Dne 22/05/2016 v 13:29 Mikkel Haaheim napsal(a):
.....
> From the surface boundary layer to the tropopause (IOW, throughout
> the entirety of the troposphere), temperature decreases with
> altitude. This is because most of the solar energy is a tually
> going into heating the surface of the Earth, and it is the resultant
> re-radiation and direct conduction of this heat that is responsible
> for most of the atmospheric heating in the troposphere.
> This warm lower level air rises, and carries evaporated water
> with it. However, as this moist air rises, it cools. As the moist
> air cools, the water vapor condenses. As the wateer vapour condenses,
> and the air continues to cool (being further removed from its
> primary source of re-radiated heat, and far away from any source
> of direct conduction), it loses the kinetic energy necessary
> to suspend the condensed particles that are accumulating. Eventually,
> this leads to rainfall. It is because the water has condensed
> and fallen that the highest levels of the
> troposphere are relatively dry.
....
As the decrease of temperature with height ( aka lapse rate )
is generally true, it has frequent exceptions called inversions,
where rate is reversed. Main kinds of inversions are
Radiation inversion - cooled by surface during the night
Advective inversion - if coming air flow in height is warm,
causing frequent drizzling and a fody weather in hills.
Subsident inversion - happens in high air, slowly falling air in the
pressure highs, causing worse clarity of air during warm summer weather.
Frontal inversion - happens at frontal boundaries
of all atmospheric fronts
Furthermore, the primary reason of the thermal gradient of troposphere
is not heat flow from warmer surface to freezing lower stratosphere.
The primary reason is adiabatic behaviour of dry and wet air.
If you took -55 deg C cold air at 10 km and brought it to sea level,
its temperature would be +45 deg C.
If you had been changed the atmosphere by a magic wand by such a way,
that it would have had everywhere uniform temperature e.g. -20 deg C,
and than had mixed it properly by a giant fan,
it would have had -20 deg C near 5500 m height,
but otherwise it would maintain a dry adiabatic gradient
cca 1 K / 100 m. So sea level would have +35 deg C.
The heat exchange by vertical thermal or force convections
within troposphere is much stronger than by radiation
( as net radiation flow of air is near zero )
and conduction has sense for contact layers only.
The raising air is not cooling down because it is taken
from the heat source. It is cooling down because it expands.
If its expanding cooling rate is slower that the lapse rate,
its climbing even accelerates, what happens e.g. in Cumulonimbus.
The water drops, snow flocks or icy particles fall,
when their falling speed is not balanced
by upward drafts by vertical air flow.
They often evaporate even before they fall on the Earth,
if small enough.
--
Poutnik ( The Pilgrim, Der Wanderer )
Knowledge makes great men humble, but small men arrogant.