Linear: the number of calls to the destructor of T is the same as the number of elements erased, the assignment operator of T is called the number of times equal to the number of elements in the vector after the erased elements.
When container elements need to be erased based on a predicate, rather than iterating the container and calling unary erase, the iterator range overload is generally used with std::remove()/std::remove_if() to minimise the number of moves of the remaining (non-removed) elements, this is the erase-remove idiom. std::erase_if() replaces the erase-remove idiom.(since C++20)
When element_type is byte, all vectors must have the samelength including both document and query vectors or results will be inaccurate.The document _score is computed as0.5 + (dot_product(query, vector) / (32768 * dims))where dims is the number of dimensions per vector.
We denote vectors using boldface as in $\vca$ or $\vcb$.Especially when writing by hand where one cannot easily write inboldface, people will sometimes denote vectors using arrows as in $\veca$ or$\vecb$, or they use other markings. We won't need to use arrows here.We denote the magnitude of the vector $\vca$ by $\\vca\$.When we want to refer to a number and stress that it is not a vector,we can call the number a scalar. We will denote scalars with italics, as in $a$ or $b$.
We can define a number of operations on vectors geometrically without reference to any coordinate system. Here we define addition, subtraction, and multiplication by a scalar. On separate pages, we discuss two different ways to multiply two vectors together: the dot product and the cross product.
Given a vector $\vca$ and a real number (scalar) $\lambda$, we can form the vector $\lambda\vca$ as follows.If $\lambda$ is positive, then $\lambda\vca$ is the vector whose direction is the same as the direction of $\vca$ and whose length is $\lambda$ times the length of $\vca$.In this case, multiplication by $\lambda$ simply stretches (if $\lambda>1$) orcompresses (if $0 < \lambda
Each vector tries to optimize storage management by maintaining a capacity and a capacityIncrement. The capacity is always at least as large as the vector size; it is usually larger because as components are added to the vector, the vector's storage increases in chunks the size of capacityIncrement. An application can increase the capacity of a vector before inserting a large number of components; this reduces the amount of incremental reallocation. The iterators returned by this class's iterator and listIterator methods are fail-fast: if the vector is structurally modified at any time after the iterator is created, in any way except through the iterator's own remove or add methods, the iterator will throw a ConcurrentModificationException. Thus, in the face of concurrent modification, the iterator fails quickly and cleanly, rather than risking arbitrary, non-deterministic behavior at an undetermined time in the future. The Enumerations returned by the elements method are not fail-fast. Note that the fail-fast behavior of an iterator cannot be guaranteed as it is, generally speaking, impossible to make any hard guarantees in the presence of unsynchronized concurrent modification. Fail-fast iterators throw ConcurrentModificationException on a best-effort basis. Therefore, it would be wrong to write a program that depended on this exception for its correctness: the fail-fast behavior of iterators should be used only to detect bugs. As of the Java 2 platform v1.2, this class was retrofitted to implement the List interface, making it a member of the Java Collections Framework. Unlike the new collection implementations, Vector is synchronized. If a thread-safe implementation is not needed, it is recommended to use ArrayList in place of Vector.Since:JDK1.0See Also:Collection, LinkedList, Serialized FormField SummaryFields Modifier and TypeField and Descriptionprotected intcapacityIncrementThe amount by which the capacity of the vector is automatically incremented when its size becomes greater than its capacity.protected intelementCountThe number of valid components in this Vector object.protected Object[]elementDataThe array buffer into which the components of the vector are stored.Fields inherited from class java.util.AbstractListmodCountConstructor SummaryConstructors Constructor and DescriptionVector()Constructs an empty vector so that its internal data array has size 10 and its standard capacity increment is zero.Vector(Collection c)Returns true if this Vector contains all of the elements in the specified Collection.voidcopyInto(Object[] anArray)Copies the components of this vector into the specified array.EelementAt(int index)Returns the component at the specified index.Enumerationelements()Returns an enumeration of the components of this vector.voidensureCapacity(int minCapacity)Increases the capacity of this vector, if necessary, to ensure that it can hold at least the number of components specified by the minimum capacity argument.booleanequals(Object o)Compares the specified Object with