Scg Logistics Management (cambodia) Co. Ltd

[Miriam]

TheUSAID Global Health Supply Chain Program-Procurement and Supply Management (GHSC-PSM) project offers procurement and technical assistance in Cambodia to help ensure uninterrupted availability of high-quality health commodities, focusing on those to prevent and treat HIV/AIDS and malaria.

For HIV-related technical assistance, we support the Ministry of Health (MOH) to replace its outdated Drug Information Database applications by assisting in the design and implementation of the pilot for an integrated logistics management information system (LMIS). Financed by the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, the web-based LMIS will have improved functionality such as an early warning notification and alert system for pharmaceutical expiry and stockouts.

For malaria-related technical assistance, we work with the Cambodian MOH and the National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control to strengthen the malaria health commodity supply chain. We also support the procurement and distribution of commodities to prevent and reduce the spread of malaria infection.

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The global Third-Party Logistics market is expected to grow steadily in the coming years, driven, among other things, by increasing eCommerce, a rise in international trade, and the need for cost-effective and efficient logistics solutions. The market is highly competitive, with many players operating in different regions. The Asia-Pacific region is expected to be home to the fastest-growing market for third-party logistics due to its rapidly expanding eCommerce industry and the increasing adoption of automation and digitalization in logistics processes. Companies in this market focus on developing their services, investing in technology, and forming strategic partnerships to gain a competitive advantage. The increasing adoption of digital technologies, such as artificial intelligence, big data analytics, and the Internet of Things, will likely impact the market and contribute to its growth. These technologies are expected to improve the efficiency of logistics and reduce costs for companies. Overall, the global Third-Party Logistics market is likely to be a lucrative opportunity for companies looking to expand their operations in the logistics industry.

The North American Third-Party Logistics (3PL) market is highly competitive, with various players offering services such as transportation, warehousing, and distribution. Market drivers include the increase in eCommerce and the need for a cost-effective and efficient supply chain management. Some key players in the North American 3PL market are UPS Supply Chain Solutions, FedEx Supply Chain, and XPO Logistics.

The Third-Party Logistics market in Europe is fragmented, with many small and medium-sized companies operating in this region. Key players in this market include DHL Supply Chain, Kuehne + Nagel, DB Schenker, and XPO Logistics.

The 3PL market in Africa is relatively small but growing fast. It is expected to continue to grow in the coming years, aided by increasing trade and investments, urbanization, and eCommerce growth. However, the market is also faced with a number of challenges, including poor infrastructure, inadequate transportation and logistics systems, and the need for a more skilled workforce.

In the Middle East, market players have been gaining popularity as businesses are looking to focus on their core competencies, leaving logistics to the experts. The Middle East's strategic location at the crossroads of Asia, Europe, and Africa, in combination with the increase in eCommerce, has made it attractive for 3PL companies. However, challenges such as a lack of infrastructure and limited access to financing can make it difficult for these companies to operate in this region.

In South America, Brazil has the largest market for 3PL, followed by Argentina. The market is characterized by many small and medium-sized players as well as a few large, multinational companies. It is expected to continue growing in the coming years, driven by factors such as the increasing adoption of technology and automation in logistics operations and the growing need for sustainable and environmentally friendly logistics solutions.

In 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic had a negative impact on the logistics industry, leading to supply chain disruptions and decreased demand for logistics services. During the pandemic, online shopping increased, and many companies turned to 3PL companies to help manage their logistics and supply chain needs. The market came roaring back in 2021, with global revenue growing by 49% from 2020 to 2021.

The first qualitative area of exploration from this exploratory sequential design is to identify the potential risks, in which the authors conduct in-depth interviews with ten different experts in Cambodia. Using the structural equation model (SEM) in AMOS and descriptive statistics analysis, this study investigates the risks that affect the RSC performance on an environmental, social and economic basis and subsequently proposes risk management strategies. The authors collect quantitative data from 200 Cambodian farmers through interviews and surveys.

The research findings from the literature review prove that supply chain risk factors (including uncertainty) negatively affect performance (Bavarsad et al., 2014; Linn and Maenhout, 2019). Since there is a lack of current research and insufficient information regarding this situation in Cambodia, given this opportunity, the researchers believe it is also essential to analyze the risks in the rice supply chain (RSC) that play a significant role in the country. Therefore, the research herein is designed to fill this gap.

The primary objective of this research was to analyze the RSC risks in Cambodia (including risk identification, risk investigation by using structural equation model [SEM] and risk management). The result of this scientific research will be helpful for the farming community, the national government, commercial institutions, academics and all other stakeholders along the RSC, including nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), development agencies and various other parties.

The researchers have organized the rest of this article as follows: Section 2 illustrates the overview of the RSC (literature review); Section 3 shows a new conceptual framework for risk analysis of the RSC in Cambodia; in Section 4, the researchers demonstrate the research methodology used in the study; in Section 5, the researchers give the results and discussion of the study and finally, in Section 6, the researchers present their conclusions and recommendations.

Analysis of the existing studies enabled the identification of four risk categories mentioned across the literature, namely supply risks, production risks, demand risks and environmental risks (Figure 2). Our results show the 18 risk factors and the frequency of indications in articles. As demonstrated in Table 1, factor 6 (biological risks) and factor 14 (natural disasters) were mentioned most often.

Analysis of the frequency of mention illustrated that production risks occurred most often in the literature, mentioned in 20 of the 28 articles, followed by environmental risks (19/28), supply risks (14/28) and demand risks (5/28). The frequency of mention did not significantly reflect the risk prioritization. The risk prioritization in the supply chain relied on the highest risk to the lowest risk in terms of probability of occurrence, the severity of effect, etc (Rohmah et al., 2015). Thus, the frequency analysis showed some risk factors commonly illustrated in the agricultural supply chain.

Sustainable performance refers to consideration of the dimension of environmental performance, the dimension of social performance and the dimension of economic performance. We discovered that the economic performance holds a considerable percentage of all performance types, while other performance clusters earned limited considerations, particularly social performance and environmental performance (Table 3, Figure 3).

Some of the nine observed variables indicate related contexts or similar concepts. The number of observed variables had to be clustered to improve the results' accuracy and analysis efficiency. Then, nine observed variables were consolidated into three latent variables. Environmental performances encompass the consumption rate of energy, the consumption rate of natural resources and environmental pollutants. Social performances are food insecurity, poverty and farmers' knowledge. Economic performances include the rice yield of farming households, rice quality and return on investment (ROI).

Supply chain performance is affected by risk factors in Cambodia. A massive share of the past agricultural increase was driven by farmland expansion. The expansion of agricultural land has contributed to accelerated deforestation, particularly in upland areas of the country. However, farmers have not been able to substantially increase their income because the agricultural land has remained unchanged. Moreover, Cambodia exported almost all of its crops to neighboring countries without processing them in the agro-processing industry. This shows a weakness in supply chain management (raw material collection, finance, logistics, transport, storage and information) (Eliste and Zorya, 2015). For example, Cambodia planned to export at least one million tons of rice in 2015, but the kingdom did not achieve the said goal; in fact, the 2015 measurement for exported rice was only 538,396 tons in the same year. This outcome shows that the Royal Government of Cambodia (RGC) does not have the ability and cannot support rice farmers to produce large-scale rice production (Bunnarith, 2016). Rice farming in Cambodia is also vulnerable to climate change (floods and drought) (Dalgliesh et al., 2016; Mishra et al., 2018). Also, the kingdom has abundant water resources in the rainy season but faces water scarcity in the dry season. This poses an enormous problem for the long-term development in Cambodia (Sithirith, 2017).

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