Storms on Uranus, Neptune Confined to Upper Atmosphere

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Storms on Uranus, Neptune Confined to Upper Atmosphere
By Daniel Stolte
University of Arizona
May 16, 2013

Shedding light on a long-standing mystery surrounding the cloudy worlds of
Uranus and Neptune, scientists at the UA's Lunar and Planetary Lab have
discovered that the massive jet streams and weather phenomena associated
with them appear to be ripples on the surface rather than extending deep
into the planets' interior.

Similar to the giant gas planets Jupiter and Saturn, their smaller cousins,
Uranus and Neptune, have long been known to harbor swirling clouds and violent
winds churning up their atmospheres. Massive bands of jet streams encircling the
entire planet have been observed in both cases.

But given that Uranus' atmosphere is believed to be thick enough to swallow the
entire Earth, it was not known just how far the weather perturbations reach
into the planet's interior.

Now a team of planetary scientists with the University of Arizona's Lunar
and Planetary Laboratory, including William Hubbard and Adam Showman,
has published the results of new analyses that put an upper limit to the
weather zone on Uranus and Neptune.

According to their data, reported in the journal Nature, the atmosphere on
both planets goes from screaming winds of infernal violence to dead-quiet at a
much shallower depth than previously thought.

"Our analyses show that the dynamics are confined to a thin weather layer no
more than about 680 miles deep," said Hubbard. "This number is an upper limit,
so in reality, it is possible that the atmosphere quiets down even shallower than
that."

For the study, which was led by Yohai Kaspi, a planetary researcher at the
Weizmann Institute of Science in Rehovot, Israel, the team applied computer
simulations and numerical analyses to data collected by the spacecraft
Voyager 2 during a fly-by in 1989.

Without a means to probe the atmosphere of gas giants directly, the researchers
had to rely on indirect measurements to gather clues about weather patterns on
the two planets.

"For Neptune and Uranus, the only spacecraft data we have were taken with
Voyager 2's equipment more than 20 years ago, and we won't be able to get
anything that lives up to today's standards anytime soon," explained Hubbard,
whose research focuses on studies of the structure and evolution of Jupiter,
Saturn and extra solar giant planets.

Instead, the team used deep circulation theories developed by Showman and
Kaspi to predict what the gravitational fields of Neptune and Uranus should
look like. This method takes advantage of the fact that large weather
perturbations in the atmospheres of giant planets modify their gravitational
fields in a way that allows researchers to draw conclusions about the nature
and extent of those weather phenomena.

"Basically, by applying these newly developed theories, we are able to tease out
new information from old data," Hubbard said. "The reason we can constrain the
weather to the upper 680 miles or so is that we would see a much stronger
distortion of the gravitational field if the weather extended much deeper."

Hubbard said he made calculations back in 1989, at the time of Voyager 2's
encounter with Neptune, "but today of course we have much better methods than
two decades ago, so we can put a more accurate constraint on these phenomena
than I was able to at the time."

As a co-investigator on NASA's Juno mission currently en route to Jupiter,
Hubbard develops tools for analyzing the gravity signal from the giant
gas planet with the famous Red Spot. Hubbard showed how high-precision
gravity data from a close-range orbiter of Jupiter can be used to determine
the depths to which Jupiter's extraordinary zonal wind patterns penetrate.

Juno's goal is to study the interior composition of the largest planet
in our system, which is thought to have formed before the other planets
and hold answers to many unsolved questions about the formation of our
solar system.

"We are going to get similar data for Jupiter and Saturn, but in much higher
quality than what we have from Voyager 2," he said, and also with higher
precision than anything that has been done on Jupiter so far."

Using two radio receivers, one on the spacecraft and one on
Earth, locked in synchrony, Juno will be able to measure gravity with
unprecedented accuracy, Hubbard explained.

Unlike the jet streams on Uranus and Neptune, Hubbard said the winds are
much more subtle on Jupiter and Saturn.

"When we start getting detailed data from Juno, we are going to use those
methods to apply to what we see on Jupiter and Saturn," he said. "We want to
see how deep these weather phenomena go on those planets."

Hubbard explained that researchers believe the atmospheric disturbances
are more numerous on Jupiter and Saturn but less strong compared to Uranus
and Neptune, for reasons that may have to do with the planets' different
compositions and their angles between the magnetic fields and rotational
axis.

"In the case of Earth, our atmosphere is very thin and almost
negligible from the point of view of gravity," Hubbard explained. "One
would need extremely sensitive measurements to see the effects of the
atmosphere on the Earth's gravitational field."

"In the case of giant gas planets, we are talking about deep, hydrogen-
dominated atmospheres that are much denser, more like an ocean than an
atmosphere. There is so much mass involved that it leaves a much more
visible signature on the gravity."