Lewis believes the warlords can gradually be marginalized.

Their support "depends on successful looting," he said, and if U.N.
troops prevent looting "the following for the warlords will diminish
very considerably."

<<>>WP 12/03 Stabilizing Riven Somalia a Monumental Task

By John Lancaster

Washington Post Staff Writer

With at least 11 separate clan groups laying claim to a country almost
the size of Texas, Somalia has disintegrated to the point that restoring
stable government may not even be possible, according to U.S.
intelligence officials.

Indeed, the situation is so chaotic that outside of the capital of
Mogadishu, it is difficult even to keep track of which clan is in charge
of which region on which day, said a Pentagon official with access to
classified intelligence reports. Alliances rupture and reform; sub-clans
split from one group and cut deals with another.

"They're just constantly in flux," the official said yesterday.
"Frequently some of the sub-clans make alliances that can be opposed to
their parent clan. . . . It's so fragmented."

The bleak intelligence assessment comes as the United Nations prepares
to vote on a U.S. offer to supply troops to protect relief workers who
so far have been stymied in efforts to deliver food to starving Somalis.
Bush administration officials have said the troops would remain there
only a few months, but the lack of any political center of gravity in
Somalia raises questions about whether order can be restored before they
leave.

Among the groups laying claim to various regions are the Somali National
Movement, the Somali Patriotic Movement, the Somali Democratic Movement,
the Somali Democratic Alliance, the United Somali Front and the United
Somali Party, to name a few.

Mogadishu had been controlled by the United Somali Congress, otherwise
known as the Hawiya clan, after the collapse of the country's central
government last year. But the two key leaders of that group, Gen.
Mohamed Farah Aideed and Ali Mahdi Mohamed, had a falling out. Now
Aideed controls the southern part of the city and Mahdi lays claim to
the northern suburbs, though each has retained the party title.

The Pentagon official said that although clan leaders may profess a
commitment to nation-building or democratic principles, in fact they are
interested only in amassing weapons and food - the two key elements of
power in famine-wracked Somalia.

Complicating the picture, the official said, are large quantities of
small arms left over from Somalia's splintered army, many of them in the
hands of teenagers who make their living stealing food or running
protection rackets for relief groups. The official noted that most of
Somalia's gunmen chew khat, a leaf grown in Ethiopia that produces an
amphetamine-like high.

The official said that in Mogadishu, where shooting incidents now occur
about 100 times a day, the level of violence appears to rise after 2
p.m., when Somalis typically stop whatever they are doing and take a
khat break.

The utter collapse of civil and moral authority in Somalia is all the
more perplexing because it has occurred in a country with none of the
ethnic or tribal divisions that plague other sub-Saharan nations.
Somalis are nomadic people who live as farmers and herdsmen and they
share the same physical characteristics, language, religion (Sunni
Muslim) and cultural traditions.

"Everyone belongs to the same tribe, as it were," said Said S. Samatar,
a Somali national and professor of African history at Rutgers
University. "The Somalis as a people possess the attributes that in the
West are defined to be the defining attributes of a nation."

U.S. intelligence analysts trace the immediate roots of Somalia's
collapse to the 1988 peace accord between Ethiopia and the Mogadishu
government of then-president Mohamed Siad Barre. Ethiopia had been
providing a haven for Somali rebel groups, but under terms of the
accord, forced them to return to Somalia where they resumed their fight
and, early last year, drove Barre from the capital.

With the collapse of central authority, soldiers deserted with their
weapons to their respective clans, which then tried to consolidate power
and territory. Barre, for example, retreated with his last loyal tank
battalion to the southwestern portion of the country, where his
son-in-law remains in charge, the official said; the Hawiya clan, before
it split, took over Mogadishu and surrounding territory. Groups in
northern Somalia have set up their own breakaway state, called
Somaliland.

Intelligence reports indicate that Aideed controls the largest army in
Somalia, with as many as 10,000 armed men at his disposal; Mahdi has
about half that number, the official said. Other clan armies number
anywhere from a few hundred to a few thousand.

Although the two main warlords are well armed and have a demonstrated
capability for violence, intelligence analysts do not expect them to put
up an organized fight. The Pentagon official described the two clan
leaders as "intimidated" by the imminent arrival of U.S. troops and
noted that the United States is generally well respected in Somalia.

Initiative Could Cost Up to $7.5 Billion a Year

By Guy Gugliotta

Washington Post Staff Writer

President-elect Clinton has laid the foundation for an innovative
anti-poverty policy that combines the best thinking of conservatives and
liberals, poverty professionals agree.

Whether he can implement it, his advisers and outside experts say,
depends on the federal pocketbook and on Clinton's ability to convince
traditionalists in both parties that his proposals can work. The
initiatives would add an estimated $7.5 billion a year to current
spending for anti-poverty programs.

During the campaign, Clinton spoke of enterprise zones, economic
empowerment and ending "welfare as we know it," an anti-poverty
call-to-arms able to bring at least a faint glow to the hearts of even
the staunchest conservatives.

But liberals too took comfort from Clinton's view of government as a
benign helmsman providing training, education, health care and,
ultimately, jobs for the poor.

Instead of trying to be everyone's friend, advisers and anti-poverty
experts say, Clinton simply reflected a growing conviction that a
strategy anchored in a single political ideology cannot work.

"There is a growing consensus that the solutions are more complicated
than either liberals or conservatives thought," said Bruce Reed, a
domestic policy adviser for the Clinton transition.

Liberal desires to "spend more money" and conservative hopes that the
poor will "lift themselves up by their bootstraps" are unrealistic, Reed
continued. "We have to make sure that the government's efforts really
help people to help themselves."

