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Tilo Chopin
Hunnic peoples migrated westward across Eurasia, switched between farming and herding, and became violent raiders in response to severe drought in the Danube frontier provinces of the Roman empire, a new study argues.
New climate data reconstructed from tree rings by Prof Bntgen and colleagues provides information about yearly changes in climate over the last 2000 years. It shows that Hungary experienced episodes of unusually dry summers in the 4th and 5th centuries. Hakenbeck and Bntgen point out that climatic fluctuations, in particular drought spells from 420 to 450 CE, would have reduced crop yields and pasture for animals beyond the floodplains of the Danube and Tisza.
Hunnic attacks on the Roman frontier intensified after Attila came to power in the late 430s. The Huns increasingly demanded gold payments and eventually a strip of Roman territory along the Danube. In 451 CE, the Huns invaded Gaul and a year later they invaded northern Italy.
Kent State University Professor Sarah Harvey, Ph.D., in the Department of Modern and Classical Language Studies is currently co-director of one such dig, exploring the necropolis of the Vallone di San Lorenzo, which was originally discovered by Domenico Golini in 1855. With more than 50 chamber tombs discovered since the 19th century, the necropolis has been stripped of many items that raiders and thieves of previous centuries would consider valuable, such as precious metals. Yet, many insightful objects remain.
As Harvey explains it, the Tiber River in the pre-Roman period was a channel that facilitated trade across the central Apennine Mountains, which means there was very likely a mix of populations passing through the region at different times.
Historical records show that primarily two main people groups populated this area: the Etruscans and the Umbrians. While more is known about the Etruscans, it appears that the Umbrians likely settled in the region first, somewhere between the 9th and 4th centuries B.C.
One way Harvey and the team look to dig deeper into uncovering more about this ancient site is through a technology called photogrammetry. In the below video, Harvey talks about the technology that gives archaeologists a 360-degree view of artifacts with just the click of a mouse.
While the dig will continue this coming summer, Harvey added that she has been asked to create models of some of the artifacts her team has discovered at the site so far to display at Satterfield Hall. She has done some training with the Design Innovation Hub to utilize 3D printing to create the models.
At the necropolis, Harvey used photogrammetry to not only model the artifacts but also model the tombs and soil layers as they excavated. At the below link, you can see a model of Tomb R2, which was the only tomb of its type at the site.
After the resignation of the head of the RAI - Radiotelevisione italiana, the national public broadcasting company of Italy - this week and the planned departure of prestigious opera directors, all signs point towards Prime Minister Giorgia Meloni's far-right government Fratelli d'Italia (Brothers of Italy) increasing its efforts in taking over the country's public cultural service.
On Monday 8 May, the head of RAI Carlo Fuortes announced his resignation. The head of Italy's main public broadcasting group justified his departure by saying that he was being pressured by his supervisory authorities.
In a letter to the Ministry of Economy and Finance, the former head of RAI said he refused to accept changes to the editorial line and programming that the Italian Prime Minister's government is trying to impose, changes he did not "consider to be in the interest of the RAI".
Appointed by the previous government of Mario Draghi, Fuortes stressed that "since the beginning of 2023, there has been a political conflict concerning my position and my person, which is weakening RAI."
Previously, the Brothers of Italy party had filed a complaint against Fuortes with the broadcasting regulator in September 2022, taking issue with the presence on air of the French philosopher Bernard-Henri Lvy, who had criticised the Italian right.
Other departures are expected to follow, and opponents have made it clear that they see these changes as representing the beginnings of a full takeover of public service culture by the ultra-conservative executive, the most right-wing government Italy has seen since the end of the Second World War.
According to Roberto Zaccaria, former president of the RAI, professor of constitutional law and former left-wing MP, the government does not even have the patience to wait for the normal term of office."
Indeed, two opera directors of French nationality are expected to lose their jobs due to a new measure, adopted last Thursday by the Council of Ministers, which requires all foreign directors of opera houses who are over 70 years old to leave their posts by 10 June at the latest. The measure was immediately dubbed the "Fuortes article" by the media.
As a result, Stphane Lissner, the French director of the Naples Opera Teatro di San Carlo, should be leaving his job, which should allow Fuortes to be rehired. Lissner, 70, was the former head of the Paris Opera and will be the first foreign director to leave his post.
The president of the Campania region, Vicenzo de Luca, has said that he is in favour of the decree because Stphane Lissner's salary is too high and he has not succeeded in setting up the "Neapolitan Renaissance", a project that consisted of hiring great voices at San Carlo, according to Corriere Della Sera.
Meloni has already blocked LGBTQ+ couples from registering their children in the civil registry, and said earlier this year that her belief is that "a child deserves only the best: a mother and a father", a statement which has lead Italy's LGTBQ+ community to accuse the prime minister of trampling on same-sex couples' parental rights despite the country already having some of the weakest in Europe.
As recently as Labour Day, 1 May 2023, she announced the abolition of the "citizenship income" and the easing of fixed-term contracts. No sooner had her opponents cried foul than the prime minister had moved on to attack cultural public services.
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