27日和28日的作业 提纲 127 184 40 168 & issue 160 & argu 242
grandcoronet
argu用了33分钟，而且只写了不到400字，还没把意思表达完
真的不知道怎么办了
127 Facts are stubborn things. They cannot be altered by our wishes,
our inclinations, or the dictates of our passions.
Attitude:
The speaker unfairly generalizes, in my view facts in the natrual
world, which is concrete, are stubborn and cannot be altered by our
wishes, but on the other hand, facts in the social realm, which is
oftern abstract, are results of people's wills, and can therefore be
changed by us.
Reasons:
In the natural world, facts are concrete and unchangable, any
phenomenon is decided by laws of the nature, which cannot be altered
by any one's willing;
In the social realm, facts often exist in immaterial forms, they are
the creation of people's minds and emotion, and are changed with
people's minds changed.
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184 It is a grave mistake to theorize before one has data.
Attitude:
I agree with the speaker when it comes to fields of research which is
in the initial period and needs a large amount of statistics, when it
comes to fields of research which is fully developed, I tend to
disagree with the speaker, since theories in such fields are deduced
from a few elementary axioms rather than from data.
Reasons:
There are mainly two types of methods in the field of recognition, one
is induction, and the other is deduction;
Induction means creating some certain theories from a mass of
statistical data. Such method is applied in the initial period of a
field, as there is no elementray theories and researchers can create
such elementary theories only from the data acquired from experience
and experiments, in such period, theorizing without a certain amount
of data is unreliable;
e.g. the initial time of classical mechanics
Deduction means deducting new theories from some elementary axioms,
such method of theorizing is reliable since both the process of
logically deducting and the elementray axioms on which the new
theories relies are reliable as well;
e.g. the Euclid Geometry
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40 Scholars and researchers should not be concerned with whether their
work makes a contribution to the larger society. It is more important
that they pursue their individual interests, however unusual or
idiosyncratic those interests may seem.
Attitude:
I concede that scholars and researchers in some pure academical
fields, such as pure math, theorical physics, philosophy and so forth,
should not be concerned with whether their work makes a contribution
to the larger society, and that to pursue their individual interests
is more important when such interests do no harm to the social or
natural world. Beyond this concession, however, in my view scholars
and researchers in the applied fields such as politics, technologies
and so on must be concerned with their contributions, and the benefits
of human and the nature are more important if their interests threaten
people's life.
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168 Critical judgment of work in any given field has little value
unless it comes from someone who is an expert in that field.
Attitude:
I agree with the speaker when it comes to the critical judgment is
concerned with the methods of research in the field. When it comes to
the purposes of research, however, in my view outsiders' critical
judgment is valuable as well.
Reasons:
An outsider knows little about methods used in research in a certain
field, and is therefore ignorant of which methods are necessary and
which are unnecessary, their critical judgement about such methods is
according to their own imagination, and confuses the public;
e.g. the opponents of animal experiment
When it comes to the purposes of research, outsiders' critical
judgment can be valuable, since purposes of research are often
relevant to people's daily lives, and such judgment help prevent
research from doing harm to the society.
e.g. the opponents of human clone
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issue 160
I agree with the speaker so far that the most essential quality of an
effective leader is the ability to remain consistently committed to
particular principles and objectives. However, in my view a leader who
is quickly and easily influenced by shifts in popular opinion will
accomplish much, if such opinion does not contravene her or his
principles and objectives.
One reason for my agreement with the speaker is that insisting on
particular principles and objectives prevents a leader from wasting
time and social resources. In the career of a political leader, time
and resources she or he can utilize are limited, any change of her or
his principles or objectives will make the contribution before
meaningless, and therefore cause a large waste of time and resources.
Another reason for my agreement is that a leader who performs
changeful in her or his principles and objectives will lose credit
from the public. Having recognized that a leader who frequently
changes her or his principles and objectives will be considered
capricious and unreliable, only to remain consistently committed to
particular principles and objectives will help a leader to remain the
reputation in the public.
However, insisting on particular principles and objectives does not
mean always keeping uninfluenced by shifts in popular opinion. To
begin with, popular opinion is not certainly conflictive to the
leader's principles and objectives. It is inevitable that the leader's
opinion and the public opinion are inconsistent in some trivial
problems, and sometimes make concession to the public will help the
leader to keep a liberal impression. Moreover, popular opinion is
sometimes available in the approaches to fulfill the leader's
principles and objectives. Having recognized that any policies to
realize the leader's aims might do harm to the benefits of a certain
group of people, modifying her or his policies quickly will help to
appease these people and do no harm to her or his principles and
objectives.
To sum up, an effective leader should keep ability of remain
consistently committed to particular principles and objectives as the
most essential quality, since insisting on such principles and
objectives prevent her or him from wasting time and social resources
or losing credit from the public. But there's no need for a leader to
always keep uninfluenced by shifts in popular opinion, since such
opinion might not conflict with the leader's principles and
objectives, and such opinion might be available to fulfill the
leader's aims.
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argu 242
In this editorial the author recommends that institutions should adopt
honor codes in order to decrease the rise in cheating among college
and university students. To support her or his recommendation, the
author cites the similar honor code adopted by Groveton's. However, in
my view this recommendation is unpersuasive.
Firstly, the author makes a threshold assumption that the cheating
amount among college and university students indeed rises, however,
there's no such evidence. The speaker merely points out that the
reported cheating rises, however, it is entirely possible that in
recent years the efficiency of monitorial systems has been improved,
and more cases of cheating are found while the amount of cheating does
not increase. Without substantiating that the cheating amount really
rises, the author cannot conclude that honor codes are necessary.
Secondly, even if the cheating amount really rises, the speaker
needs additional assumption that cheating among Groveton's students is
really reduced after adopting the honor code. However, there is no
such evidence, since reported cases cannot reflect the actual
situation. Perhaps the cheating amount increases but students are not
willing to report the cases when they suspect that others cheated.
Without substantiating that every case of cheating has been reported,
the author cannot conclude that the cheating is reduced after adopting
the honor code.
Thirdly, even if the cheating is reduced after adopting the honor
code, the author fails to substantiate that such reduction was caused
by the honor code. Perhaps other monitoring policies were adopted
meanwhile, and some of them were responsible for the reduction rather
than the honor code. Without eliminating other factors which might be
responsible for the reduction of cheating, the author cannot make any
conclusion that the honor code reduced the cheating.
In sum, to convince me that institutions should adopt honor codes in
order to decrease the rise in cheating among college and university
students, the author needs to provide clear evidence that cheating
amount among college and university students indeed rises, and that in
Groveton every case of cheating has been reported after adopting the
honor code. The author also needs to eliminate other factors which
might be responsible for the reduction of cheating.