No one disputes that people need help: In 1990 the Census Bureau listed
33.6 million Americans (13.5 percent of the population) living in
poverty, up from 29.3 million (13 percent) 10 years earlier. More than
one in five children in the United States are poor today.

This disheartening picture emerged after a prolonged ideological
conflict between liberals, harshly critical of the Reagan and Bush
administrations for "blaming the victim" for his or her poverty, and
conservatives bitter about Great Society programs creating a "culture of
poverty."

Eventually, said Eugene Steuerle, a senior fellow at the Urban
Institute, this deadlock spawned a pernicious "compromise" that blended
liberals' desire to "get aid to the poorest" with the conservatives'
wish to "minimize the programs."

The resulting system, Steuerle continued, "forgot the working poor," who
"played by the rules" but could not collect welfare and had no health
care. It also penalized the children, who, through no fault of their
own, "were getting shortchanged" on all fronts.

Recognizing the futility of the programs, policy-makers of all
persuasions began to form a "new consensus" in the late 1980s, Clinton
economic adviser Rob Shapiro said.

"What we needed were strategies that would enable people to compete
within the system, not isolate them," he said.

Led by President Bush's housing and urban development secretary, Jack
Kemp, conservatives spoke favorably of "empowerment" policies:
inner-city enterprise zones, tenant ownership of low-income housing and
other programs offering chances for the poor to take control of their
lives.

Clinton several times has credited Kemp with innovative policies, but,
while both probably are "in the same chapter," Shapiro said, "they are
not on the same page." Clinton has said that enterprise zones and other
economic incentives can work, but must be accompanied by social programs
to help the poor take advantage of opportunities.

Reed said the estimated $7.5 billion in added costs could grow or shrink
depending on budget constraints and the priority that Clinton gives to
anti-poverty programs. Shapiro said the Clinton team is debating these
issues.

The highest priority likely will be given to expanding the earned income
tax credit for poor workers. The goal is to raise the income of every
American family to the poverty line (now $14,463 for a family of four)
through a tax refund.

This idea, Steuerle said, already has won "broad consensus" in Congress
because it is socially and economically just, and it rewards work.
Liberals also like it because it has no asset test and no requirement
except employment. Conservatives like it because it does not create a
new bureaucracy and uses existing mechanisms in the tax code. Reed said
the program would cost about $2 billion a year.

Also commanding a high priority is a Clinton plan to create 100
"community development banks" nationwide. The model for the program is
Chicago's South Shore Bank, an integrated investment group that helps
small and medium-sized inner-city entrepreneurs start businesses,
renovate housing or rebuild neighborhoods.

Reed said Clinton would like to use $1.5 billion for the development
banks and for several other initiatives: 1,000 "microenterprise centers"
providing small business loans to individuals; 75 to 100 enterprise
zones, providing tax breaks to companies that set up operations in urban
or rural poverty areas; and "individual development accounts" to
encourage savings by the poor.

Chris Walker, an Urban Institute senior research associate, said
Democrats have shown no particular enthusiasm for enterprise zones, a
Kemp favorite, but Clinton has put them high on his list. He also seems
comfortable with conservative empowerment rhetoric and its emphasis on
personal responsibility.

Steuerle suggested that Clinton has an opportunity to lead "like Nixon
in China; Democrats need to pick up the conservative side of the urban
agenda."

Also ideologically eclectic is Clinton's proposal to "end welfare as we
know it." Under the plan, welfare recipients would receive education,
training and other practical benefits for up to two years, after which
payments end and the recipient would enter the labor market. If a person
cannot find private sector work, the government would provide a job.
Reed said this program will cost about $4 billion per year.

This proposal, still short of specifics, has won cautious endorsement
from liberals who like the benefits but wonder whether two years is too
short a time before the cutoff. Conservatives like the cutoff but are
skeptical about the cost.

"There is an assumption that with an increased investment people will
get the skills necessary to get a job," Urban Institute senior
researcher Demetra Nightingale said. "But is it enough? . . . We just
don't know." Copyright 1992 The Washington Post <<>>UPn 12/03 0016 Bush briefs Clinton on Somalian situation

By LORI SANTOS

WASHINGTON (UPI) -- The U.N. Security Council is nearing a decision on
sending American ground troops to Somalia to secure food shipments in
the war and famine-ravaged nation, and President Bush wants his
successor, Bill Clinton, informed about the process.

The White House said Bush called the president-elect on Wednesday about
the Somalia relief proposal, and said a decision was expected soon at
the United Nations.

Press secretary Marlin Fitzwater said Bush wanted to personally discuss
the status of the talks with Clinton, and that they discussed the
situation for about 15 m inutes.

"We've got a lot of consultation to do," Bush later told reporters.

The president also called world leaders to seek support for a U.S.-
backed compromise proposal that would have U.S. troops leading the
initial efforts to get food in to the thousands of Somalians who are
starving in the East African nation.

"The president is essentially asking for their support for the
resolution and then querying them on possible contributions of troops,"
Fitzwater said.

The spokesman said Bush also told Clinton he expected that the
envisioned U.S. role in the overall international effort to aid the
Somalis would be completed before he left office.

The White House is backing a plan that would utilize American troops as
part of a multinational force authorized by the United Nations to
initially enter the war-torn nation and secure passages for the food
relief deliveries. Once that was done, the administration envisions an
U.N.-led effort to continue until Somalia is well on the way to
reconstruction.

"Our part would be done," Fitzwater said. "It would be up to the United
Nations then. The concept here is just to protect supplies, to get roads
open, to secure airports.

"And hopefully we'd get out of there soon. The target date is always
Jan. 20," he said.

In Little Rock, Ark., spokesman George Stephanopoulos said Clinton
remained generally supportive of Bush's efforts for Somalia but that he
could not clarify his opinion on the use of U.S. troops until it was
known precisely what the composition of the force would be and what
mission the U.N. Security Council would select.

