In the military community, it is often said that the first victim of combat
is truth. Another truism is that the first report from the battlefield is
always wrong. Let's say that you have the task of getting information from
those involved in a deadly encounter. Your first objective is to capture
and preserve the event in the minds of the participants, so you can dissect
the information and learn what happened. The first step in maximizing
memory retention is to have everyone involved make a report immediately
after the occurrence. To get detailed information, you have to do all
you can to keep the participants calm and collected. Remember, from the
very beginning the goal is to de-link the memory from the emotions.
Initially, you want to remove them from where the stressful event took
place, as there are many associations there that can act as powerful
stressors. Do not offer them coffee or other caffeinated beverages, as the
stimulate might hype them even more. Even after taking these precautionary
measures, many of them might be so shaky that they have difficulty writing.
In those cases, consider having them tape-record their initial reports.
Sometimes, for legal purposes, investigators are concerned
about "contaminating" the memory process. In those situations you should
encourage everyone involved not to go out drinking and rehashing the event
with their buddies, but rather go home and get a good night's sleep to help
recover additional memory. Sleep helps them achieve a calmer mental
state, which in turn helps them consolidate information into their
long-term memories. For those who are single and have no one to go home to,
it may be helpful to spend the night with a friend. The next day you can
conduct a second interview, and then they can conduct their own informal
debriefings with each other. To prevent their memories from being
contaminated, instruct the participants not to read the paper or watch the
news. After the first night's sleep, you can conduct an interview at the
location, but you need to be ready to help the participants separate their
emotions from their memories. Anticipate that you might have to stop to
help an especially emotional person through the tactical breathing process,
because by returning to the scene, the participants are exposed to memory
cues that facilitate their recall of how the event unfolded. For example,
they might see a mailbox at the scene, or some other object that played a
critical role that they had forgotten was there. Objects that seem to be
inconsequential to people who were not involved just might provide the
missing link that brings all the information together. Lt. Col. Dave
Grossman, On Combat
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