азбука 1 класс
Violetta Wagganer
ABC 1st class: how to learn to read and write in Russian
ABC is not just a set of letters, it is the basis of Russian language and culture. Without knowledge of the alphabet it is impossible to learn to read and write in Russian, as well as to understand and express their thoughts. In this article we will tell you what is the alphabet, how it is arranged, how they learn literacy in the first grade and how to help the child in learning the alphabet.
What is an alphabet and why is it needed?
The alphabet is a system of signs that denote the sounds of the Russian language. The alphabet consists of 33 letters, which are divided into vowels and consonants. Each letter has its own name, for example, A - az, B - beeches, B - vedi, etc. Knowing the names of letters helps to remember their shape and order.
Alphabet Definition
The word "alphabet" comes from the first two letters of the alphabet: A and B. In antiquity these letters were called "az" and "beech", so the entire alphabet was called "alphabet". Now this word is used in the meaning of "basis", "beginning" of something.
History of the alphabet
The Russian alphabet has a long history, which began in the 9th century, when saints Cyril and Methodius created a Slavic script based on the Greek alphabet. This script was called a glagolitis and was used to translate religious texts. In the 10th-11th centuries, the glagolitis was replaced by the Cyrillic alphabet, a simpler and more user-friendly writing system that retained much in common with the Greek a
Alphabet Structure
Modern Russian alphabet consists of 33 letters, of which 10 vowels and 23 consonants. Vowel letters denote sounds that are pronounced without barriers in the speech apparatus, for example, A, O, Y. Consonant letters denote sounds that are pronounced with obstacles in the speech apparatus, for example, B, B, G. In addition, the alphabet has two letters that do not indicate the sounds, but to change the sound of other letters: b is a soft sign and b is a solid sign.
How to learn literacy in 1st grade?
Methods of literacy training
There are many methods of literacy teaching in the 1st grade, which differ in the degree of complexity, speed and efficiency. Some of the most common methods are:
- The synthetic method is that children first learn the letters individually and then make up the syllables and words.
- The analytical method is that children first learn whole words and phrases, and then analyze them into components.
- Complex method - children learn letters, syllables, words and phrases simultaneously using different activities: reading, writing, drawing, games, etc.
Tutorials and instructions in the alphabet
Special textbooks and alphabet instructions are used for teaching first grade literacy. Textbooks contain reading texts and tasks to test understanding and fixation of the material. The instructions contain samples of letters and words for writing training. There are many different textbooks and alphabet instructions for 1st grade, for example:
| Tutorial | Author | Features |
|---|
| "Primer" | TG. Ramzayev | Classic tutorial on synthetic method with colorful illustrations and interesting texts |
| "ABC" | N.S. Zhukova | Modern tutorial on complex method with interactive tasks and multimedia applications |
| "Reading by syllables" | E.V. Pleshakova | Popular textbook on analytical method with emphasis on the development of phonemic hearing and perception of syllables |
The alphabet instructions usually correspond to textbooks and contain the same letters, words and texts, but in a form suitable for writing. The instructions help children to develop beautiful and clear handwriting, as well as to consolidate knowledge of the alphabet.
Games and Tasks in Alphabet
- Azbuchnaya lotto - a game in which you need to collect cards with letters, words or pictures corresponding to a certain letter.
- Asubus domino is a game in which you need to make chains of knuckles with letters, words or pictures, so that the end of one knuckle coincides with the beginning of another.
- A crossword puzzle - a task in which you need to fill the grid with letters, so that you get words horizontally and vertically.
How to help a child in learning the alphabet?
Learning the alphabet in 1st grade is a responsible and important stage in the childs education. Parents can and should help the child in this process, supporting his interest and motivation, controlling his academic performance and correcting his mistakes. To do this, parents need to know several tips for learning alphabet.
Tips for parents
Here are some tips for parents who want to help their child in learning the alphabet:
- Introduce the child to the alphabet before school. Show him the letters on books, toys, posters and explain their sound and meaning.
- Make sure that the child regularly studied the textbook and the alphabet book. Check his homework and praise him for his achievements.
- Use additional ABC materials such as cards, stickers, magnets, puzzles, etc. They will help the child to better remember letters and words.
- Play ABC games that develop your childs attention, memory, logic and imagination. You can invent your games or use ready-made games, which can be found on the Internet or bought in the store.
- Read with the child books suitable for his age and level. Choose books with interesting plot, vivid illustrations and simple language. Discuss with the child read and ask him questions on the text.
Resources for self-study
If the child wants to learn the alphabet by himself or repeat the passed material, he may need different resources for independent learning, for example:
- Video tutorials are short and clear videos in which professional teachers explain the rules and features of the alphabet, show examples and demonstrate exercises.
- Audiobooks by ABC - is a record of texts from textbooks and books in ABC, which can be listened on any device. Audiobooks help a child develop hearing perception and correct pronunciation.
- Alphabet apps are mobile programs that contain different tasks, games and tests in ABC. The ABC apps make learning interesting and exciting, and also track the progress of the child.
Examples of successful ABC projects
In Russia and abroad there are various projects that aim to popularize and develop the alphabet book. Some of them are:
- "ABC in pictures" is a series of books for children in which each letter of the alphabet is presented in the form of a funny picture with rhyming poem.
- "ABC" is an online literacy platform on which you can find many useful materials such as videos, games, tests, dictionaries, etc.
- "Azbooker" is a social project that organizes free alphabet lessons for children from low-income families and childrens homes.
Conclusion
FAQ
Here are some frequently asked questions about the theme of the alphabet:
- What is the most common letter in Russian?
The most common letter in Russian is O, which occurs in 11% of words. The following letters are A, E, I and H.
- What is the rarest letter in Russian?
The rarest letter in Russian is E, which occurs only in 0.04% of words. The next rare letters are K, b, F and C.
- What alphabet does not have sound?
Alphabet letters that do not have sound, but serve to change the sound of other letters - this is b - soft sign and K - solid sign.
- What alphabet letters have two sounds?
The letters of the alphabet that have two sounds are E, E, YU and Y. They denote the combination of vowel and consonant sound, for example, E - [yu], E - [yo], YU - [yu], I - [ya].
- How to check the spelling of a word in alphabet?
>To check the spelling of a word in alphabet, you can use different methods, for example:
- The dictionary is a book or website in which you can find the correct spelling and meaning of the word.
- Orthogram is a rule or scheme that helps to remember the correct spelling of a word.
- Mnemonics is a memorable word or phrase that helps to remember the correct spelling of the word.