"Once we have that, we'll have a better sense of how long they're going
to have to be there," Stephanopoulos said. "So far things look
good....The U.N. is working on a plan which is achievable and a plan
that is realistic and we hope that when that plan comes out of the
Security Council, we'll be able to support it."

Another administration official, speaking on condition of anonymity,
said the responses to Bush from world leaders also had generally been
receptive. "Fine, they're O.K.," the official said.

Among those Bush telephoned were British Prime Minister John Major,
Canadian Prime Minister Brian Mulroney and Japanese Prime Minister
Kiichi Miyazawa, and he was expected to talk to most others.

In pressing his case on the international front, in a manner similar to
one he utilized successfully in the Persian Gulf crisis in crafting an
unprecedented coalition against Iraq, Bush contacted his predecessor
personally for the first time on the crisis Wednesday, and promised to
consult regularly, Fitzwater said.

"President Bush will continue to stay in touch with the president- elect
on this issue," he said.

Otherwise, the administration continued planning while waiting for the
United Nations to act. The U.N. Security Council was considering a
number of options, including several premised on the U.S. offer last
week of up to a division, or 20,000 U.S. troops, to provide security for
relief shipments.

By Aidan Hartley

MOGADISHU, Dec 3, Reuter - Relief workers battling Somalia's famine say
American-led U.N. troops would have to move deep into the lawless
country's interior and stay for at least eight months.

"We need them until July, when the main harvest comes in. That's when
they (Somalis) can become self-sufficient again," Rhodry Wynn-Pope of
the U.S. aid agency CARE said on Wednesday.

The U.N. Security Council is expected to approve a force up to 20,000 to
control the clan warfare and banditry that stand between at least a
million starving people and the relief efforts that could save their
lives.

Wynn-Pope and other independent relief officials say troops must be sent
to central and southern towns where famine kills about 1,000 people
daily.

"Security and humanitarian relief also have to go hand in hand with
substantial aid if this is going to work -- schools, water, electricity
and seeds for the farmers. Until you get people back to the land there
can be no end to the crisis," said a U.N. official.

U.S. sources say 1,800 marines aboard a three-ship task force are
heading towards Somalia across the Indian Ocean and could be off
Mogadishu port by Thursday.

They say the U.N. force could be deployed within a month, but might stay
only two months, leaving a smaller number of troops to maintain order.

Aid workers believe that guarding relief food is not enough as the
famine, which has killed an estimated 300,000 people, could return if
underlying causes are not tackled.

"Unless they're coming in to disarm there's no point in them coming,"
said a relief official with a decade of experience in the Horn of Africa
country.

"Since the U.S. supplied many of the weapons which destroyed this
country in the last two years they have a moral obligation to take them
away."

Somalia has been in chaos since clan militias ousted dictator Mohamed
Siad Barre from Mogadishu in January 1991 and turned on each other.
There is still no national government.

One-in-six of the seven million population have fled abroad.

U.N. plans to flood Somalia with food have fallen far short of their
target: just 4,000 tonnes have been distributed out of Mogadishu port
since November 7.

The International Committee of the Red Cross had to cut rations at its
320 Mogadishu kitchens by three-quarters last week .

"So far there has been no death rate increase, but there will be very
soon," ICRC spokesman Horst Hamborg said.

Fresh fighting is reported to have erupted in the last week in the
northeast between militias of Mogadishu warlord Mohamed Farah Aideed and
Mohamed Abshir.

Refugees are flooding into the southwestern town of Baidoa, known as
"Death City" because a third of its people have died in the last 100
days.

Aid workers say carloads of militiamen loyal to Aideed are passing
through the town to fight another rival.

"The different factions are jockeying to expand their territories before
the U.S. forces arrive and things are frozen," said a Somali political
expert.

The U.N. resolved three months ago to send 4,200 blue berets
peacekeepers to Somalia but only 600 have so far arrived because of
opposition from warloards.

Plans to send in U.S. troops raised fears that 400 foreign aid workers
in Mogadishu would be in danger of attack.

But local people were surprised when Aideed, long at loggerheads with
"faceless U.N. bureacrats," and his rival Ali Mahdi Mohamed, both said
they would welcome the U.S. forces.

As a result, residents say, the capital is calmer than it has been for
months.

REUTER AHH JA PAR <<>>
APn 12/02 1359 Somalia-Climate

By THOMAS WAGNER

Associated Press Writer

MOGADISHU, Somalia (AP) -- Heat, humidity and health risks.

That's what many relief workers would say if you asked them to list the
biggest challenges -- dfter gunmen -- they faced when they first came to
Somalia.

It's so hot that if your bedroom has no air-conditioning you will go to
sleep sweating and wake up sweating.

Even when relief agencies have their armed guards drive them to work at
7:30 a.m., it's already pushing 100 degrees.

Somalis always try to avoid standing in the glcring sunlight and many of
the foreigners have to wear hats to avoid sunburn.

Even the mules, camels and sheep that trod through this wartorn city
under their owner's stick move slowly.

"If you are not used to it, you can't be as effective as you are in
climates in the West. You sweat all day even if you are not standing in
the sun," said Lars Weghagen, director of SwedRelief.

That heat used to drive some relief workers to the lovely beaches and
sand dunes near the city, even though they knew sharks fed nearby and
that women wearing Western swimsuits would offend Somalia's
predominantly Muslims.

The outings ended a few weeks ago when clan gunmen hiding in bushes
opened fire on cars carrying the relief officials back from the beach.
One relief worker suffered a bullet wound in his arm.

Many of the relief agents not only work seven days and 80 hours a week
fighting Somalia's famine, they also live under strict sgcurity rqles
aimed at protecting them from all the random gun battles in the street.

