The Einstein Hoax
LLuf
"Great spirits have always encountered violent oppositions from mediocre
minds." - A. Einstein
"The Einstein Hoax" is intended for those who have been suspicious of
the premise that reality is so subtle that it can only be understood in
terms of sophisticated abstract mathematics to which only the elite was
privy. The understanding of reality in concrete terms was presented as being
beyond the capability of intelligent individuals. Instead, reality turns out
to be readily understandable in terms of common sense reasoning once the
smoke and mirrors of mathematical obfuscation and the mathematical and
logical errors associated with Special and General Relativity have been
removed. All that is required in reading this text is a good understanding
of undergraduate level physics and a passing familiarity with the meaning of
elementary calculus. The Alice in Wonderland reality of Black Holes,
Singularities, Wormholes, Superstrings, etc. vanishes and, by reverse
engineering, the nature, construction, origin and fate of our Universe
becomes rather obvious. (As the cycles and epicycles of pre-Copernican
astronomical theory demonstrate, General Relativity and the Superstring
concept show that any theory can be made to agree with observation if one
adds enough superfluous degrees of freedom).
In attempting to understand the phenomena associated with Special and
General Relativity one must of necessity rely upon information provided by
experts and make a judgment as to whether the experts are providing valid
information. Over a lifetime of integrating the work of high technology
experts into useful product designs, the writer has recognized that a
reliable means of evaluating their expertise exists, to wit: -
A: - Over time, the expert will occasionally discuss some of item of
information of which the listener's expertise overlaps that of the expert.
If the expert has the subject wrong, he is not an expert; he is a charlatan
pretending to be an expert.
B: - When someone is expert in a field, he will be able to adequately
explain the workings of his field in terms that are understandable to an
intelligent layman. There is only one possible reason why he would be unable
to do so; he doesn't actually understand his field.
When one corrects two minor errors which still exist in the mathematics
of Special Relativity, as is done rigorously in "Corrections to Special
Relativity" and derives the properties of the gravitational field in a
rigorous manner, as is done in "Gravity", all sorts of wonderful and
completely unexpected results are obtained in terms which are completely
consistent with common sense. These results include the location of kinetic
energy, the nature of mass, the reason for the relativistic effects of
velocity, the source of gravitational energy, the mechanics of the apparent
"Big Bang" origin of the Universe and its subsequent expansion, and even the
nature of matter and the source of the forces between particles. The
likelihood of the results that are provided being wrong is vanishingly
small. Unlike the mathematical reasoning typically used by theoretical
physicists, which has the unfortunate characteristic that the probability of
error increases with the number of steps, the probability of error when
common sense methods are applied in a disciplined and self consistent manner
decreases as the number of steps and factors involved increases. It is
impossible to complete a jigsaw puzzle incorrectly.
In your reading of the material presented, the author asks you not to
take his word or the word of anyone else for anything. Instead, he asks that
you check the material presented with your own knowledge, intelligence, and
common sense. The only background required is an understanding of College
Level Freshman Physics and a familiarity with the principles of Elementary
Calculus. Please do not accept the fiction that the subject matter can only
be understood by highly educated individuals in terms of abstract
mathematics. When an expert cannot make himself understood by an intelligent
and motivated layman, it invariably means that the expert does not
understand his subject! The author hopes that the material presented passes
this test. He can only guarantee, however, that he has done his homework and
that the material presented has been developed with extreme care.
I:- Summary of "The Einstein Hoax"
Chapter Titles
1. - Introduction<BR>
2. - Historical Background<BR>
3. - The Nature of the Einstein Hoax<BR>
4. - Does the Aether Exist?<BR>
5. - The Resurrection of Absolute Velocity by Quantum Experiments<BR>
6. - The Nature of Reality<BR>
7. - Applying the Lorentz Transformations Properly<BR>
8. - Generating the Gravity Transformations<BR>
9. - Dr. Einstein's Error and the Introduction of Curved Space<BR>
10. - Gravitational Contraction and Collapse<BR>
11. - Gravitational Collapse and the Creation of a Universe<BR>
12. - The Space Time Continuum<BR>
13. - The Nature of Particles<BR>
14. - Adding Quantum Effects to Our Understanding<BR>
15. - Changing the Paradigms<BR>
16. - What Can We Conclude?
There are 57,000 words and 53 illustrations.
In the 19th Century, it was considered axiomatic that all of Nature was
the result of the action of various mechanisms, mechanical, electromagnetic,
and perhaps others that were yet to be recognized. Lord Raleigh was reported
to have asserted that there were no phenomena in Nature for which a model
could not be built. It was considered the physicists job to employ an
iterative process which consisted of constructing that model, analyzing its
behavior using appropriate mathematical techniques, and verifying the
validity of the model and the mathematics by experimentation. Under that
philosophy, 19th century physicists had concluded that light was a
transverse vibration propagating through a rigid medium named the Aether.
However, when attempts were made to measure the effect on the observed
velocity of light resulting from the variation in the velocity of the Earth
in its orbit, the experiments yielded a null result.
