The Einstein Hoax
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By H. E. Retic ONLY E mail:- Einste...@AOL.com
"The Einstein Hoax" is intended for those who have been suspicious of the
premise that reality is so subtle that it can only be understood in terms of
sophisticated abstract mathematics to which only the elite was privy. The
understanding of reality in concrete terms was presented as being beyond the
capability of intelligent individuals. Instead, reality turns out to be readily
understandable in terms of common sense reasoning once the smoke and mirrors of
mathematical obfuscation and the mathematical and logical errors associated
with Special and General Relativity have been removed. All that is required in
reading this text is a good understanding of undergraduate level physics and a
passing familiarity with the meaning of elementary calculus. The Alice in
Wonderland reality of Black Holes, Singularities, Wormholes, Superstrings, etc.
vanishes and, by reverse engineering, the nature, construction, origin and fate
of our Universe becomes rather obvious. (As the cycles and epicycles of
pre-Copernican astronomical theory demonstrate, General Relativity and the
Superstring concept show that any theory can be made to agree with observation
if one adds enough superfluous degrees of freedom).
In attempting to understand the phenomena associated with Special and
General Relativity one must of necessity rely upon information provided by
experts and make a judgment as to whether the experts are providing valid
information. Over a lifetime of integrating the work of high technology experts
into useful product designs, the writer has recognized that a reliable means of
evaluating their expertise exists, to wit: -
A: - Over time, the expert will occasionally discuss some of item of
information of which the listener's expertise overlaps that of the expert. If
the expert has the subject wrong, he is not an expert; he is a charlatan
pretending to be an expert.
B: - When someone is expert in a field, he will be able to adequately
explain the workings of his field in terms that are understandable to an
intelligent layman. There is only one possible reason why he would be unable to
do so; he doesn't actually understand his field.
When one corrects two minor errors which still exist in the mathematics of
Special Relativity, as is done rigorously in "Corrections to Special
Relativity" and derives the properties of the gravitational field in a rigorous
manner, as is done in "Gravity", all sorts of wonderful and completely
unexpected results are obtained in terms which are completely consistent with
common sense. These results include the location of kinetic energy, the nature
of mass, the reason for the relativistic effects of velocity, the source of
gravitational energy, the mechanics of the apparent "Big Bang" origin of the
Universe and its subsequent expansion, and even the nature of matter and the
source of the forces between particles. The likelihood of the results that are
provided being wrong is vanishingly small. Unlike the mathematical reasoning
typically used by theoretical physicists, which has the unfortunate
characteristic that the probability of error increases with the number of
steps, the probability of error when common sense methods are applied in a
disciplined and self consistent manner decreases as the number of steps and
factors involved increases. It is impossible to complete a jigsaw puzzle
incorrectly.
In your reading of the material presented, the author asks you not to take
his word or the word of anyone else for anything. Instead, he asks that you
check the material presented with your own knowledge, intelligence, and common
sense. The only background required is an understanding of College Level
Freshman Physics and a familiarity with the principles of Elementary Calculus.
Please do not accept the fiction that the subject matter can only be understood
by highly educated individuals in terms of abstract mathematics. When an expert
cannot make himself understood by an intelligent and motivated layman, it
invariably means that the expert does not understand his subject! The author
hopes that the material presented passes this test. He can only guarantee,
however, that he has done his homework and that the material presented has been
developed with extreme care.
I:- Summary of "The Einstein Hoax"
Chapter Titles
1. - Introduction
2. - Historical Background
3. - The Nature of the Einstein Hoax
4. - Does the Aether Exist?
5. - The Resurrection of Absolute Velocity by Quantum Experiments
6. - The Nature of Reality
7. - Applying the Lorentz Transformations Properly
8. - Generating the Gravity Transformations
9. - Dr. Einstein's Error and the Introduction of Curved Space
10. - Gravitational Contraction and Collapse
11. - Gravitational Collapse and the Creation of a Universe
12. - The Space Time Continuum
13. - The Nature of Particles
14. - Adding Quantum Effects to Our Understanding
15. - Changing the Paradigms
16. - What Can We Conclude?
There are 57,000 words and 53 illustrations.
In the 19th Century, it was considered axiomatic that all of Nature was
the result of the action of various mechanisms, mechanical, electromagnetic,
and perhaps others that were yet to be recognized. Lord Raleigh was reported to
have asserted that there were no phenomena in Nature for which a model could
not be built. It was considered the physicists job to employ an iterative
process which consisted of constructing that model, analyzing its behavior
using appropriate mathematical techniques, and verifying the validity of the
model and the mathematics by experimentation. Under that philosophy, 19th
century physicists had concluded that light was a transverse vibration
propagating through a rigid medium named the Aether. However, when attempts
were made to measure the effect on the observed velocity of light resulting
from the variation in the velocity of the Earth in its orbit, the experiments
yielded a null result.