One UNICEF worker was so frustrated because he couldn't walk or jog
anywhere in Mogadishu or swim in the ocean, he had an exercise bike
flown in from Nairobi and he uses it in his bedroom.

Somalia's climate and the famine caused by its two-year civil war also
have exposed many of the relief wmrkers to rerious illnesses, including
malaria spread by mosquitos.

"I arrived in Somalia on June 23," recalled Bo Hakansson of SwedRelief.
"After two days I was terribly sick with diarrhea.

"After I recovered, I got an amoeba in my system that gave me dysentery
and diarrhea for 25 straight days. You can get this easily if you're
cook doesn't wash his hands or the plates or the vegetables well
enough."

On Oct. 13, when Gen. Said Hersi Morgan's forces defeated Gen. Mohamed
Farrah Aidid's in the southern city of Bardera, the bodies of many of
Aidid's men were left in the field fmr a week ujtil relief workers paid
Somalis to bury them.

"The bodies attracted many flies and they can land on your food without
you realizing it, or they can land on an arm that you later rub across
your sweaty top lip," said Weghagen.

In that same city, five of SwedRelief's seven relief workers got dengue
fever from mosquitos and were sick for two weeks.

The Red Cross had even worse luck, according to Hamborg.

<<>>APn 12/02 1306 Somalia-Wildlife

MOGADISHU, Somalia (AP) -- The violence and corruption that have taken a
huge human toll in Somalia have also victimized the elephants, leopards
and other animals that once roamed the countryside in abundance.

Even before central authority evaporated, the government condoned the
wholesale slaughter of wildlife in its quest for easy cash. Now that
anarchy, famine and war prevail, animals are used not only for money,
but food.

The elephant is a potent metaphor for the ravaging of Somalia's
wildlife.

Large herds once ranged the countryside, but not a single elephant is to
be found in Somalia today.

Elephants fell to ivory hunters during under former dictator Mohamed
Siad Barre, whose presidential offices in Mogadishu were decorated with
dozens of large tusks even after the international community banned
ivory trade.

After Siad Barre fell in Jenuary 1991 and the nation was plunged into
anarchy and famine, poachers turned on other game.

Leopard skins are hawked in Mogadishu streets and markets. Peddlers
offer foreigners live dik-diks, antelopes the size of a small dog, or
wild falcons that can be trained for hunting.

In the absence of a government, there no wildlife department keeping
track of the losses.

<<>>RTw 12/02 1034 MOZAMBIQUE TO APPEAL FOR MILLION TONS OF FOOD

By Iain Christie

MAPUTO, Dec 2, Reuter - The Mozambican government will appeal next week
for more than a million tonnes of food aid to help its people survive
1993 and recover from years of war and drought.

A detailed 68-page account of the country's needs, prepared by the
government in collaboration with the United Nations, will be presented
to the World Bank consultative group on Mozambique, which meets in Paris
on Tuesday.

The appeal, a copy of which was received by Reuters on Wednesday, says
1,136,510 tonnes of food will be needed between May 1993 and April 1994.

Slightly over a million tonnes of this is cereals -- mostly maize but
including some rice and wheat. The rest is pulses, oil and sugar.

The document, "Towards Reconstruction," is the latest in a series of
annual statements of needs which have been presented since the
government and the U.N. declared an emergency in Mozambique in February
1987.

The crisis was caused partly by drought but mainly by a 16-year civil
war in which Renamo rebels were strongly backed by South Africa in the
heyday of apartheid. A peace agreement between the government and Renamo
was signed on October 4.

The appeal document says that "the establishment of peace and security
will remove the original cause of the emergency situation" and the
two-year drought "appears largely to have broken."

But food aid will still be needed. Many rural people are not yet able to
plant crops.

"The more than five million Mozambicans who have been displaced by the
war will now begin to resettle in their home areas. Some 1.5 million are
refugees in neighbouring countries while the others have been internally
displaced," the document says.

Tens of thousands of combatants are to be demobilised under the October
agreement. Many of them will also want to return to rural areas, the
report says.

"The government of Mozambique must now meet the massive challenge of
ensuring the survival of 3.86 million people still in need of emergency
assistance, and of laying the groundwork for sustainable development and
growth," the report says.

It adds: "The immediate priority is to transform the emergency programme
into the first phase of a reconstruction process...while at the same
time enhancing rural rehabilitation.

"Nevertheless, food aid is the largest component of Mozambique's special
requirements in the period of transition."

REUTER STR BB JA <<>>APn 12/02 0826 Somalia-What Next?

By ANDREW KATELL

Associated Press Writer

UNITED NATIONS (AP) -- After Somalis are fed and order is restored, the
United Nations will have to tackle the longer-range and more
controversial problem of filling the power vacuum in a country without a
government.

Diplomats agree it is too early to discuss exactly how the U.N. can help
restore political stability in Somalia. But they worry that when the
foreign troops leave, the warlords will take over and starvation will
spread again.

Several Security Council members interviewed, as well as
Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-Ghali, have stressed that national
reconciliation should go hand-in-hand with emergency humanitarian
relief.

"The operation cannot be only a military operation," said Ambassador
Jean-Bernard Merimee of France. "It has to have some political purpose.
Be it disarming the factions or trying to give birth to some sort of
political structure in Somalia, certainly it has to be there."

An important African member of the Security Council, Ambassador
Simbarashe Mumbengegwi of Zimbabwe, said that no matter what form it
takes, the United Nations must provide a "mechanism for creating
national reconciliation."

Several diplomats said Tuesday that the United Nations' pioneering
mission in Cambodia could serve as a model.

Under an agreement among the Khmer Rouge and three other factions
designed to end 12 years of civil war, the United Nations is now
overseeing Cambodia's foreign affairs, defense, finance and public
security.