this Vector for equality.EfirstElement()Returns the first component (the item at index 0) of this vector.voidforEach(Consumer c)Removes from this Vector all of its elements that are contained in the specified Collection.voidremoveAllElements()Removes all components from this vector and sets its size to zero.booleanremoveElement(Object obj)Removes the first (lowest-indexed) occurrence of the argument from this vector.voidremoveElementAt(int index)Deletes the component at the specified index.booleanremoveIf(Predicate c)Retains only the elements in this Vector that are contained in the specified Collection.Eset(int index, E element)Replaces the element at the specified position in this Vector with the specified element.voidsetElementAt(E obj, int index)Sets the component at the specified index of this vector to be the specified object.voidsetSize(int newSize)Sets the size of this vector.intsize()Returns the number of components in this vector.voidsort(Comparator c)Removes from this Vector all of its elements that are contained in the specified Collection.Specified by:removeAll in interface CollectionSpecified by:removeAll in interface ListOverrides:removeAll in class AbstractCollectionParameters:c - a collection of elements to be removed from the VectorReturns:true if this Vector changed as a result of the callThrows:ClassCastException - if the types of one or more elements in this vector are incompatible with the specified collection (optional)NullPointerException - if this vector contains one or more null elements and the specified collection does not support null elements (optional), or if the specified collection is nullSince:1.2See Also:AbstractCollection.remove(Object), AbstractCollection.contains(Object)retainAllpublic boolean retainAll(Collection c)Retains only the elements in this Vector that are contained in the specified Collection. In other words, removes from this Vector all of its elements that are not contained in the specified Collection.Specified by:retainAll in interface CollectionSpecified by:retainAll in interface ListOverrides:retainAll in class AbstractCollectionParameters:c - a collection of elements to be retained in this Vector (all other elements are removed)Returns:true if this Vector changed as a result of the callThrows:ClassCastException - if the types of one or more elements in this vector are incompatible with the specified collection (optional)NullPointerException - if this vector contains one or more null elements and the specified collection does not support null elements (optional), or if the specified collection is nullSince:1.2See Also:AbstractCollection.remove(Object), AbstractCollection.contains(Object)addAllpublic boolean addAll(int index, Collection
An initialization vector (IV) is an arbitrary number that can be used with a secret key for data encryption to foil cyber attacks. This number, also called a nonce (number used once), is employed only one time in any session to prevent unauthorized decryption of the message by a suspicious or malicious actor.
The ideal IV is a random or pseudorandom number. It must also be nonrepeating. Both randomness and nonrepetitiveness are crucial to prevent attackers from finding patterns in similar parts of the encrypted message and then using this information to decrypt the message.
The recipient can also discover the IV by calculating it incrementally or by measuring parameters like current time, using the sender's or recipient's address, or by using the packet or cluster number.
The similarity metrics used for nearest neighbor evaluations produce a single scalar that quantifies the relatedness of two words. This simplicity can be problematic since two given words almost always exhibit more intricate relationships than can be captured by a single number. For example, man may be regarded as similar to woman in that both words describe human beings; on the other hand, the two words are often considered opposites since they highlight a primary axis along which humans differ from one another.
In order to capture in a quantitative way the nuance necessary to distinguish man from woman, it is necessary for a model to associate more than a single number to the word pair. A natural and simple candidate for an enlarged set of discriminative numbers is the vector difference between the two word vectors. GloVe is designed in order that such vector differences capture as much as possible the meaning specified by the juxtaposition of two words.
The GloVe model is trained on the non-zero entries of a global word-word co-occurrence matrix, which tabulates how frequently words co-occur with one another in a given corpus. Populating this matrix requires a single pass through the entire corpus to collect the statistics. For large corpora, this pass can be computationally expensive, but it is a one-time up-front cost. Subsequent training iterations are much faster because the number of non-zero matrix entries is typically much smaller than the total number of words in the corpus.
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