Alright in my Dragonflies Gigantism book I gave the easiest math table of figuring out the size of Earth in Devonian in order for there to be gigantism of plants and insects, and found that Earth size had to be 1/8 the size it is today, and gave a table to compute the doubling of a hydrogen atom via Faraday law of approx 140,000,000 years.
What I did not discuss in that book of Dragonflies was that the Sun had to be smaller also in the Devonian due to Faraday law, and that the Solar System in Devonian was also entirely smaller. For when the Universe operates mainly on Faraday law and not the mindless stupid idea of fusion, then growth and size depend directly on mass. As hydrogen atoms of their muon thrusting through their proton create new electricity that creates new mass matter and each hydrogen atom doubles itself in approximately 140 million years. Now we have direct evidence of what I say here is true from the study of exoplanets where it is found that our Solar System is totally unlike the majority of exo-solar-systems where their jupiter size planet is circling close in to their exo-star. For at one time in the history of our solar system the sun was much smaller in mass and Earth was much closer and Jupiter was much closer to the Sun. But as Faraday law keeps working of doubling all protons in 140 million years, we now have the Solar System for what it is.
So here I am having a book on the exercise of deriving the number that NASA measured of the Solar Radiation increase of 0.005% yearly increase.
This is the most important weather and physics number in our lifetime and beyond. For the entire fate of Earth, of humanity, and life on Earth all hinges on this number. For this number means we have to colonize Europa and Ganymede and get off of Earth before the Sun swallows up Earth as a Sun Gone Red Giant.
When I started this book, I was looking for a number that comes close to 0.005 in terms of physical features of the Sun and photon radiation. And I found that attribute in the fact that it takes photons approximately 100,000 years to travel from the core of the Sun to reach the surface of the Sun and then radiate to Earth. So when I divide 100,000 by 140,000,000 I get 0.0007. So I needed to get close enough to 0.005 to tell me if I am in the same physical boundaries. And that is certainly close enough. So now I need to get even more precise.
If we take a Sphere surface area is 4pi*R^2 and volume is 4/3*pi*R^3. Now if the radius is 1 the number value of area is far larger than volume about 12 to 4. If the radius is 2, the surface area still wins with a ratio of 48 to 32, but at radius 3 the volume catches up with surface area with ratio of 108 to 108.
Now, in Astronomy we can safely say the size of Sun and our Solar System is tiny in comparison with size of galaxies, and that our Sun is of the size that Surface Area predominates over volume in this astronomy comparison.
There are known laws of Physics, Laws of Physics that electricity and magnetism rest and rely and harbor upon surfaces and not on interiors. That electricity harbors upon the surface of metals not their interior volume. And this is the reason the photosphere of the Sun is much hotter than the core interior of the Sun. In fact, this is a proof that the Sun operates not on fusion but on Faraday Law.
Having said all of the above, and putting those ideas together, we can say that the photons inside the Sun are all a minor additive, and that the photons on the Surface of the Sun are for all purposes, the Solar radiation. And this would sharpen up the calculation from that of 0.0007 to be exactly 0.005.
But my purpose is not to derive a approximation, far from it. My purpose is to derive the exact mechanism and the exact match of number 0.005. And the way that such is done is to consider that the radiation of any star is totally dependent on Mass. Here I have to correct the entire Hertzsprung-Russell diagram. That diagram was silly for it had no basis to a physical entity, no bases whatsoever. By basis, I mean something such as Mass. In the AP-diagram, mass is the single most important and the only parameter bases we need. At least Hertzsprung-Russell got the blue giants and red giants in upper regions of their plotting but they have blunders with white stars in lower regions, and theirs is disconnected.
When mass in Faraday's law is the only basis then the diagram should be linear and no disconnect.
Simply straight line diagram such as Y= 2x from Y=mx+b. For, color of star tells you mass, and size tells you mass.
In another one of my books I was searching for a astronomy more accurate distance measure. I probably have found it with this AP-diagram of simply mass and Faraday law.
Here I stray, let me get back to 0.005 physical attribute. So our Sun shines from Faraday law and our sun is growing bigger and bigger every day. There are more photons radiated by the sun tomorrow than today. And this number 0.005 comes directly from the increasing more hydrogen atoms that will exist tomorrow than exists today. Likewise, there will be more hydrogen atoms in the Sun next year, than exists in the Sun this year. The Sun will have more hydrogen atoms doing the Faraday law in 2022 than the Sun has in 2021. The increase in hydrogen atoms is an increase in solar radiation. And it is this increase in numbers of hydrogen atoms that gives us this 0.005% yearly solar radiation increase.