Rapid Ai Neuro

[Madox Valdivia]

Thisreport of a survey completed by 130 countries during the period June-August 2020 provides information about the extent of disruption to mental, neurological and substance use services due to COVID-19, the types of services that have been disrupted, and how countries are adapting to overcome these challenges.

This page is designed for the average diver (non-medical professional). It gives you basic information to help you perform a quick neurological examination if you suspect someone may be suffering from the bends (decompression sickness), air embolism, or other medical problems following diving.

This neurological examination, when conducted on a person with a history of diving, is used to determine the presence or absence of symptoms of decompression sickness and/or air embolism involving the central nervous system. Prior to performing the neurological exam, ensure that the diver is conscious & stable (and is breathing oxygen if available). Remember, it is essential for you to activate your local Emergency Medical Services as soon as signs and symptoms are detected.

If there is a lesion (damaged area) in the Spinal Cord the Motor/Strength and Sensory exam can be used to determine where the damaged area may be. The simplest way to report the various results of a neurological exam are Normal or Abnormal. When testing muscle strength, if the muscle feels weak it can be reported as Abnormal. A more comprehensive method for reporting muscle strength is the following scale from 0 to 5:

Acknowledgement:

We would like to thank Steve Barsky and Hammerhead Video for the donation of the time and effort required to produce this video.You can download the above video from Drop Box (as a zipped file) at: Neuro.zip

Copyright: 2014 Kindermann et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Data Availability: The authors confirm that all data underlying the findings are fully available without restriction. All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.

Funding: This study is part of CK PhD research funded by the School of Environment at Griffith University. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Male Litoria wilcoxii [Fig 1] change colour during breeding events, most often during amplexus. In a previous study, it was determined that, minutes after application of a moderate stressor (toe-clipping), this species turned a bright lemon colour, similar to that of amplexing males [26]. We were intrigued by this phenomenon; in particular, we wished to determine whether this speed occurs naturally and to identify the hormonal mechanisms driving it. In the same study [26] we ruled out the role of the stress hormone corticosterone and its pre-curser ACTH which opened up the possibility of neuro-endocrine stress hormones such as adrenalin. The similarities between the colour change responses observed from toe-clipping and observations of wild males suggest that the same hormone is driving both responses and therefore indicates a possible neuro-hormone involvement [11], [27]. Yet we cannot rule out the role reproductive hormones may play, as the natural timing of this colour change is observed during breeding events. Identifying which of these hormones stimulates pigment movement would provide insight into the mechanistic processes of rapid colour change in amphibians.

In this study, we observed pairs prior to and during amplexus, using digital photography to document the natural timing of this striking colour change. We also conducted manipulations where male frogs were treated with epinephrine and testosterone to determine if this rapid colour response was associated with neuro-hormonal processes.

This study was carried out in 2013 and 2014 in Numinbah Valley, South East Queensland, Australia (28.219S, 153.232E, and 196 m altitude). Aggregations of breeding males, consisting of approximately 30 individuals, were found along rocky creek sections of Nerang River. Natural observations were undertaken during the peak breeding season (October to January), with experiments occurring during the month of October.

All data were analysed in the statistical programming environment R [34]. Prior to analysis, we checked for normal distribution using the histogram function in R to ensure we met the normality assumption for the ANOVA model. Probability values of p

On a cellular level, the colour change in L. wilcoxii is likely due to yellow xanthophores (with brightness enhanced by iridophores) being revealed upon aggregation of the melanin in melanophores [14]. Both injections and topical administration of epinephrine induced a dynamic colour change from brown to yellow. We predict that L. wilcoxii chromatophores possess receptors for this hormone (α adrenoreceptors), as pigment movement can be directly stimulated this way [37]. It should be noted that, although the topical administration induced a weaker effect, as evidenced by a weaker yellow colour at all time periods after the injection, it provides a reliable and rapid field method for future research into the dynamics of hormonal systems in amphibian colour change (see video S1).

Alternatively, the bright colouration may have no current adaptive function, and may be a bi-product of hormone release for other purposes, such as amplexus [23], [41]. The hormonal processes of amplexus, specifically hormones triggering sperm release can vary between species, most often human chorionic gonadotropin and luteinizing hormone releasing hormone have been used in captive breeding studies [42], [43]. Previous studies have shown that catecholamines and gonadotropin-releasing hormone-like peptides elicit sperm release in several amphibian species [23], [41], [42], [44] which suggests the possibility that the bright colouration observed in L. wilcoxii may be a by-product of initiating sperm release. This may explain the similar responses observed previously where application of a moderate stress (toe-clipping) lead to epinephrine production and therefore colour change [26].

L. wilcoxii display an unusual form of colour change, which occurs after initiation of amplexus. This may play an important role in sexual selection as a male-male signal, or it may simply be a nonselective by-product of an essential physiological process, such as initiating sperm release. We have demonstrated that the neuro-hormonal endocrine pathway is likely to be the proximate regulator of this dynamic colour change. In contrast to other colour-changing amphibians, which display bright colours for hours or days prior to amplexus [8], [10], this rapid colour change occurred post-amplexus. Therefore, behavioural studies are needed to understand the evolutionary functions of dynamic colour change. Linking hormonal mechanisms with the adaptive function of this dynamic colour change opens up opportunities for new discoveries into the interactions between physiological processes and amphibian behavioural ecology.

The right solution needed to take into account the interplay between inpatient neurology, the ED and outpatient clinics. Plus, Dr. Keselman notes, it needed a champion. That person was Melissa Reider-Demer, DNP.

When thinking through how to keep patients with nonemergent issues out of the ED, Dr. Reider-Demer and her team recognized that people with conditions like headaches and seizures were not able to get appointments as quickly as they wanted.

For a simple solution, the results were dramatic. From January 2019 through January 2021, 201 patients were referred to outpatient neurology through UCLA Fast Neuro. Wait time for an appointment was reduced by 82.5% (from more than a month to less than two weeks), and the number of nonemergent consults from the ED was reduced by 60%.

They discovered that not only were they able to get patients in for appointments faster, but there were internal benefits, too. Resident clinics were full, which was great from a teaching perspective. A survey found that 92% of attending physicians and advanced practice providers and 89% of residents felt that seeing the UCLA Fast Neuro patients did not detract from their clinic experience.

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We present a neural algorithm for the rapid online learning and identification of odourant samples under noise, based on the architecture of the mammalian olfactory bulb and implemented on the Intel Loihi neuromorphic system. As with biological olfaction, the spike timing-based algorithm utilizes distributed, event-driven computations and rapid (one shot) online learning. Spike timing-dependent plasticity rules operate iteratively over sequential gamma-frequency packets to construct odour representations from the activity of chemosensor arrays mounted in a wind tunnel. Learned odourants then are reliably identified despite strong destructive interference. Noise resistance is further enhanced by neuromodulation and contextual priming. Lifelong learning capabilities are enabled by adult neurogenesis. The algorithm is applicable to any signal identification problem in which high-dimensional signals are embedded in unknown backgrounds.

The authors declare competing interests as follows. The underlying platform-independent algorithm is the subject of a Cornell University patent application on which the authors are listed as inventors. N.I. is currently employed by Intel Labs, developers of the Loihi neuromorphic system. T.A.C. is a member of the Intel Neuromorphic Research Community and has received research funding from Intel for related work.

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