The United Nations is to conduct general elections in Cambodia next
year.

Such direct U.N. involvement in a country's internal political structure
is unprecedented, and may be needed again in Somalia.

Since former dictator Mohammed Siad Barre was ousted nearly two years
ago, fighting among those who would succeed him has destroyed central
authority and helped to turn a severe drought into a catastrophic famine
that has killed at least 300,000 people and left 2 million on the verge
of starvation.

The United Nations may be the best hope for getting the warring parties
to negotiate, set up an interim government and supervise elections.

Ambassador Andre Erdos of Hungary, a member of the Security Council,
believes the Cambodian approach might be possible in Somalia, but not
easy.

And even in Cambodia, U.N. efforts have been stalled by the recalcitrant
Khmer Rouge.

"I foresee more difficulties as far as Somalia is concerned because of
the fragmentation of the society and the country and the existence of so
many warlords and armed factions," Erdos said.

Cambodia was more clear-cut because there were only four groups
involved, and they were organized, he said. "Meanwhile, in Somalia you
have gangs and young people rampaging all over the country. It's very
hard to talk to them."

Somalia's chief warlords, Mohamed Farrah Aidid and Ali Mahdi Mohamed,
have said they welcome the proposal to send in thousands of troops,
chiefly from the United States, to safeguard emergency food shipments.

But that may be simply because each thinks they can benefit, not because
they are ready to discuss peace.

U.N. negotiators had been unable to persuade the clans to accept
additional U.N. peacekeepers.

African nations worried about the precedent of U.N. political
intervention on their continent might resist.

And China -- one of the five Security Council members with veto power --
might also be hesitant because of its overall policy of
non-intervention. It is particularly sensitive because of its own
humanitarian problems.

Some aid workers in Somalia are anxious that a large-scale deployment of
U.S. troops could lead to retaliation against foreigners, thereby
complicating relief work instead of making it easier.

But none of the major agencies is contemplating evacuating staff, at
least for now.

"We may reduce staff, but first have to see if the situation gets
worse," Catherine Cazeaux, a spokeswoman for the International Committee
of the Red Cross spokeswoman, said today.

<<>>RTw 12/02 0241 FOURTH RELIEF FLIGHT FROM SUDAN ARRIVES IN SOMALIA

KHARTOUM, Dec 2, Reuter - Sudan's fourth relief flight to Sudan has
arrived in the capital Mogadishu, the official Sudan News Agency (SUNDA)
reported on Wednesday.

Sudan started to dispatch relief aid to Somalia, which has been
devastated by civil war and famine, in October.

SUNA said the plane which flew into Somalia on Tuesday was loaded with
23 tonnes of rice, lentils, wheat flour, edible oil and other food
items.

The shipment also included medicines and textbooks for schools which are
reported to have reopened in Somalia recently, the agency said.

SUNA said the Sudanese relief flights to Somalia will continue at an
average of two a day.

REUTER ALT MR <<>>RTw 12/01 2134 FARMERS REAP BITTER HARVEST FROM HUNGARY'S RURAL CHAOS

FARMERS REAP BITTER HARVEST FROM HUNGARY'S RURAL CHAOS

By Michael Shields

KISKUNMAJSA, Hungary, Dec 2, Reuter - Hungary's new-found respect for
private property means land forced into giant cooperatives under the
communists is slowly reverting to individual owners. But the rebirth of
private farming has caused chaos in the countryside.

Unemployment has hit 40 per cent in some rural areas, farmers find it
next to impossible to borrow money and a sharp recession has cut demand
for their goods.

Scrambling for money has become the farmers' common lot as Hungary
overhauls agriculture, a sector that for 30 years enjoyed the full
support of the communist state.

The uncertainty surrounding the transfer of land back into private hands
-- either directly or through coupons issued to victims of property
expropriations -- has halted investment at many farms.

"The cooperatives in Hungary have to stand on many legs," explained
Gyorgy Szikora, president of the Jonathan Cooperative Farm. His workers
process poultry skin into leather, cure tobacco, make cognac, run a
thermal bath and repair fire extinguishers to supplement what they make
from growing and selling food.

"No doubt this is a temporary thing, but the question is how long it
will last," Szikora said. "I think we still have not hit bottom. We are
not in the process of getting organised, we are still getting
disorganised."

The government sees the shakeout as a regrettable but neccesary step in
sharpening up a sector grown soft by selling grain, meat, wine and
processed foods to undemanding communist trading partners.

"Our first priority is to be efficient, competitive and profitable,"
declared Gyorgy Rasko, state secretary at the Agriculture Ministry.

Hungary's only chance to compete against heavily subsidised products
from wealthy European nations is to wring even more efficiency from
production costs that already average only 40 per cent of Western
European levels.

Jobs are being sacrificed for extra efficiency.

Rasko said the number of full-time agricultural workers had halved in
three years to 350,000. Another 50,000 will be out of work by next year,
helping to push Hungary's unemployment rate toward 20 per cent.

Many of the new jobless are what Hungarians call "vatta ember" --
literally, "cotton people" -- low-paid farm workers at whose expense
managers could raise the pay of top engineers and crop specialists.

Wage liberalisation now makes them obsolete, cast adrift in farm
villages where there is no other work.

"This is a tragic social problem in rural areas," Rasko said.

Many of the 1,400 cooperatives are seeking new roles as the glue that
binds farmers together. They sell fertiliser and chemicals to private
farmers, coordinate production and buy their goods for resale and try to
earn extra money by operating tourist businesses, restaurants and
thermal springs.

Most farmers getting their own land are also sticking with the
cooperatives, which grew out of forced collectivisation.

