Anatomy For Acupuncture Download Torrent
Mina Spartin
Western medical acupuncture is a therapeutic modality involving the insertion of fine needles; it is an adaptation of Chinese acupuncture using current knowledge of anatomy, physiology and pathology, and the principles of evidence based medicine. While Western medical acupuncture has evolved from Chinese acupuncture, its practitioners no longer adhere to concepts such as Yin/Yang and circulation of qi, and regard acupuncture as part of conventional medicine rather than a complete "alternative medical system". It acts mainly by stimulating the nervous system, and its known modes of action include local antidromic axon reflexes, segmental and extrasegmental neuromodulation, and other central nervous system effects. Western medical acupuncture is principally used by conventional healthcare practitioners, most commonly in primary care. It is mainly used to treat musculoskeletal pain, including myofascial trigger point pain. It is also effective for postoperative pain and nausea. Practitioners of Western medical acupuncture tend to pay less attention than classical acupuncturists to choosing one point over another, though they generally choose classical points as the best places to stimulate the nervous system. The design and interpretation of clinical studies is constrained by lack of knowledge of the appropriate dosage of acupuncture, and the likelihood that any form of needling used as a usual control procedure in "placebo controlled" studies may be active. Western medical acupuncture justifies an unbiased evaluation of its role in a modern health service.
From there, the information spread via Japan to China, where, in 1959, an article appeared in the Chinese journal Popular Medicine.18 In the original article, Dr. Nogier is also mentioned and appears in Latin letters on line three, which showed that he was also recognized in China as the discoverer of ear acupuncture (Fig. 6).
However, because the mechanism and essence of auricular points had not been clarified clearly, naming and locating of the auricular points in China and abroad had not reached a consensus, which also seriously affected the spreading, communicating, and in-depth studying of auricular acupuncture.38
The morphological basis for the concept of meridians in TCM has not been resolved. Recent articles support a relationship between acupuncture points/meridians and fascia [1]. Specifically, anatomical observations of body scan data demonstrated that the fascia network resembles the theoretical meridian system in salient ways, and physiological, histological, and clinical observations support this hypothesis [11, 12].
Our aim was to depict vascular nerve bundles of individual acupuncture points in the course of the associated meridian. A vascular nerve bundle (VNB) was defined as a combination of nerves, arteries, veins, and lymphatics in the body that travelled together.
Since, in most cases, no bundles of vascular nerve bundles were found at the supposed acupuncture points, we determined the acupuncture point lege artis on the section preparation and dissected until the panniculus fascia (fascia superficialis corporis). The sites were documented photographically.
References of the detected VNBs to the anatomy of the acupuncture meridian can be established with the help of the investigations of Dr. Heine [13, 14]. Vascular nerve bundles are defined according to Heine as a structural principle of the acupuncture point. It is a perforating structure consisting of a vegetative nerve, artery, and vein, surrounded by loose connective tissue.
Two sections of the same piece of fascia were photographed each time, to make it clear that the fascia superficialis is not of the same size or structure throughout. At the acupuncture point SI 11, the change in the fibre direction was particularly well represented. There was no histological difference between verum (acupuncture meridian) and placebo. Collagen 1 was found as a morphological substrate for the fascia of the meridians shown.
The fascia at the examined localisations varied in thickness and consisted of two to three layers of collagen fibres. On the samples of both the gastric meridian and the small intestine meridian, it was possible to show histologically the change of the fibre course in a connective tissue layer. This was not the case with the placebo preparation. In addition, there was no histological difference between verum (acupuncture meridian) and placebo. In all preparations, smaller nerve fibre bundles or the perivascular plexus could be detected by staining with S-100. There were no noticeable differences in the density or location of nerve fibres between the verum and the placebo.
The histology showed that, between verum (acupuncture meridian) and placebo, there is no detectable difference. The fibre folding in the meridian progression could be detected macroscopically and microscopically. However, after fixation with formaldehyde 80%, the proteins of the tissue were denaturated. Therefore, further investigations on unfixed tissue samples will be performed in future projects.
In addition, we could not represent fascia of an entire acupuncture meridian. One of the reasons for this could be that, in our preparations, the dissection of tissue adhesion was not easy to perform. At the same time we found no corresponding fibre courses of the fascia superficialis corporis on the thigh and the forefoot, which would correspond to a meridian course. We therefore hypothesize that other parts of the fascia, but also tendon courses, anatomically depict the meridian course.
In a study conducted in mice and published Oct. 13 in Nature, the team identified a subset of neurons that must be present for acupuncture to trigger an anti-inflammatory response via this signaling pathway.
In a study published in 2020, Ma and his team discovered that this electroacupuncture effect was region specific: It was effective when given in the hindlimb region, but did not have an effect when administered in the abdominal region. The team hypothesized that there may be sensory neurons unique to the hindlimb region responsible for this difference in response.
Then the team created mice that were missing these sensory neurons. They found that electroacupuncture in the hindlimb did not activate the vagal-adrenal axis in these mice. In another experiment, the team used light-based stimulation to directly target these sensory neurons in the deep fascia of the hindlimb.
In a final experiment, the scientists explored the distribution of the neurons in the hindlimb. They discovered that there are considerably more neurons in the anterior muscles of the hindlimb than in the posterior muscles, resulting in a stronger response to electroacupuncture in the anterior region.
However, an important next step will be clinical testing of electroacupuncture in humans with inflammation caused by real-world infections such as COVID-19. Ma is also interested in exploring other signaling pathways that could be stimulated by acupuncture to treat conditions that cause excessive inflammation.
Comprehensively revised and expanded with vital new content, the second edition of Medical Acupuncture continues to explore the realistic integration of acupuncture into conventional medicine. Advocating the Western medical acupuncture approach (WMA), this science-based compendium provides the trained practitioner with all the latest research on the effectiveness of WMA and its associated mechanisms, techniques, clinical practice and evidence.
Medical Acupuncture demonstrates a variety of needling techniques and clinical applications within the context of WMA and its evolution from traditional Chinese acupuncture using current knowledge of anatomy, physiology and pathology alongside the principles of evidence-based medicine.
Split into seven sections the book begins by establishing the roots of WMA in the Introduction and then progresses on to describe the mechanisms of action in Section 2, including peripheral components of stimulation and evidence from neuroimaging. Sections 3 and 4 cover clinical approaches (eg, superficial needling, electroacupuncture, safety of acupuncture) and techniques related to acupuncture (TENS, laser therapy). Section 5 takes a closer look at the difficulties faced by trials and reviews while Section 6 goes on to showcase 21 clinical uses of WMA, ranging from chronic pain, mental health, obstetrics and primary care to sports medicine, respiratory conditions and neurology. The final reference section contains dermatome/myotome maps, meridian/channel charts and standard international nomenclature.
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