The Left Hand Of Darkness Online
Earleen Statham
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Based on those previous empirical findings, the goal of the present paper is to further investigate ego-focus correlates of LWA. Throughout this paper, based on the conceptualization by Costello et al. (2022), we assume LWA to be a tripartite construct comprising of three correlated dimensions: (1) anticonventionalism, (2) top-down censorship, and (3) antihierarchical aggression. The anticonventionalism dimension of LWA is characterized by the absolute endorsement of progressive moral values. For example, individuals with high levels of anticonventionalism might declare anyone to be homophobic who is opposing gay marriage. The LWA dimension of anticonventionalism seems to contrast the RWA dimension of conventionalism which is mirrored by the strict endorsement of conservative social norms and values. However, Costello et al. (2022) found similiarities between the nomological nets of LWA and RWA/SDO. For example, after controlling for political ideology, LWA anticonventionalism was also associated with lower openness and higher dogmatism.
LWA anticonventionalism is assumed to not only lead to an intolerance towards conservative values but also to the desire to impose those progressive moral values on others (Costello et al., 2022). This desire goes along with top-down censorship as well as antihierarchical aggression. The top-down censorship dimension of LWA is described as the preference for the use of authority (governmental and institutional) to deal with opposition and the strive to suppress any speech that is considered as offensive and intolerant. For example, individuals with high levels of top-down censorship may strive to suppress free speech to regulate the expression of right-wing beliefs in educational institutions. Similarly, individuals high in RWA support the limitation of free speech, however, as a means to endorse right-wing values.
Contemporary empirical studies on the ego-focused correlates of LWA are comparatively rare. The existing research, however, points to a relationship between LWA and ego-focused traits such as narcissism (Zeigler-Hill et al., 2021) as well as psychopathy (Costello et al., 2022, phase 4). In the present research, we thus wanted to shed further light on the relations of LWA with narcissism. Going beyond the research of Zeigler-Hill et al. (2021), we investigated the relationship between narcissism and the three subfacets of LWA (i.e., anticonventionalism, top-down censorship, and antihierarchical aggression). However, as left-wing political attitudes also include prosocial concerns (i.e., the striving for social equality), in the present research, we simultaneously controlled for the relationship of LWA and prosocial focused dispositions (i.e., altruism and social justice commitment). This approach allowed us to investigate if narcissism is related to LWA above and beyond the predictive power of those prosocial traits.
Based on these finding on the association between LWA and narcissism (Zeigler-Hill et al., 2021), in Study 1, we expected LWA to be positively related to narcissism (pre-registered Hypothesis 1). In particular, for the main analyses, we assumed the global LWA score as well as each of the three subfacets of LWA (i.e., anticonventionalism, top-down censorship, and antihierarchical aggression) to be positively related to the three subfacets of narcissism (i.e., antagonistic, extraverted, and neurotic narcissism). Thus, going beyond existing research, we examined not only narcissism but also LWA differentially by considering its subfacets. In a secondary analysis, we investigated the relationship between global LWA and its subfacets on the one hand and narcissism on the other hand applying an alternative conceptualization of narcissism which differentiates between grandiose and vulnerable narcissism (Sherman et al., 2015). Again, we expected positive relationships between each of the LWA scores and these two subfacets of narcissism.
Secondly, as a novel aspect, we explored the relationship between LWA and narcissism above and beyond dispositional altruism. Altruistic individuals are people with prosocial tendencies who support others at the price of personal cost (Dargan & Schermer, 2022). They have been described as sympathetic, soft-hearted, and generous (Lee & Ashton, 2006). Trait altruism is observed in individuals who demonstrate altruistic behaviors across different situations, for example giving money to strangers, helping others to move their household, or volunteering for a social cause (Rushton et al., 1981). Studies show that altruism also predicts participation in politics such as voting, volunteering, and protesting (Fowler & Kam, 2007). Further, altruism has been demonstrated to be positively related to left-wing political attitudes (Zettler & Hilbig, 2010). Hence, we also expected LWA (and its subfacets) to be positively related to altruism (pre-registered Hypothesis 2).
In all these regression analyses, the respective LWA score was statistically significantly predicted by the FFNI score for vulnerable narcissism (see Models 6a to 9a, supplementary Tables S5 to S8). However, this FFNI score was no longer predictive for any of the respective LWA scores, when we controlled for age, gender, self-deceptive enhancement and impression management (see Models 6b to 9b, supplementary Tables S5 to S8).
In Study 1, we investigated the relationship between LWA and the ego-focused trait of narcissism above and beyond the influence of altruism. In a first step, the results of the data analyses showed that LWA (and all its subfacets) were predicted by neurotic narcissism. Interestingly, and contrary to our predictions, we did not find any relationship between LWA (and its subfacets) and altruism. These results seem to imply that individuals high in LWA are also individuals with high levels of neurotic narcissism (i.e., individuals who strongly care about what others might think about them, who experience high levels of shame, and have a strong need for admiration).
However, when we controlled for other relevant variables such as age, gender, and the tendency for socially-desirable responding, the relationship between LWA (and its subfacets) and neurotic narcissism was no longer detectable. Then, a robust relationship between the LWA subfacet of antihierarchical aggression and antagonistic narcissism was unveiled. Antihierarchical aggression represents the drive to use force to overthrow those in power and who endorse conservative values. The results of Study 1 suggest that this motivation can be more likely found in individuals who exploit others for their own interests, lack empathy, have a sense of entitlement, are arrogant and manipulative, demonstrate reactive anger and distrust others while at the same time seeking thrill.
In Study 2, we further investigated the relationship between narcissism and LWA. However, we now focused on LWA antihierarchical aggression as it was the only LWA subfacet robustly related to narcissism in Study 1. Based on the results of Study 1, we expected the LWA dimension of antihierarchical aggression to be positively related to narcissism (pre-registered Hypothesis 3). As a novel aspect, we used another measure for narcissism (i.e., the Short Dark Triad; Jones & Paulhus, 2014) that incorporates antagonism in a narcissism subscale besides two other dark traits (i.e., Machiavellianism and psychopathy).
Finally, the present research is not based on an elaborated explanatory theory (cf., Sandberg & Alvesson, 2021) as there is a lack of such a theory. Thus, we refer to a principle and not to a theory. However, we consider the present research as a first step within the complex process of Theory Construction Methodology sensu Borsboom et al. (2021) as our research aimed at the identification of an empirical phenomenon to develop a prototheory.
Fourth, the self-reports used in the present research may also be problematic as correlations could be artificially inflated due to common method variance which may arise particularly when the examined variables are assessed cross-sectionally (Chang et al., 2010) and/or due to semantic similarities of the items (Wood et al., 2022). However, the results of Harman single-factor tests as described in Zhang et al. (2022) suggested that common method bias did neither seriously affect the results of Study 1 or Study 2.
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