By 1903, the recognition by Fitzgerald that matter contracts in the
direction of the velocity vector, the recognition by Larmor that clocks ran
slower as a result of velocity, and the derivation by Lorentz of the Lorentz
Contraction for Mass (based on Thomson's derivation of E=MC^2 in 1888), led to
the Lorentz Contraction-Aether (Aether Relativity) Theory. This theory resolved
the dilemma. It demonstrated that all attempts to measure our velocity with
respect to the Aether by conventional means would yield a null result. The
reasons for the null result became intuitively understandable once quantum
physicists had demonstrated that the forces between particles were
electromagnetic in nature. At the time, the only apparent weakness of Aether
Relativity was that it did not explain the effects of velocity on electric and
magnetic phenomena. When 19th Century Dimensional Analysis is used to derive
Lorentz Transformations for those effects, the apparent defect in the Aether
Theory disappears, and it is found to satisfy the criteria demanded by 19th
Century science.
Two years later, in 1905, an obscure patent clerk possessing a Ph.D. in
physics, apparently sensing an opportunity represented by the then apparent
inability of the Aether Relativity Theory to explain electromagnetic phenomena,
published the Special Theory of Relativity. In deriving this theory he applied
mathematical techniques to Poincare's Principle of Relativity. Upon
examination, Special Relativity is found to be identical to the Aether
Relativity Theory with the conceptual restraint imposed by a preferred velocity
reference frame (the Aether) removed. Since, under both theories, an observer
could not measure his velocity with respect to that preferred reference frame
by techniques known at the time, the academic community asserted that the
concept of the Aether was meaningless. They then took the unscientific step of
demanding that the Aether concept was not to be used as a basis for further
work in the physical sciences even though its usage could produce no adverse
effect. (To his credit, Dr. Einstein warned that it had not been proven that
the Aether didn't exist, it had only been proven that it wasn't needed in
physical theories.) It should be noted that, unlike the Aether Relativity
Theory, Special Relativity Theory did not resolve the alleged electromagnetic
limitations of the Aether Relativity Theory; it arbitrarily defined them as
non-existent!
While the Aether Relativity Theory was consistent with common sense and
allowed Lord Raleigh's model to be constructed, the resulting interpretations
of the Special Theory of Relativity contradicted that common sense and made it
impossible to construct an equivalent model. To individuals with a strong sense
of reality, Special Relativity leads to unanswerable questions. (E.g.- If light
consists of particles traveling ballistically through empty space rather than
vibrations traveling though a medium [the Aether], how does it manage to
maintain a velocity which is independent of the velocity of its source without
relying upon some form of magic?- Chapter 4). Instead of recognizing such
questions as problems inherent in Special Relativity, relativists responded
with assertions that they were indicative of the brilliance of Dr. Einstein's
work and the questioner should not feel bad about them because there were only
a few minds in the world capable of understanding that work. This was probably
true, but not because of Dr. Einstein's brilliance, it was because Special
Relativity only worked if one avoided asking embarrassing questions. Over the
years, if any student working towards an advanced degree in physics persisted
in asking the questions asked in Chapter 4, he would have been dismissed as not
having the mental capacity to understand the subject matter. Recently, however,
the situation has changed. High altitude observations of the radiation
background of space have shown that an absolute velocity reference (the Aether)
must exist. Furthermore, experiments in quantum physics have shown how our
velocity with respect to that velocity reference could be measured. The fact
that such measurements are possible demonstrates that Special Relativity's
interpretation of reality is deficient. The Aether Relativity Theory, on the
other hand, provides the same mathematical predictions as Special Relativity in
a manner that is consistent with the requirements of a Raleigh type of model.
Since Aether Relativity was provided two years before Special Relativity,
one must ask the question as to why Dr. Einstein's work was considered to be
more than a refinement of existing theory rather than a profound new insight.
The answer would seem to lie in the political goals of the scientific
community. Dr. Einstein achieved his results through a mathematical derivation
rather than through the physical insight employed by Fitzgerald. Mathematics
has a property not possessed by insightful reasoning. Mathematics can be taught
by rote and, since almost anyone can learn by rote without actually having to
understand the subject matter, the cadre of physical scientists could be
readily expanded. It appeared that progress could be made by combining
mathematics with experiment without the need for generating a conceptual model
of the phenomena under study. It became vital, therefore to suppress the Aether
Relativity concept so that the fiction that the combination of mathematics and
experiment were sufficient to achieve progress could be established and
maintained.
The goal of suppressing the concept of the Aether was achieved by a form
of intellectual slight of hand called "Space-Time" in which the properties of
space and time were considered to be different aspects of the same entity.