Rasko estimates that 60,000 to 70,000 individual farmers -- around a
quarter of the total -- have quit to go it alone rather than leave their
land in new voluntary associations.

"Of these, 50 per cent will go bankrupt because they are not efficient
and clever enough, but the others will compete against the (voluntary)
production cooperatives," he said.

At the Jonathan Cooperative, only a handful of farmers have left, mostly
older people who despised the co-ops and the way people were bullied
into joining them, Szikora said.

"Personally I am for the cooperative not because I am its president but
because it is a company and this is how it operates," he reasoned.

"The way it was created originally was a serious mistake. This hurt my
family. My father had to hide from the thugs who came around. But
splitting up its tools and equipment is not a rational thing."

Even if voluntary cooperatives can emerge from the chaos, farmers still
have to find buyers for their goods, survive without subsidies or
guaranteed prices, and scrounge for bank loans that demand 30 per cent
interest if available at all.

"To borrow money is suicide," said Sandor Kakuk, a pig broker whose
travels through the sandy farmland of southern Hungary have convinced
him agriculture is about to collapse.

"You see more and more people in the pubs who never used to go to pubs,"
he said. "They cannot find their place. They have to live from one day
to the next. They don't have the reserves to try to turn it around and
make a go of it somewhere else.

"I hope it won't lead to an explosion, but the tensions are huge," he
added.

Despite the gloom, farmers continue to plant crops and work the land.

This autumn, for instance, despite the land uncertainty and financial
problems, they sowed more than 950,000 hectares (2.347 million acres)
with wheat, up from 827,000 hectares (2.044 million acres) last year,
Rasko said.

"People are clever enough and pragmatic, although they love to
complain," he said.

The key to Hungary's future will be making farmers think quality instead
of quantity, a process that is already starting as the countryside turns
its attention to Western markets.

Export earnings from farm products -- 60 per cent of which go to the
European Community -- dipped only to $2.5 billion this year from $2.7
billion last year despite severe drought and the economic upheaval that
cut farm output.

"We have markets," said Rasko. "We can reach our export objectives. The
main problem now is not exporting, but how to increase production in
some sectors of agriculture."

Meanwhile, the farmers of Kiskunmajsa grumble.

"The danger is that people who cannot pay their electricity bill or feed
their children will take their problems to the streets," Szikora
cautioned. "This could happen soon."

REUTER MAS VB ABD <<>>RTw 12/01 1033 SOMALIA'S ``TOWN OF DEATH'' CLAIMS YOUNG VICTIMS

By Jonathan Clayton

NAIROBI, Dec 1, Reuter - Famine and disease killed two-thirds of
children under the age of five in Baidoa, Somalia's "town of death,"
from April to November despite international relief efforts, an official
report said.

The survey, conducted last month by the United Nations Children's Fund
(UNICEF) and the U.S. Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance (OFDA), said
the most common cause of death of the weakened children was diarrhoea
followed by measles.

The report, obtained by Reuters in Nairobi, noted that overall some
12,418 people, a third of the population of 37,000, died between August
9 and November 18 despite the relief effort.

No exact figures were given for the number of young children who died.

But the report said crude mortalilty rates (CMR) had been reduced from a
staggering 78.4 per 10,000 per day in the second week of September to
19.7 per 10,000 per day in the second week of November.

"The population of Baidoa has been devastated by war and famine in the
past six months," it said.

Baidoa is located in the Bay region of southern Somalia which has borne
the brunt of one of the worst famines of the century -- officially
labelled today's "worst humanitarian crisis."

The report stressed Baidoa is not an exception and could even be better
off than other towns in the area.

"Baidoa receives a considerable amount of relief aid; other towns in the
Bay region ... have more displaced people and receive less aid. Thus
mortality rates in Baidoa and among displaced people in Baidoa should
not be assumed to be aberrantly high," it said.

In a passage likely to increase pressure for armed U.N. intervention to
guarantee food reaches the needy and is not stolen by gunmen, the report
said the situation is unlikely to improve until food can be trucked in
by road.

"Trucks cannot deliver food because of the extraordinary security risks.
Until this impasse is resolved, the current situation may continue," the
report said.

After months of fruitless bargaining with Somalia's warlords, the United
Nations is reported to be considering a "Desert Storm"-type operation
led by the United States to stop gunmen hampering relief operations.

U.N. Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-Ghali, in a letter to the
Security Councilon Monday, said there was "no alternative but to decide
to adopt more forceful measures" to secure humanitarian efforts in the
stricken East African country.

But reports from the U.N.'s New York headquarters said the Security
Council would wish to ensure the operation remained under closer U.N.
scrutiny than the coalition which drove the Iraqi army out of Kuwait
last year.

A U.N. presence of some 600 Pakistani soldiers has been unable to deter
armed gangs from attacking relief convoys and stealing a large
proportion of the aid.

The report said that only a large increase in relief efforts would lower
death rates. It called for a coordinated measles vaccination campaign in
the region and action to be taken to improve water supplies.

REUTER JMC JCH <<>>APn 12/01 0137 Food Stamps

By JENNIFER DIXON

AP Farm Writer

WASHINGTON (AP) -- The number of Americans receiving food stamps set
another record in September, when participation in the government's
largest food assistance program topped 26 million, Agriculture
Department records show.

A USDA spokesman said Monday that victims of hurricanes in Florida,
Louisiana and Hawaii and Typhoon Omar in Guam helped pushed the food
stamp rolls to nearly 26.43 million, or more than one in every 10
Americans.

That was a jump of 575,205 recipients from August to September and a
2.75 million rise from a year ago.

Phil Shanholtzer, a spokesman for USDA's Food and Nutrition Service,
said the weather disasters were to blame for 530,000 of the new food
stamp recipients in September.

