During a total solar eclipse, the moon passes between Earth and the Sun. When this happens, the moon blocks out the bright light of the Sun. The glowing white corona can then be seen surrounding the eclipsed Sun.
A NASA mission called IRIS may have provided one possible answer. The mission discovered packets of very hot material called "heat bombs" that travel from the Sun into the corona. In the corona, the heat bombs explode and release their energy as heat. But astronomers think that this is only one of many ways in which the corona is heated.
The corona extends far out into space. From it comes the solar wind that travels through our solar system. The corona's temperature causes its particles to move at very high speeds. These speeds are so high that the particles can escape the Sun's gravity.
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The chromosphere may play a role in conducting heat from the interior of the sun to its outermost layer, the corona. "We see certain kinds of solar seismic waves channeling upwards into the lower atmosphere, called the chromosphere, and from there, into the corona," Junwei Zhao, a solar scientist at Stanford University in Stanford, California, and lead author of a study that tracked waves from sunspots said in a statement. "This research gives us a new viewpoint to look at waves that can contribute to the energy of the atmosphere."
The third layer of the sun's atmosphere is the corona. Like the chromosphere, the sun's corona can only be seen during a total solar eclipse (or with NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory). It appears as white streamers or plumes of ionized gas that flow outward into space. Temperatures in the sun's corona can get as high as 3.5 million degrees F (2 million degrees C). As the gases cool, they become the solar wind.
"The explosions are called nanoflares because they have one-billionth the energy of a regular flare," Jim Klimchuk, a solar scientist at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Maryland, said in a statement. "Despite being tiny by solar standards, each packs the wallop of a 10-megaton hydrogen bomb. Millions of them are going off every second across the sun, and collectively they heat the corona."
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Engineering nanomaterials are increasingly considered promising and powerful biomedical tools or devices for imaging, drug delivery, and cancer therapies, but few nanomaterials have been tested in clinical trials. This wide gap between bench discoveries and clinical application is mainly due to the limited understanding of the biological identity of nanomaterials. When they are exposed to the human body, nanoparticles inevitably interact with bodily fluids and thereby adsorb hundreds of biomolecules. A "biomolecular corona" forms on the surface of nanomaterials and confers a new biological identity for NPs, which determines the following biological events: cellular uptake, immune response, biodistribution, clearance, and toxicity. A deep and thorough understanding of the biological effects triggered by the protein corona in vivo will speed up their translation to the clinic. To date, nearly all studies have attempted to characterize the components of protein coronas depending on different physiochemical properties of NPs. Herein, recent advances are reviewed in order to better understand the impact of the biological effects of the nanoparticle-corona on nanomedicine applications. The recent development of the impact of protein corona formation on the pharmacokinetics of nanomedicines is also highlighted. Finally, the challenges and opportunities of nanomedicine toward future clinical applications are discussed.
The uppermost portion of the Sun's atmosphere is called the corona. It extends many thousands of kilometers above the visible surface of the Sun, gradually transforming into the solar wind that flows outward through our solar system. The solar wind is really just an extension of the Sun's atmosphere that engulfs all of the planets. Earth actually orbits within the atmosphere of a star!
We normally cannot see the corona. The surface of the Sun is far too bright to allow a glimpse of the much fainter solar atmosphere. During a total solar eclipse, the corona briefly comes into view as the Moon blocks out the light from the solar surface.
The corona is wispy, white streamers of plasma (charged gas) that radiate out from the surface of the Sun. It constantly changes shape and size.