Zip To Create Dictionary

[Tamela]

The dictionary structure consists of attributes. Dictionary attributes are specified similarly to table columns. The only required attribute property is its type, all other properties may have default values.

Another thing to note about the differences between keys and values in Python dictionaries, is the fact that keys are unique. This means that a key can only appear once in the dictionary, whereas there can be duplicate values.

I've been tasked with adding a "dictionary check" against user's passwords to prevent weak passwords. Unfortunately, that is about as much guidance as I've been given and I need some help deciphering what it means. It would be super-easy to download a standard English dictionary file and compare the password to the words in the list, but of course the policy requires an 8 character minimum, 1 each upper- and lower-case letters, 2 numbers and 1 punctuation so no password would ever be found in the dictionary.

Rather than just malignantly comply and use a standard English dictionary, how should I interpret this in a sensible way? Should I use it to disallow Tr0ub4dor&3-type passwords? Should I reject passwords that contain dictionary words verbatim? (That seems dumb because there go diceware passphrases...)

First and foremost, realize that when we're talking about password cracking, "dictionary" means a list of base password candidates, which can be used both by themselves, or - much more fruitfully - as part of a rules based attack.

For some guidance on what a rules back dictionary attack can do, take a look at Hashcat for the types of rules it supports, and note that when you have the plaintext user password, it's easy and very, very fast to apply many rules in "reverse"; i.e. given an actual password, could it have easily come from a base cracking dictionary word plus some number of rules?

Therefore, correcthorsebattery would get all three words pulled out by pulling the top 4000 English words out, and thus fits into a keyspace of 4000^3. correcthorsebatterystaple passes that test, or even top 4000^4 (solely because of staple).

Many crackers start with brute force for tiny passwords, then small wordlists and large rulesets, then large wordlists - the largest I'm aware of is over 30GB, and includes almost every password found to have been cracked by anyone on a given popular forum, plus many, many other large wordlists.

Find yourself a happy medium - fast enough to be performant, large enough and with enough "rules" to cut out the first few fast passes of cracking software - if you are using PBKDF2 with enough (hundreds of thousands) of iterations, or BCrypt or SCrypt with a high enough work factor, then only small dictionaries + large rulesets and large dictionaries + small rulesets will be practical attacks for a few years.

As part of educating, perhaps show them some alternatives you generate that pass your own tests, if you flunk their password, so definitely let the users know which particular rule they hit, whether it was "password is a word in password guessing wordlists used by attackers" or "password is a word in password guessing wordlists used by attackers plus a toggle case rule plus a number on the end".

3) correcthorsebatterystaple type passwords, but with longer and uncommon words. For instance, take the Ubuntu american english insane dictionary, subtract out all the words in the american english small dictionary, and select N words of at least 7 characters in length. This leaves you without any really short words, and without the most common words.

Personally, I would also strongly suggest raising your length limit; about 14 is what I would recommend, but for most userbases that's just too long. Try a minimum of 12 or even 10, enough so a fully random password might have a slight amount of value at the minimum length and character set.

Ultimately it'll be up to your management to send communications to your end users. However, this is commonly "spun" (because unlike most marketing clickbait, I think this is a good thing) as increasing the security of your data. This will also have the side effect of encouraging users to think about security, the passwords they use, and not reusing passwords.

Personally I'd recommend, instead of building more complex passwords or filters to check for dictionary words, dropping passwords altogether in favour of passphrases (including blanks) with a decently long minimum length. A passphrase (4-5+ words) is much easier for humans to remember and increased string length makes it much harder to crack. Brute-force dictionary attacks become pretty much useless at that point.
Whereas, creating more and more convoluted password rules just ends up creating passwords that are harder to remember, forcing users(since most folks still don't use vaults) to write them down or use variations on a base, and therefore easier for computers to crack (each rule creates a restriction on that ends up limiting the possible combinations).

BuiltIn is Robot Framework's standard library that provides a set of generic keywords needed often. It is imported automatically and thus always available. The provided keywords can be used, for example, for verifications (e.g. Should Be Equal, Should Contain), conversions (e.g. Convert To Integer) and for various other purposes (e.g. Log, Sleep, Run Keyword If, Set Global Variable).

Many of the keywords accept an optional error message to use if the keyword fails, and it is possible to use HTML in these messages by prefixing them with *HTML*. See Fail keyword for a usage example. Notice that using HTML in messages is not limited to BuiltIn library but works with any error message.

Expressions are evaluated using Python's eval function so that all Python built-ins like len() and int() are available. In addition to that, all unrecognized variables are considered to be modules that are automatically imported. It is possible to use all available Python modules, including the standard modules and the installed third party modules.

Evaluate also allows configuring the execution namespace with a custom namespace and with custom modules to be imported. The latter functionality is useful in special cases where the automatic module import does not work such as when using nested modules like rootmod.submod or list comprehensions. See the documentation of the Evaluate keyword for mode details.

When a variable is used in the expressing using the normal $variable syntax, its value is replaced before the expression is evaluated. This means that the value used in the expression will be the string representation of the variable value, not the variable value itself. This is not a problem with numbers and other objects that have a string representation that can be evaluated directly, but with other objects the behavior depends on the string representation. Most importantly, strings must always be quoted, and if they can contain newlines, they must be triple quoted.

Actual variables values are also available in the evaluation namespace. They can be accessed using special variable syntax without the curly braces like $variable. These variables should never be quoted.

Using the $variable syntax slows down expression evaluation a little. This should not typically matter, but should be taken into account if complex expressions are evaluated often and there are strict time constrains.

This library has special keywords Set Global Variable, Set Suite Variable, Set Test Variable and Set Local Variable for creating variables in different scopes. These keywords take the variable name and its value as arguments. The name can be given using the normal $variable syntax or in escaped format either like $variable or \\$variable. For example, these are typically equivalent and create new suite level variable $name with value value:

A problem with using the normal $variable syntax is that these keywords cannot easily know is the idea to create a variable with exactly that name or does that variable actually contain the name of the variable to create. If the variable does not initially exist, it will always be created. If it exists and its value is a variable name either in the normal or in the escaped syntax, variable with that name is created instead. For example, if $name variable would exist and contain value $example, these examples would create different variables:

NOTE: It is recommended to use the VAR syntax introduced in Robot Framework 7.0 for creating variables in different scopes instead of the Set Global/Suite/Test/Local Variable keywords. It makes creating variables uniform and avoids all the problems discussed above.

Some keywords accept arguments that are handled as Boolean values true or false. If such an argument is given as a string, it is considered false if it is an empty string or equal to FALSE, NONE, NO, OFF or 0, case-insensitively. Keywords verifying something that allow dropping actual and expected values from the possible error message also consider string no values to be false. Other strings are considered true unless the keyword documentation explicitly states otherwise, and other argument types are tested using the same rules as in Python.

Some keywords, for example Should Match Regexp, support regular expressions that are more powerful but also more complicated that glob patterns. The regular expression support is implemented using Python's re module and its documentation should be consulted for more information about the syntax.

Because the backslash character (\\) is an escape character in Robot Framework test data, possible backslash characters in regular expressions need to be escaped with another backslash like \\\\d\\\\w+. Strings that may contain special characters but should be handled as literal strings, can be escaped with the Regexp Escape keyword.

Several keywords log values explicitly (e.g. Log) or implicitly (e.g. Should Be Equal when there are failures). By default, keywords log values using human-readable string representation, which means that strings like Hello and numbers like 42 are logged as-is. Most of the time this is the desired behavior, but there are some problems as well:

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