By 1903, the recognition by Fitzgerald that matter contracts in the
direction of the velocity vector, the recognition by Larmor that clocks ran
slower as a result of velocity, and the derivation by Lorentz of the Lorentz
Contraction for Mass (based on Thomson's derivation of E=MC^2 in 1888), led
to the Lorentz Contraction-Aether (Aether Relativity) Theory. This theory
resolved the dilemma. It demonstrated that all attempts to measure our
velocity with respect to the Aether by conventional means would yield a null
result. The reasons for the null result became intuitively understandable
once quantum physicists had demonstrated that the forces between particles
were electromagnetic in nature. At the time, the only apparent weakness of
Aether Relativity was that it did not explain the effects of velocity on
electric and magnetic phenomena. When 19th Century Dimensional Analysis is
used to derive Lorentz Transformations for those effects, the apparent
defect in the Aether Theory disappears, and it is found to satisfy the
criteria demanded by 19th Century science.
Two years later, in 1905, an obscure patent clerk possessing a Ph.D. in
physics, apparently sensing an opportunity represented by the then apparent
inability of the Aether Relativity Theory to explain electromagnetic
phenomena, published the Special Theory of Relativity. In deriving this
theory he applied mathematical techniques to Poincare's Principle of
Relativity. Upon examination, Special Relativity is found to be identical to
the Aether Relativity Theory with the conceptual restraint imposed by a
preferred velocity reference frame (the Aether) removed. Since, under both
theories, an observer could not measure his velocity with respect to that
preferred reference frame by techniques known at the time, the academic
community asserted that the concept of the Aether was meaningless. They then
took the unscientific step of demanding that the Aether concept was not to
be used as a basis for further work in the physical sciences even though its
usage could produce no adverse effect. (To his credit, Dr. Einstein warned
that it had not been proven that the Aether didn't exist, it had only been
proven that it wasn't needed in physical theories.) It should be noted that,
unlike the Aether Relativity Theory, Special Relativity Theory did not
resolve the alleged electromagnetic limitations of the Aether Relativity
Theory; it arbitrarily defined them as non-existent!
While the Aether Relativity Theory was consistent with common sense and
allowed Lord Raleigh's model to be constructed, the resulting
interpretations of the Special Theory of Relativity contradicted that common
sense and made it impossible to construct an equivalent model. To
individuals with a strong sense of reality, Special Relativity leads to
unanswerable questions. (E.g.- If light consists of particles traveling
ballistically through empty space rather than vibrations traveling though a
medium [the Aether], how does it manage to maintain a velocity which is
independent of the velocity of its source without relying upon some form of
magic?- Chapter 4). Instead of recognizing such questions as problems
inherent in Special Relativity, relativists responded with assertions that
they were indicative of the brilliance of Dr. Einstein's work and the
questioner should not feel bad about them because there were only a few
minds in the world capable of understanding that work. This was probably
true, but not because of Dr. Einstein's brilliance, it was because Special
Relativity only worked if one avoided asking embarrassing questions. Over
the years, if any student working towards an advanced degree in physics
persisted in asking the questions asked in Chapter 4, he would have been
dismissed as not having the mental capacity to understand the subject
matter. Recently, however, the situation has changed. High altitude
observations of the radiation background of space have shown that an
absolute velocity reference (the Aether) must exist. Furthermore,
experiments in quantum physics have shown how our velocity with respect to
that velocity reference could be measured. The fact that such measurements
are possible demonstrates that Special Relativity's interpretation of
reality is deficient. The Aether Relativity Theory, on the other hand,
provides the same mathematical predictions as Special Relativity in a manner
that is consistent with the requirements of a Raleigh type of model.
Since Aether Relativity was provided two years before Special
Relativity, one must ask the question as to why Dr. Einstein's work was
considered to be more than a refinement of existing theory rather than a
profound new insight. The answer would seem to lie in the political goals of
the scientific community. Dr. Einstein achieved his results through a
mathematical derivation rather than through the physical insight employed by
Fitzgerald. Mathematics has a property not possessed by insightful
reasoning. Mathematics can be taught by rote and, since almost anyone can
learn by rote without actually having to understand the subject matter, the
cadre of physical scientists could be readily expanded. It appeared that
progress could be made by combining mathematics with experiment without the
need for generating a conceptual model of the phenomena under study. It
became vital, therefore to suppress the Aether Relativity concept so that
the fiction that the combination of mathematics and experiment were
sufficient to achieve progress could be established and maintained.
The goal of suppressing the concept of the Aether was achieved by a
form of intellectual slight of hand called "Space-Time" in which the
properties of space and time were considered to be different aspects of the
same entity. Because of the fact that the Lorentz Transformations are in the
same form as the equations of the Pythagorean Theorem, this could be done
mathematically, since a change in the velocity reference frame was
mathematically equivalent to a rotation of axes. In terms of reality, the
concept is absurd. As Dr. Einstein was reluctant to go along with such an
interpretation or reality. He is reported to have commented that the idea of
"Space-Time" required the existence of a large (actually infinite number) of
Aethers and pointed out "we have not disproved the existence of the Aether,
we have only proven that we do not need it for computations. In addition, it
is reported that he retained a belief in "absolute time" (equivalent to a
belief in the Aether) for about 25 years after the publication of Special
Relativity.
