Socket P 478 Cpu List

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Incomputer hardware, a CPU socket or CPU slot contains one or more mechanical components providing mechanical and electrical connections between a microprocessor and a printed circuit board (PCB). This allows for placing and replacing the central processing unit (CPU) without soldering.

Common sockets have retention clips that apply a constant force, which must be overcome when a device is inserted. For chips with many pins, zero insertion force (ZIF) sockets are preferred. Common sockets include Pin Grid Array (PGA) or Land Grid Array (LGA). These designs apply a compression force once either a handle (PGA type) or a surface plate (LGA type) is put into place. This provides superior mechanical retention while avoiding the risk of bending pins when inserting the chip into the socket. Certain devices use Ball Grid Array (BGA) sockets, although these require soldering and are generally not considered user replaceable.

CPU sockets are used on the motherboard in desktop and server computers. Because they allow easy swapping of components, they are also used for prototyping new circuits. Laptops typically use surface-mount CPUs, which take up less space on the motherboard than a socketed part.

As the pin density increases in modern sockets, increasing demands are placed on the printed circuit board fabrication technique, which permits the large number of signals to be successfully routed to nearby components. Likewise, within the chip carrier, the wire bonding technology also becomes more demanding with increasing pin counts and pin densities. Each socket technology will have specific reflow soldering requirements. As CPU and memory frequencies increase, above 30 MHz or thereabouts, electrical signalling increasingly shifts to differential signaling over parallel buses, bringing a new set of signal integrity challenges. The evolution of the CPU socket amounts to a coevolution of all these technologies in tandem.

A CPU socket is made of plastic, and often comes with a lever or latch, and with metal contacts for each of the pins or lands on the CPU. Many packages are keyed to ensure the proper insertion of the CPU. CPUs with a PGA (pin grid array) package are inserted into the socket and, if included, the latch is closed. CPUs with an LGA (land grid array) package are inserted into the socket, the latch plate is flipped into position atop the CPU, and the lever is lowered and locked into place, pressing the CPU's contacts firmly against the socket's lands and ensuring a good connection, as well as increased mechanical stability.

I created both a ChannelWatcher, and a SocketWatcher. The ChannelWatcher is working as I would expect, however the SocketWatcher is a bit weird, the pid that connects to the socket seems to die shortly after connecting (even though from the client side, the socket is still connected).

If you still want to go ahead with your own solution, I would move the functions into the channel (join) functions and try there. But you would need some deduplication inside the watchers in the same sense what you need in Presence.track.

(I recall ss commands from a few years ago showed a lot fewer results than what I get now. This makes me wonder if some distributions configure ss to hide stuff by default. I'm looking for a ss or similar utility command which is as portable as possible, insofar as it won't hide anything just because it was run in a different environment. Also, from a security-theoretic point of view, we can assume for the threat model that the machine is fully under our control and is running ordinary, non-malicious software.)

Assuming ss knows all the protocols you need it to, I might use the following command. This will exclude the "unix" sockets. It also excludes "netlink" sockets, which are only used to communicate with the local kernel.

Often you do not have a lot of listening sockets. So you can look through them all, and manually ignore any that listen on loopback IP addresses. Alternatively, you can ask ss to do all the filtering:

Also, the answer depends on your version of ss (and I guess the kernel as well). When this answer was originally written, before 2017, ss did not support "sctp". netstat supported it since February 2014). sctp is expected specifically inside phone companies. Outside of phone companies, VOIP typically uses udp.

Unfortunately if you look for a comprehensive list in man netstat, it gets quite confusing. Options for sctp and udplite are shown in the first line, along with tcp, udp and raw. Further down there's what looks like a comprehensive list of protocol families: [-4--inet] [-6--inet6] [--unix-x] [--inet--ip--tcpip] [--ax25] [--x25] [--rose] [--ash] [--bluetooth] [--ipx] [--netrom] [--ddp--appletalk] [--econet--ec].

Although netstat supports udplite and sctp, it does not support "dccp". Also netstat doesn't support packet sockets (like raw sockets but including link-level headers), as selected by ss -l -0. In conclusion, I hate everything, and I could probably stand to be less pedantic.

