I think the function is more interesting in base 4, where 10, 11, 12, 13 (that is, 4, 5, 6, 7 in base 10) each maps to itself. This raises the interesting question of which other integers, upon iterated mapping of this function in base 4, terminate in each of the values 10, 11, 12, 13.
It appears that no integer other than 11 itself maps to 11.
The following integers terminate in 10 upon iterated mapping: 1, 2, 3, 10, 20, 22, 23, 30, 32, 111, 112, 113, 121, 131, 211, 223, 232, 311, 322, ...
The following integers terminate in 12 upon iterated mapping: 12, 21, 100, 101, 102, 103, 110, 120, 130, 133, 200, 201, 202, 203, 210, 220, 222, 230, 300, 301, 302, 303, 310, 313, 320, 330, 331, 333, 1000, ...
Integers terminating in 13 upon iterated mapping appear to occur with significantly less frequency, but they do exist: 13, 31, 33, 122, 123, 132, 212, 213, 221, 231, 233, 312, 321, 323, 332, 11111, 11112, ..., 12222, ..., 22222, ..., 111112, 111113, ..., 111133, ..., 111233, ..., 1111222, ...
It appears that almost all powers of the base 4 terminate in either 10 or 12 upon iterated mapping, and thus also almost all integers containing a digit 0 in base 4 representation.
However, there is at least one example of a power of the base 4 that terminates in 13 upon iterated mapping:
10^210 (4^36 = 4,722,366,482,869,645,213,696 in base 10) has 211 digits, and 211^2 = 111121. This number has digit product 2 and 12 digits, and 2+12^2 = 212. This has digit product 10 and 3 digits, and 10+3^2 = 31. This has digit product 3 and 2 digits, and 3+2^2 = 13.
It appears that such examples must be very rare, and it seems to me to be an interesting open question whether there are finitely many or infinitely many such powers of the base 4 that terminate in 13 upon iterated mapping of this function. A brief search up to 10^2000 (4^128) does not find even a second example yet. The large gap in the set of smaller integers that terminate in 13, between 332 (62 in base 10) and 11111 (341 in base 10), may suggest a similarly large gap between 10^210 (4^36) and the next smallest example, if indeed another example exists.