Because of the fact that the Lorentz Transformations are in the same form as
the equations of the Pythagorean Theorem, this could be done mathematically,
since a change in the velocity reference frame was mathematically equivalent to
a rotation of axes. In terms of reality, the concept is absurd. As Dr. Einstein
was reluctant to go along with such an interpretation or reality. He is
reported to have commented that the idea of "Space-Time" required the existence
of a large (actually infinite number) of Aethers and pointed out "we have not
disproved the existence of the Aether, we have only proven that we do not need
it for computations. In addition, it is reported that he retained a belief in
"absolute time" (equivalent to a belief in the Aether) for about 25 years after
the publication of Special Relativity.
Spurred on by his success with Special Relativity, Dr. Einstein went on to
derive General Relativity by combining the Principle of Equivalence (between
inertial and gravitational masses) and the Principle of Relativity. Without the
inherent safety net that would have been provided by the inclusion of a Raleigh
type of model, Dr. Einstein apparently failed to recognize that the physical
significance of the relativity phenomena prohibited the use of Tensor Calculus
for such a purpose and used that technique to derive his new theory. He
struggled for about 18 months before revising his approach. Instead of
eliminating the mathematical error implicit in his use of Tensor Calculus, he
added another degree of freedom by using the flawed geometry of Riemann and
allowed space to be curved. (This geometry lacks the requirement that parallel
lines never meet and as such is a subset of conventional Euclidian geometry. A
typical example is the two dimensional non-Euclidian geometry of the surface of
the three dimensional Earth.) There was enough truth in his results to allow
him to predict the effects of the Sun's field on the precession of Mercury's
orbit, the bending of the path of light, and the slowing of clocks. The
observations that supposedly verified General Relativity were, and still are,
about a million times too crude to reveal its residual errors. As a
gravitational theory, General Relativity is a failure. It cannot account for
the force that holds you to your chair or the energy which gravity will apply
to you if you fall. (If one falls out of a window, he couldn't care less about
the precession of Mercury's orbit, he cares about the results of the force of
gravity.) Even though Dr. Einstein was reported to have been uneasy about the
extension of General Relativity to extremely strong fields, that extension has
been made to include gravitational collapse and has led to the concepts of
Black Holes, Singularities, Wormholes, etc. The existence of these conclusions
should have caused a reexamination of the basic theory instead of blind
acceptance.
"The Einstein Hoax" does not require the possession of advanced degrees
for its understanding. Freshman (or even high school) physics and an
understanding of the nature of elementary calculus (skill is not needed) is all
that is required. The text removes the mystery behind Special Relativity by
demonstrating the how and why of the effects involved and shows that
experiments already conducted by quantum physicists have proven not only that
the Aether is real but that our absolute velocity through space is readily
measurable. It is Aether Relativity, which represents reality. The text then
continues and develops gravitational transformations equivalent to the Lorentz
Transformations which allow the reader to visualize what the gravitational
field is all about; the source of its energy; a demonstration that the idea of
curved space is merely an artifice introduced by Dr. Einstein's to partially
overcome his error in using Tensor Calculus; and the source of the pressure
which causes the gravitational collapse of an object to cease before it becomes
a Black Hole. As an unexpected bonus, these gravitational transformations show
how our Universe was created; lead to the observed cosmology; show that the
expansion of our Universe will continue forever; and demonstrate that every
object which undergoes gravitational collapse eventually becomes another
universe as rich as our own. The nature of space and time is discussed followed
by a description of the nature of matter and the manner in which Planck's
Constant insures that the three quarks that constitute a nucleon are
fundamental and contain no smaller structure. (The zoo of high-energy particles
created by particle accelerator experiments is a temporary product produced by
the kinetic energy of the collision and quickly decay into normal matter and
energy. Other than providing an insight into the nature of the Aether, the
author suspects they have no significance.) The previously written texts,
"Gravity" and "Corrections to Special Relativity", are rigorous derivations of
the material presented in "The Einstein Hoax" are presented as a backup. As is
the case with "The Einstein Hoax", these texts are written for those having an
undergraduate understanding of Physics and Elementary Calculus, but their rigor
does require more patience.
The author accepts the possibility that the concepts presented may be
wrong, however he finds it extremely difficult to accept that they are as
defective as the concepts that are presently held. The material presented not
only passes the tests of experiment and mathematical verification; it passes
the test of Lord Raleigh that it is in accordance with a single self-consistent
model. The fact that the material presented passes the Raleigh test provides
the author with a great deal of confidence. Unlike a mathematical solution in
which the probability of error increases with the number of steps, the
probability of error in a Raleigh Model decreases with its complexity.
Remember, it is impossible to complete a jigsaw puzzle incorrectly.