Florida showed a 25 percent increase in participation from August and a
43 percent increase from September 1991, USDA said. Louisiana posted a
16 percent increase from a month ago and a 20.6 percent increase from a
year ago.

Participation also rose significantly in Hawaii and Guam: 35 percent
from a month ago and 53 percent from a year ago for Hawaii and 829
percent from a month ago and 905 percent from a year ago for Guam.

The remainder of the national month-to-month increase, Shanholtzer said,
may result from seasonal workers' losing their jobs at summer's end. The
number of food stamp recipients traditionally rises with the beginning
of fall.

"Food stamps are a last resort," said Rep. Tony P. Hall, D-Ohio,
chairman of the House Select Committee on Hunger. "It's a bad sign when
26 million Americans are so desperate that they need them to eat."

USDA's records also show a sharp jump in the number of low-income
children who receive a free or reduced-price lunches: from 11.9 million
in September 1991 to 12.5 million in September 1992, an increase of
600,000. Overall participation in the lunch program increased by only
200,000, from 24.2 million to 24.4 million students.

Children who receive a free or reduced-price meal represent 51.3 percent
of the students who ate a school lunch in September. A year ago, 49.3
percent of the meals were served to low-income students.

Sen. Patrick Leahy, D-Vt., chairman of the Senate Agriculture Committee,
said the increase is a "cold reminder of the human toll the recession
has taken.

"This latest increase of over 500,000 men, women and children needing
food stamp assistance is evidence that the economy remains weak --
despite the positive economic news."

Leahy said he would urge the Clinton administration not to forget those
who are "struggling to put food on the table for their families."

<<>>RTw 11/30 1943 SINEAD O'CONNOR GIVES MANSION TO SOMALIA APPEAL

LONDON, Dec 1, Reuter - Irish rock star Sinead O'Connor rang a
television charity appeal and donated her Hollywood mansion to help
starving Somalia.

Sinead contacted the "This Morning" programme on Monday after watching a
Red Cross plea for money to help famine-stricken children, said a
spokesman for Granada television.

"We have some amazing news. Sinead O'Connor has phoned in and donated
her house," presenter Richard Madeley told viewers. "She does not want
to come on air but we have checked it out and she has given the house,
lock, stock and barrel."

The house, understood to be worth around 500,000 pounds ($752,900), is
said to have five bedrooms, three reception rooms, a Jacuzzi, landscaped
gardens and a swimming pool.

It will be auctioned at London's Savoy Hotel in February.

A Granada spokesman said on Monday night: "She just rang up, didn't want
to go on air and said "have my Hollywood mansion.'

"We are absolutely delighted and very grateful to Sinead. It is a huge
gesture from which, I am sure, the Somalians will benefit greatly."

The outspoken, shaven-headed singer caused outrage in the United States
in October when she ripped up a picture of the Pope on television. Her
biggest hit was the chart-topping "Nothing Compares 2U" in 1989.

REUTER PRM CD <<>>RTw 11/30 1904 VOICES AGAINST SENDING U.S. TROOPS TO SOMALIA

By Alan Elsner

WASHINGTON, Nov 30, Reuter - The possibility that the United States may
send peacekeeping troops to Somalia has raised a chorus of voices
warning against the potential risks of the operation.

Nobody questions the moral imperatives of a situation in which some
300,0000 people are already thought to have starved to death and a
further 1,000 are dying every day.

But sceptics ask how a U.S. troops presence of up to 30,000 will be
received by the tribal warlords and armed bandits terrorising the East
African country.

"There's no doubt it's a dangerous situation and so when you send troops
into a situation like Somalia, you should be prepared for the troops to
be shot at and have to return fire," said Jeff Drumstra of the U.S.
Commission for Refugees who supports the operation.

"What you have right now is complete anarchy. Relief workers are being
shot at, 80 per cent of the relief food is being looted and the result
is 1,000 deaths every day," he said.

This in a nutshell is the argument for those who favour the operation.
It is driven by compassion and emotion at the suffering of innocent
people, especially children.

"It's got to stop, too many people are starving to death, something has
to be done to bring it to a halt," said acting U.S. Secretary of State
Lawrence Eagleburger at the weekend.

But Eagleburger said the aim of the mission had to be very tightly
defined as getting food to the starving, and a strict time limit -- some
have suggested six months -- would have to be placed on the deployment.

Then, there is the question of how to get the troops out again -- a
problem that would be faced not by Eagleburger and George Bush's
administration but by President-elect Bill Clinton and his secretary of
state.

"The question of how you extract forces in these sorts of situations is
always difficult, and I can't deny that. That obviously is one of the
questions that's going to have to be looked at before any decisions are
made," Eagleburger said.

State Department spokesman Richard Boucher on Monday discouraged
speculation about more grandiose proposals under which the peacekeepers
take over the country, pacify the tribal warlords and reconstitute a
central governing authority.

"As far as the question of political solutions and governments, we've
not advocated that the United Nations somehow take over Somalia,"
Boucher said.

But without basic political reform, can a purely humanitarian mission
succeed? Rakiya Omaar, director of Africa Watch, does not think it
could.

"This total obsession and focus on the delivery of humanitarian
assistance in a political vacuum is extremely dangerous," she said.

"The only way that Somalia can be put back on its feet is to talk about
the delivery of humanitarian assistance at the same time as promoting
political reconciliation and talking about the restructuring of social
services in the future.

"Outside of that, it makes no sense and believe me, those American
troops will start coming back in body bags," she said.

Somali expert Said Samatar of Rutgers University said the warlords would
initially try to gain the favour of the U.S. troops rather than provoke
their hostility. But the fact is that the advent of a large peacekeeping
force would be a direct threat to their power.

In any case, they do not control many of the armed gangs roaming the
country who are making their fortunes by looting food intended for the
starving.

