I suspect you may have a failing hard drive or a corrupt APFS file system (or both). If you can install & boot macOS from an external drive you can use DriveDX to check the health of the drive. Otherwise you can check the health of the drive by using a bootable Knoppix Linux USB drive created using Etcher (Mac/Windows/Linux). Option Boot the Knoppix USB drive and select the orange icon labeled "EFI". The computer may appear frozen on the boot picker menu while Knoppix boots so give Knoppix lots of time to boot.
Once Knoppix boots click on the "Start" menu icon in the lower left corner of the screen on the Taskbar and navigate the menus to "System Tools ---> GSmartControl". Within the GSmartControl app double-click on the icon for the laptop's internal drive to access the health report. Post the complete heath report here.
If the drive is failing, then the more you run it and the more you attempt to "fix" things the worse the failure will get where even a professional data recovery service may not be able to recover the data.
Thanks for that info and for choosing the Apple Support Communities. If I understand correctly, you are unable to get your internal hard drive on your MacBook Pro to mount or show as available to reinstall OS X unexpectedly. To help with this, please try resetting the SMC and NVRAM on your Mac with the steps in these Apple resources, and then start up into Mac recovery mode and see if you can mount and run First Aid on your internal hard drive and then see if you can restart normally or reinstall the OS X software on your Mac:
See if you can boot into Internet Recovery Mode using Command + Option + R. See if you can install macOS to an external drive. Then you can Option Boot the external drive to see if you can access the data on the internal drive.
Since you can boot from the external drive run DriveDX and post the report for the internal drive here using the "Additional Text" icon which looks like a piece of paper. You need to determine the health of the drive before making any attempts to recover your data. If the drive is failing, then making attempts to recover the data will just make the problem worse where even a professional data recovery service won't be able to help.
Also, what file system is being used on the internal drive? Launch the Terminal app and run the following command and post the results here. Press the "Return" key at the end of the command to execute it.
Assuming you only ever had a single user account on the internal drive, then you should just be able to use the Finder to access the original user account on the internal drive to access your data. If you ever had more than a single user account, then you may not have permission to access the contents of the various folders (Desktop, Documents, etc.) within the original account. In that case you could just copy over the entire "Documents" folder (or other folders) to the external drive. Carbon Copy Cloner is a good app which can access any user account and allows you to select/deselect items to transfer.
This all assumes the internal drive can be mounted. If it cannot be mounted, then you may need to use a data recovery app such as PhotoRec, TestDisk, or Data Rescue, but only if the drive is healthy. If the drive is not healthy, then you should contact a professional data recovery service since standard apps (even data recovery apps) cannot handle the errors produced by a failing drive and you will just make it the problem much worse.
While the drive is healthy, the "Load Cycle Count" (attribute# 193) is almost exhausted at 15% life left. When I see this attribute exhausted I have seen drive issues occur mainly with performance, but also other odd behavior. This drive is unusual in that most drives allow for nearly 600K - 900K events where this drive will wear out after about 200K events (unless the RAW value for this attribute has been miscaculated). Regardless of whether the RAW value is accurate the normalized "Value" & "Worst" are what really matter here as they are at 15% life left. macOS is very rough on hard drives so you should consider replacing it with a new drive or an SSD.
At least you can now concentrate on trying to recover the data since I don't see anything which would cause me concern about the drive. If you are using an older version of macOS and the HFS+ file system, then you may be able to repair the file system using the paid app Disk Warrior. While Disk Warrior is a great app for repairing HFS+ file systems there are limitations to what it can repair.
If the internal drive is not mounted, then have you tried using the data recovery apps I suggested earlier? If you use TestDisk or PhotoRec you will need to reference "disk0s2" which is your internal boot volume "Macintosh HD".
Ok, your internal boot drive still shows up with the correct partitions which is good. Since your drives are using the HFS+ file system the paid app Disk Warrior is an option for you to try and repair the file system on your internal drive if the drive doesn't mount for you. It is up to you whether the cost of this app is worth it since there are no guarantees DW will be able to repair the file system. I would try all the other options mentioned first.
TestDisk fails to find the NTFS partition, but the DiskInternals solution does find my files. Are there any free alternatives to DIskInternals Partition recovery solution? THe tool should simply go block by block and attempt to reconstruct the files.
DiskDigger can recover files from any type of media that your computer can read. This includes USB flash drives, memory cards (SD, CompactFlash, Memory Stick, etc), and of course your hard drive. The types of files that it recovers include photos, videos, music, documents, and many other formats.
You will need a piece of windows specific software that is smart enough to do a NTFS scan / recovery of the drive. I would ask to have this moved to SuperUser - the expertise there would be most helpful in getting you better options.
In the mean time, perhaps call a professional house and get a quote. They will have handled this situation many, many times and might have better tools / more training to get a better recovery. They will charge for their expertise and time handsomely.
You just have a translation error as well as an over-write situation. If you have an idea how much space was filled, how big the drive is, and what proportion the mac overwrote - that will help the professionals estimate if you will get anything useful back. Think of a shotgun pushing pellets over a poster. A few - and most of the poster remains. The more overwriting, the less change the picture you want to recover will be able to be recreated / or rescued in partial form.
The good news is it won't need a clean room recovery - the drive is operational, just a change of the file structure as well as over-writing of data. That will let you decide to get PC based software and attempt a recovery yourself or pay or just write this up to "sometimes spring cleaning comes in the fall".
There are also low cost options - buy a new bare drive and an inexpensive USB/SATA adapter and you could make a block copy of the drive and test out whatever idea / DIY software knowing you are working on a copy of the drive - not the only copy of the data.
GetDataBackNTFS is your answer. It can help you recover from deleted files, partition remappings, and even complete format, wipe and reloads of Windows. It has saved my quite a few times, but is not free to use. The same company also offers a program for FAT32 formatted partitions, if needed
WinHex is in its core a universal hexadecimal editor, particularly helpful in the realm of computer forensics, data recovery, low-level data processing, and IT security. An advanced tool for everyday and emergency use: inspect and edit all kinds of files, recover deleted files or lost data from hard drives with corrupt file systems or from digital camera cards.
The main problem is that the inner tracks of data (making an assumption, you don't really care about the context of where just that it happened) will have been overwritten, and are most likely where the data you want is. However, it's unlikely the outer tracks were overwritten, so if there was more data on there BEFORE it was reformatted and NOW, then you can probably recover some of the data.
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