The Website contains two additional texts, "Gravity", which provides a
rigorous derivation of the properties of the gravitational field, and
"Corrections to Residual Errors in Special Relativity"
II: - Summary of "Gravity"
Chapter Titles
1: - Introduction
2: - Laying the Groundwork
3: - Evaluating the Gravitational Conversion Factors
4: - Comparison with the "Real World"
5: - The Complete Gravitational Field
There are 50,000 words and 22 diagrams.
Being dissatisfied with the published treatments of the gravitational
phenomena and recognizing that gravity was a relativistic phenomenon, the
author began decades ago to study the subject carefully. It seemed obvious to
him that the phenomena described by the Lorentz Transformations of Special
Relativity and the time dilation of General Relativity described effects in
which the measuring instruments by which observations were being made were
probably being altered by the phenomena being investigated. To deal with this
possibility and determine what was actually occurring (as would be observed by
"godlike" instruments which were unchanged), the author elected to use the
techniques of Dimensional Analysis.
Investigation of the treatment of gravitation provided by General
Relativity reveals several basic defects: -
1: - The time dilation expression it provides is not multiplicatively
commutative and therefore is in conflict with one of its basic postulates, the
Principle of Relativity. As a result, the predictions made by General
Relativity must be grossly in error in strong fields such as existing around
neutron stars. This error is undetectable within the extremely weak field of
the Solar System. As currently stated, the time dilation expression for the
gravitational field would cause the laws of physics to change as a function of
elevation.
2: - The curved space predicted by General Relativity would allow a perpetual
motion machine of the first kind to be constructed in principle.
3: - General Relativity leads to a singularity at its end limit.
4: - General Relativity fails to account for the energy of fall and concludes
that the gravitational field is able to 'create' energy.
5: - General Relativity leads to conclusions that are in conflict with its
other basic postulate, the Principle of Equivalence.
These deficiencies do not result from a failure of the Principles of Relativity
and of Equivalence in combination. They result from a misapplication both of
the Principle of Equivalence and of the Tensor Calculus used in the derivation
of General Relativity. When the misapplication of the Principle of Equivalence
is corrected and the use of Tensor Calculus is avoided, the combination of the
Principle of Equivalence and the Principle of Relativity is found to yield the
same results as derived in the approach taken in this discussion.
By combining the Principle of Relativity with Dimensional Analysis, a
treatment of the gravitational field has been developed which is both
internally consistent and which is consistent with the results of all
observations and with all currently accepted 'physical laws'. Unlike General
Relativity, the concepts presented meet the following criteria:
1: - Consistent with all accepted physical laws.
2: - Consistent with all observations.
3: - All dilations are multiplicatively commutative in agreement with the
Principle of Relativity.
4: - Source of gravitational energy is revealed, an obvious failure of General
Relativity.
5: - Energy is conserved in the absolute sense, another obvious failure of
General Relativity.
6: - Gravitational collapse is self-limiting.
7: - Conclusions suggest observed cosmology.
8: - Conclusions are compatible with both the Principle of Relativity and the
Principle of Equivalence.
III- Summary of "Corrections to Special Relativity"
Section Titles
1: - Introduction.
2: - Groundwork of Discussion.
3: - A Comparison of the Velocity Difference Between Velocity Reference Frames
'B' and 'C' as Observed in Reference Frame 'B' and as Observed in Reference
Frame 'A'.
4: - Determination of the Lorentz Transformation for Incremental Mass and for
Force Between Reference Frames Having Relative Velocity.
5: - The Balance of Moments Applied to a Right Angle Lever in Velocity
Reference Frame 'B' Moving with Velocity, V, with Respect to Velocity Reference
Frame 'A' as Observed in Reverence Frames 'A' and 'B'.
6: - The Conventional and Revised Lorentz Transformations for Transverse Force
as Related to the Right Angle Lever Thought Experiment.
7: - The Lorentz Transformation for Parallel and Transverse Force as Related to
a Compressed Spring Thought Experiment.
This paper derives the Lorentz Transformations for force parallel to and
transverse to the relative velocity vector between velocity reference frames.
In the process it demonstrates that both the accepted Lorentz Transformation
for Force in the transverse direction and the current interpretation of the
Right Angle Lever Thought Experiment, as described in many texts, are
incorrect. A final result is the determination of the manner in which the
kinetic energy associated with a moving object (particle) is stored. Finally,
it is shown that the reason it is considered that Special Relativity is not
valid for accelerated reference frames is that it defines mass in different
terms than those commonly used in mechanics. The difficulty with acceleration
in Special Relativity vanishes when the non-relativistic definition of mass is
used, namely that inertial mass is the incremental impulse required to produce
an incremental change in velocity.
The source material for this posting may be found in "Gravity" (1987),
"The Einstein Hoax" (1997), and "Corrections to Residual Errors in Special
Relativity (1999) located at http://www.members.aol.com/einsteinhoax/site.htm .
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