Also ss does not support bluetooth sockets. Bluetooth sockets are not a traditional concern. This could be relevant if you were doing a full audit. Bluetooth security is quite a specific question though; I am not answering it here.

netstat does not have a specific way to omit sockets bound to localhost. You could use grep -v on the end. Take care if you use the -p option to netstat / ss. You might accidentally exclude some of your processes, if there is a match in the process name. I would include the colon in your pattern, like grep -v localhost:. Except the default in ss is to show numeric addresses, so in that case you would use grep -vE (127.0.0.1\[::1\]):. I suppose you could try to check for processes which would be accidentally excluded, e.g. ps ax grep -E (127.0.0.1\[::1\]):.

It's unfortunate about the packet sockets. Otherwise, I might suggest a plain netstat -l command. netstat helpfully anticipates your request and splits the output into "Internet connections", "UNIX domain sockets", and "Bluetooth connections". You would just look at the first section. There is no section for netlink sockets.

I suggest always sanity-checking your results. Learn what to expect; go through each protocol and see if there's anything missing that should be there. If you have no IPv4 addresses, or no IPv6 addresses, that's very suspicious. You can expect most servers to have an SSH service listening on both. Most non-servers should also show packet or raw sockets, due to using DHCP.

If you don't want to interpret the output of two different commands, one alternative might be to replace the netstat command with ss -l -A inet. This is slightly unfortunate because when you run netstat, the exact same options would exclude ipv6 sockets.

Although if you write scripts that use this output to automate something, then you should probably prefer to filter on a positive list of socket types instead. Otherwise the script could break when ss starts supporting a new type of local-only socket.

Did I mention that ss -a -A raw -f link shows a combination of sockets from ss -a -A raw and ss -a -f link ? Whereas ss -a -A inet -f inet6 shows less sockets than ss -a -A inet? I think -f inet6 and -f inet are special cases, which are not documented properly.

Did I mention that ss -A packet will show headings, but will never show any sockets? strace shows that it literally does not read anything. It seems to be because it treats packet sockets as always being "listening". ss does not bother to provide a warning about this. And this is different from raw sockets, which ss treats as being simultaneously "listening" and "non-listening".

(man 7 raw says that if a raw socket is not bound to a specific protocol which are not bound to a specific IP protocol, then it is transmit-only. I have not checked if these are treated as listening sockets only)

I'm operating a couple of server daemons that use udp to communicate with large number of clients. How do I find and list out all the active udp "connections" that are talking to the servers in order to estimate the num of active clients that are connected to the server daemons? I couldn't think of an easy way to do this besides sniffing the packets with tshark or tcpdump and look at the source ip of udp packets going to the server daemons and yes, I know UDP is connectionless and stateless protocol.

One method you could use is simply setup some simple netfilter rules that use the --state option. This will force netfilter to track state related to UDP. Once you setup rules then you can use a tool like conntrack to look at the netfilter state table. Here for example is what one of my system looks like. You can see there are a couple systems that are frequently communicating to udp/1194 (OpenVPN).

Download and run CPU-Z. Click on the Mainboard tab and look for your motherboard chipset under the "Southbridge" field (e.g. Z87, H77, H61 etc.). See our list below for CPUs that are compatible with your motherboard chipset.

H310, B360, H370, Q370, Z370, Z390 motherboards are compatible with all Coffee Lake and Coffee Lake Refresh CPUs. A BIOS update may be required for Coffee Lake Refresh CPUs. They don't support Skylake and Kaby Lake CPUs.

H110, B150, Q85, Q150, H170 and Z170 motherboards are compatible with all Skylake and Kaby Lake CPUs. A BIOS update may be required for Kaby Lake CPUs. They don't support Coffee Lake and Coffee Lake Refresh CPUs.

Intel introduced Land Grid Array (LGA) sockets which eliminated pins on the processor, transferring them to the motherboard instead. This reduced the risk of damage to the processor during installation.

Intel has produced a variety of CPU sockets to complement the advancements of its processors. Over time, these sockets have evolved in design and functionality, adapting to the needs of different generations of CPUs.

In the late 1990s, Intel introduced Socket 7 and then swiftly moved to the advanced Slot 1 design for Pentium II and Pentium III processors. As the need for faster data exchange rates grew, Intel developed the LGA 775 socket for the Pentium 4 and Core 2 Duo processors. This socket brought significant improvements in power delivery and cooling efficiency. Following sockets like LGA 1155, LGA 1156, LGA 1150, and LGA 1151 witnessed the arrival of the Core processor series, representing major leaps in performance.

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