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Atom/Adam serves under Eiling reluctantly while befriending research scientist Doctor Heinrich Megala of Project Atom, who had previously helped to create an elaborate cover story for Atom/Adam. Doctor Megala is responsible for creating the X-Ionizer technology capable of cutting the skin of most invulnerable metahumans.[8] In spite of his disabilities and poor health, he helped Atom/Adam learn about the Quantum Field as well as about his powers. Captain Atom later succeeds in clearing his name of the original treason charge and eventually rebels against Eiling, resigning from the Air Force and becoming an actual superhero. By Captain Atom #39, Megala's health would deteriorate to a point where he asked Captain Atom for help and attempted to use his atomic energy to neutralize the life threatening disease he is suffering from, but becomes blinded as a side effect. Fearing that Eiling would eventually turn on him, Megala claims that he intends to set up a contingency plan which would make public all of Project Atom's classified secrets once his heart ceased to function. Megala's plan proved to be a mere bluff when he is killed in a confrontation with the Ghost a.k.a. Alec Rois, but Captain Atom decides to become the actual whistleblower and discloses the truth on national television.
An alternative scenario for detecting atom-sized primordial black holes is proposed in a recent publication. In this research, the characteristic signal of the interaction between one of these tiny black holes and one of the densest objects in the universe (a neutron star) is studied.
In this sense, an atom-sized PBH could encounter an old neutron star (whose temperature is notably low and has lost practically all of its rotational velocity). According to this recent research, the frequency of these encounters would be in the order of 20 events per year. Nevertheless, most of these interactions would be difficult to observe (due to the huge distances and an appropriate orientation from the Earth).
So why would anyone do this? What scientific purpose does it serve? Well, for one, the temperature at the center of these collisions is the hottest ever achieved by mankind. It is 100,000 times hotter than the center of the sun. It is 10 times hotter than the center of a supernova, which is the explosion of a star with a flash bright enough to be seen halfway across the visible universe. A temperature like this was last common a scant trillionth of a second after the Big Bang. In a real sense, scientists are re-creating the conditions of the very birth of the universe and studying it in incredible detail. These collisions also enable scientists to peer deep inside matter, looking at things that are one-hundred-millionth the size of an atom, in an effort to understand the most fundamental building blocks of matter. By any measure, these studies probe the frontier of human knowledge.
"Finding a black hole is hard in the first place, and that is with a typical black hole having masses many times the mass of our sun. Now we're talking about a black hole with the mass of an asteroid and the size of a hydrogen atom!" Bellinger said. "We think most primordial black holes would be outside stars, wandering the galaxy. On average, there would probably be one within the solar system at any given time."
The strong nuclear force normally holds quarks together to form hadrons inside atoms. However, under extremely high-energy densities, such as those found in the core neutron stars, those particles transform back into their constituent quarks and gluons.
There is a fundamental lack of understanding in how the structure and architecture of a synthetic polymer influences recognition in biological systems. Furthermore, there is a disconnection between the properties of polymers in solution and the solid state with their relationships with biological systems. Understanding how the conformational dynamics of a synthetic polymer can enhance biological recognition will advance fields including targeted drug delivery, antimicrobial agents, and tissue engineering. However, gaining the knowledge required to address this fundamental gap first necessitates the capability to synthesize precision macromolecules and scaffolds through a biocompatible approach. The long-term goal of this project is to establish a modular polymerization technology, using organic photocatalysts, for 3D printing of scaffolds with precisely defined molecular, chemical, mechanical, and geometric properties targeting lung tissue restoration. The central hypothesis of this research program is that the ability to use our biocompatible photo- mediated polymerization technology for 3D printing of scaffolds with defined components over several different length scales will enable tuning the scaffold for nurturing tissue growth. The overall objective of this application is to advance our polymerization technology using organic photocatalysts to mediate a metal free atom transfer radical polymerization en route to realizing a stereospecfic radical polymerization through flow chemistry reaction engineering design. With the capability to synthesize functionally diverse stereoregular polymers, we will determine the effects of polymer tacticity on their antimicrobial activity and selectivity for bacteria and compatibility with mammalian cells. Through catalyst development and expansion of monomer scope, we will establish a photographic photolithography approach to write distinct 2 and 3D polymer patterns in chemical composition through monomer selection. Furthermore, our approach to connect polymers in solution to those in the solid state will investigate molecular brush copolymers as intermediate macromolecules that possess characteristics similar to both forms. We will introduce these molecular brush copolymers into biological systems to explore the differences between them and the discrete polymer chains from our concurrent cell studies. These findings will help resolve the essential structural features of polymers to yield efficient solid state scaffolds for tissue engineering. The innovation of this research is within the methodology built upon our group?s foundational and ongoing work of developing an organocatalyzed atom transfer radical polymerization, which promises to yield new materials for introduction in biomedical applications. The rationale for this research is that it brings forth new materials that are only accessible through the development of our polymerization technology, which will allow the design and synthesis of polymers that more efficiently mimic natural systems for enhanced biological recognition.
Organic Polymerization Catalysis: Precision Macromolecules for Recognition in Biological Systems Garret M. Miyake, University of Colorado at Boulder Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Materials Science and Engineering Program Project Narrative. The proposed research is relevant to public health because the establishment of new biocompatible polymerization methods ultimately increases the capability to produce designer soft materials and extend application of synthetic macromolecules into biomedical applications, including targeted drug delivery, antimicrobial agents, and tissue engineering. The research proposal will apply this new photopolymerization methodology to produce macromolecules for understanding biological recognition and enable design of advanced scaffolds for lung tissue engineering. The proposed research addresses the mission of the NIGMS for increasing the understanding in which synthetic macromolecules, with precisely defined molecular, chemical, structural, architectural and geometric constraints interact with biological system on a range of levels.
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