Last week, the British charity Save the Children Fund -- which has a
long and respected record in Somalia -- predicted large-scale military
intrevention would be a disaster.

REUTER AE ADS SJ <<>>RTw 11/30 0841 SUDAN SLIDES INTO CHAOS AND FAMINE

By Aidan Hartley

NAIROBI, Nov 30, Reuter - With the breakdown of peace efforts to end
Sudan's civil war, relief workers fear the rebellious south is slipping
into a state of chaos and famine on a scale matching Somalia.

Clashes between splinter groups of the rebel Sudan People's Liberation
Army (SPLA) and the threat of a major government army offensive next
month have cut off large famine-hit areas of the south from outside aid.

"In terms of human suffering it's easy to draw a parallel with Somalia,"
said U.N. official Anthony Owereko in Nairobi.

Relief workers estimate 500,000 people have died -- mainly civilians in
famine -- since the war started in 1983 and some 4.5 million southerners
have been driven from their homes.

But unlike disasters in Somalia and Ethiopia in the last decade, Sudan
has attracted little international attention.

On Friday, SPLA chief John Garang announced peace talks scheduled to
resume in the Nigerian capital Abuja on December 5 had been put off due
to government demands that all rival rebel splinter groups attend.

Garang, who rejected this demand, accused Sudan's military leader
Lieutenant-General Omar Hassan al-Bashir of scuppering the peace talks
in favour of a big military push when the dry season sets in next month.

"The government is unable to negotiate seriously because they believe
the (SPLA) movement is so divided within itself it can be defeated...The
splits won't win them the war. On the contrary they will make things
worse," Garang told Reuters.

Several tribes of the multi-ethnic and black Christian south had been
joined in the SPLA since it launched its fight against the Arabised and
Moslem north in 1983, political analysts say.

But dividing along ethnic lines, one faction under Riak Machar rebelled
against Garang in August 1991. A second group under SPLA deputy chief
William Nyuon split this September.

Clashes between Nyuon and Garang have erupted since then in Eastern
Equatoria, where the U.N. suspended all operations in September
following the mysterious murder of three foreign aid workers and a
journalist.

No food has reached 100,000 displaced people in the region since then.
Relief staff say they will flood into neighbouring Uganda soon or die in
squalid camps.

"I have reports of deaths from malnutrition: large numbers of children
have died...many people have dispersed and live in the bush. The
situation is grim," said Dan Kelly, head of the U.S. charity for Sudan
ACROSS.

Large areas of Bahr al-Ghazal province are beyond reach and Kelly
described the food situation in Upper Nile province as "critical"
following the destruction of crops by torrential floods.

Food relief has not been resumed to most of the 14 towns overrun by the
government army in its last dry season offensive this year and relief
staff say the situation in key towns held by Khartoum, such as the
southern capital Juba, is also dire.

"What will we find in these dark zones where we don't have any access
when we get there, if we get there?" asked Brenda Barton of the U.N.'s
World Food Programme.

REUTER AHH JMC JCH <<>>
UPn 11/30 0023 Children's voices raised in song despite war, despair

By KEVIN SULLIVAN

SARAJEVO, Bosnia-Herzegovina (UPI) -- Armed only with a bubbly
personality and a fine voice, 9-year-old Ljuvitsa Popovica got her
audience clapping in time as she belted out a popular ballad celebrating
the fortitude and certain survival of her hometown, Sarajevo.

The recent occasion was the second heat of the 5th Annual Children's
Song Festival. The event used to include children from all republics of
the old Yugoslavia competing for a place in the gala final in Sarajevo.
Some 15,000 children packed the city's Olympic Hall for last year's
final.

Ljuvitsa opened the show for an audience of 400 in a cavernous hall with
all its windows broken. Cigarette butts littered the floor, the stage
was made up of dirty planks and half the audience were in uniform. The
1992 festival is a far cry from the well-oiled extravaganzas of years
past.

But Ljuvitsa had the crowd in her hand, singing as if nothing was amiss.

She was just one of 18 young contestants performing during the two- hour
show staged as freezing darkness descended outside and television
spotlights running on a makeshift diesel generator picked out the
singers through a growing pall of cigarette smoke.

Festival organizer Dragan Cicovic explained the difficulties of putting
on a show under siege conditions. Sarajevo has been under siege since
last spring by Serb rebels trying to carve out territory from the former
Yugoslav republic of Bosnia-Herzegovina.

"We couldn't collect all the singers in one place for auditions,"
Cicovic said. "We visited just about all the basements in Sarajevo to
listen to singers individually. That way the children were never in
danger."

"It took longer, but I think we got the best singers."

The latest heat was held at a military barracks, next door to a prison.

Proud mothers and fathers stood behind benches packed with children. The
more enthusiastic children got up and danced. Everyone joined in the
singing.

Traditionally, contestants, aged between 8 and 12, selected songs that
had been popular hits in the year of the festival. This year almost all
the numbers were about the civil war in Bosnia-Herzegovina.

Edin Dzigal, 11, chose a song titled "Lilacs are blooming." Edin, a
precocious and likeable young man with no shortage of self-confidence,
explained simply that the song was about blooming lilacs.

The lyrics, at greater length, express sadness that while flowers bloom
in Bosnia, the country is suffering. It contains a rousing chorus which
looks forward to the day when lilacs will bloom and Bosnia will be at
peace.

Edin electrified the audience with a show-stopping rendition.

Asked before the performance if he was the best singer in his class,
Edin observed that he was in fact the best singer in his school. He was
also the best singer of the afternoon. He won.

Jim Rosenfield

unread,

Dec 6, 1992, 4:46:00 PM12/6/92

/* Written 1:45 pm Dec 6, 1992 by jnr in igc:hunger.general */

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