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She walketh veiled and sleeping,
For she knoweth not her power;
She obeyeth but the pleading
Of her heart, and the high leading
Of her soul, unto this hour.
Slow advancing, halting, creeping,
Comes the Woman to the hour!—
She walketh veiled and sleeping,
For she knoweth not her power.
“She Walketh Veiled and Sleeping” was published in Suffrage Songs and Verses (The Charlton Company, 1911).
Charlotte Perkins Gilman was born on July 3, 1860, in Hartford, Connecticut. She is best known for her short story “The Yellow Wallpaper” but also published two poetry collections: Suffrage Songs and Verses (The Charlton Company, 1911) and In This Our World (McCombs & Vaughn, 1893). She died in 1935 in Pasadena, California.
“As a parent you should become an interpreter of myths,” advised Letty Cottin Pogrebin in the preview issue of Ms. magazine. “Portions of any fairy tale or children’s story can be salvaged during a critique session with your child.” Other literary analysts devised ways to salvage other books: Isabel Archer in The Portrait of a Lady need no longer be the victim of her own idealism. She could be, instead, the victim of a sexist society, a woman who had “internalized the conventional definition of wife.” The narrator of Mary McCarthy’s The Company She Keeps could be seen as “enslaved because she persists in looking for her identity in a man.”
The above is from her very funny and very inconvenient 1972 essay, “The Women’s Movement.” How bracing to watch her skewer a set of ideological and aesthetical commonplaces that have only hardened in the intervening fifty years! Yet now that these modes of reading are no longer absurd to anyone—indeed, now that they are embedded not only in universities and publishing houses but in our own minds—it becomes very difficult to hear the acid tone of Didion’s original formulations: “To those of us who remained committed mainly to the exploration of moral distinctions and ambiguities, the feminist analysis may have seemed a particularly narrow and cracked determinism.” What happens to Didion when a narrow and cracked determinism swallows not just the women’s movement but the whole world? We delude ourselves: we remake her in our own image. “It is the right of the oppressed to organize around their oppression as they see and define it.” But, of course, this statement, which the young Didion found ironic—a circular attempt to create a politics out of sheer emotion, falling well short of a practical feminism’s Marxist ideals—would now be read not only sincerely but legally.
Whether writing about the invention of “women as a ‘class,’ ” Haight-Ashbury, John Wayne, the death of her family, or her own mental breakdown, Didion’s target was the “psychic hardpan.” This she located just beneath the seemingly rational or ideological topsoil, which she found to be “dense with superstitions and little sophistries, wish fulfillment, self-loathing and bitter fancies.” That she is considered a personal essayist is another one of those literary ironies: even when the subject was Didion, she was still reporting, and no more likely to be sympathetic to her own feelings than to those of Joan Baez, Nancy Reagan, or a kid on acid. She was just another subject among many, prone to the petty delusions of all humans but—crucially—genuinely interested in drilling down into that hardpan, no matter what she might find down there. She wasn’t looking for approval. Would not be bullied by what “everyone” was saying or what “everyone” believed. Abhorred the kind of thought that forecloses thought. In her 2003 essay “Fixed Opinions, or the Hinge of History,” she spies foreclosure everywhere in the American scene. In the willfully unexamined “US relationship with Israel.” In the public condemnation of another tough-minded woman, Susan Sontag, for daring to consider the motivations of Al Qaeda. (“Inquiry into the nature of the enemy we faced, in other words, was to be interpreted as sympathy for that enemy.”) That essay concerns the immediate aftermath of 9/11, but to a contemporary reader—assailed by fixed opinions on all sides—the following lines might have a more general application:
The very question […] has come to be seen […] as unraisable, potentially lethal, the conversational equivalent of an unclaimed bag on a bus. We take cover. We wait for the entire subject to be defused, safely insulated behind baffles of invective and counterinvective. Many opinions are expressed. Few are allowed to develop. Even fewer change.
With notable exceptions, Didion was a woman who did not so much express opinions, or emotions, as interrogate both. If this still strikes us as unusual, it seemed unprecedented to me, when reading her for the first time in the late eighties. That she was a woman mattered, very much. When women writers of my generation speak in awed tones of Didion’s “style,” I don’t think it’s the shift dresses or the sunglasses, the cigarettes or commas or even the em dashes that we revere, even though all those things were fabulous. It was the authority. The authority of tone. There is much in Didion one might disagree with personally, politically, aesthetically. I will never love the Doors. But I remain grateful for the day I picked up “Slouching Towards Bethlehem” and realized that a woman could speak without hedging her bets, without hemming and hawing, without making nice, without poeticisms, without sounding pleasant or sweet, without deference, and even without doubt. It must be hard for a young woman today to imagine the sheer scope of things that women of my generation feared women couldn’t do—but, believe me, writing with authority was one of them. You wanted to believe it. You needed proof. And not Victorian proof. Didion—like her contemporary Toni Morrison—became Exhibit A. Uniquely, she could be kept upon your person, like a flick knife, stuffed in a back pocket, the books being so slim and portable. She gave you confidence. Shored you up. And did so not by rejecting the supposed realm of women, but by drilling down into it: “All one’s actual apprehension of what it is like to be a woman, the irreconcilable difference of it—that sense of living one’s deepest life underwater, that dark involvement with blood and birth and death . . .”
Yes, once you had shored yourself up with her authority, you could allow yourself to admit there was poetry in Didion, too, and exquisite fictions, shards of novels, sharp as the light rising over the Sacramento Sutter Buttes. . . . You still didn’t have to agree with her. Like that of many literary writers, her seemingly fierce logic, upon inspection, sometimes proved to be merely sparkling rhetoric, and under the influence of precisely the kind of emotional distortion she professed to dislike. So what? Literary essays are about persuasion, above all. As long as it takes to be in a Didion sentence, you have little choice but to submit to it. Boy, didn’t she know it:
In many ways writing is the act of saying I, of imposing oneself upon other people, of saying listen to me, see it my way, change your mind. It’s an aggressive, even a hostile act. You can disguise its aggressiveness all you want with veils of subordinate clauses and qualifiers and tentative subjunctives, with ellipses and evasions—with the whole manner of intimating rather than claiming, of alluding rather than stating—but there’s no getting around the fact that setting words on paper is the tactic of a secret bully, an invasion, an imposition of the writer’s sensibility on the reader’s most private space.
Carrie Williams Clifford
The New Year comes—fling wide, fling wide the door
Of Opportunity! the spirit free
To scale the utmost heights of hopes to be,
To rest on peaks ne’er reached by man before!
The boundless infinite let us explore,
To search out undiscovered mystery,
Undreamed of in our poor philosophy!
The bounty of the gods upon us pour!
Nay, in the New Year we shall be as gods:
No longer apish puppets or dull clods
Of clay; but poised, empowered to command,
Upon the Etna of New Worlds we’ll stand—
This scant earth-raiment to the winds will cast—
Full richly robed as supermen at last!
This poem is in the public domain. Published in Poem-a-Day on January 1, 2022, by the Academy of American Poets.
“The New Year” first appeared as “For the New Year” in The Crisis XIX, no. 4 (February, 1920). [NAACP: The CRISIS, A Record of the Darker Races, W.E.B. DuBois, Editor]
"Carrie Williams Clifford was born in September 1862 in Chillicothe, Ohio. A poet and activist, she is the author of Race Rhymes (R. L. Pendleton, 1911) and The Widening Light (Walter Reid, 1922). A co-founder and the first president of the Ohio State Federation of Colored Women, Clifford helped form a women’s subset of the Niagara Movement, a predecessor of the NAACP."