Spurred on by his success with Special Relativity, Dr. Einstein went on
to derive General Relativity by combining the Principle of Equivalence
(between inertial and gravitational masses) and the Principle of Relativity.
Without the inherent safety net that would have been provided by the
inclusion of a Raleigh type of model, Dr. Einstein apparently failed to
recognize that the physical significance of the relativity phenomena
prohibited the use of Tensor Calculus for such a purpose and used that
technique to derive his new theory. He struggled for about 18 months before
revising his approach. Instead of eliminating the mathematical error
implicit in his use of Tensor Calculus, he added another degree of freedom
by using the flawed geometry of Riemann and allowed space to be curved.
(This geometry lacks the requirement that parallel lines never meet and as
such is a subset of conventional Euclidian geometry. A typical example is
the two dimensional non-Euclidian geometry of the surface of the three
dimensional Earth.) There was enough truth in his results to allow him to
predict the effects of the Sun's field on the precession of Mercury's orbit,
the bending of the path of light, and the slowing of clocks. The
observations that supposedly verified General Relativity were, and still
are, about a million times too crude to reveal its residual errors. As a
gravitational theory, General Relativity is a failure. It cannot account for
the force that holds you to your chair or the energy which gravity will
apply to you if you fall. (If one falls out of a window, he couldn't care
less about the precession of Mercury's orbit, he cares about the results of
the force of gravity.) Even though Dr. Einstein was reported to have been
uneasy about the extension of General Relativity to extremely strong fields,
that extension has been made to include gravitational collapse and has led
to the concepts of Black Holes, Singularities, Wormholes, etc. The existence
of these conclusions should have caused a reexamination of the basic theory
instead of blind acceptance.
"The Einstein Hoax" does not require the possession of advanced degrees
for its understanding. Freshman (or even high school) physics and an
understanding of the nature of elementary calculus (skill is not needed) is
all that is required. The text removes the mystery behind Special Relativity
by demonstrating the how and why of the effects involved and shows that
experiments already conducted by quantum physicists have proven not only
that the Aether is real but that our absolute velocity through space is
readily measurable. It is Aether Relativity, which represents reality. The
text then continues and develops gravitational transformations equivalent to
the Lorentz Transformations which allow the reader to visualize what the
gravitational field is all about; the source of its energy; a demonstration
that the idea of curved space is merely an artifice introduced by Dr.
Einstein's to partially overcome his error in using Tensor Calculus; and the
source of the pressure which causes the gravitational collapse of an object
to cease before it becomes a Black Hole. As an unexpected bonus, these
gravitational transformations show how our Universe was created; lead to the
observed cosmology; show that the expansion of our Universe will continue
forever; and demonstrate that every object which undergoes gravitational
collapse eventually becomes another universe as rich as our own. The nature
of space and time is discussed followed by a description of the nature of
matter and the manner in which Planck's Constant insures that the three
quarks that constitute a nucleon are fundamental and contain no smaller
structure. (The zoo of high-energy particles created by particle accelerator
experiments is a temporary product produced by the kinetic energy of the
collision and quickly decay into normal matter and energy. Other than
providing an insight into the nature of the Aether, the author suspects they
have no significance.) The previously written texts, "Gravity" and
"Corrections to Special Relativity", are rigorous derivations of the
material presented in "The Einstein Hoax" are presented as a backup. As is
the case with "The Einstein Hoax", these texts are written for those having
an undergraduate understanding of Physics and Elementary Calculus, but their
rigor does require more patience.
The author accepts the possibility that the concepts presented may be
wrong, however he finds it extremely difficult to accept that they are as
defective as the concepts that are presently held. The material presented
not only passes the tests of experiment and mathematical verification; it
passes the test of Lord Raleigh that it is in accordance with a single
self-consistent model. The fact that the material presented passes the
Raleigh test provides the author with a great deal of confidence. Unlike a
mathematical solution in which the probability of error increases with the
number of steps, the probability of error in a Raleigh Model decreases with
its complexity. Remember, it is impossible to complete a jigsaw puzzle
incorrectly.
The Website contains two additional texts, "Gravity", which provides a
rigorous derivation of the properties of the gravitational field, and
"Corrections to Residual Errors in Special Relativity"
II: - Summary of "Gravity"
Chapter Titles
1: - Introduction<BR>
2: - Laying the Groundwork<BR>
3: - Evaluating the Gravitational Conversion Factors<BR>
4: - Comparison with the "Real World"<BR>
5: - The Complete Gravitational Field<BR>
There are 50,000 words and 22 diagrams.
Being dissatisfied with the published treatments of the gravitational
phenomena and recognizing that gravity was a relativistic phenomenon, the
author began decades ago to study the subject carefully. It seemed obvious
to him that the phenomena described by the Lorentz Transformations of
Special Relativity and the time dilation of General Relativity described
effects in which the measuring instruments by which observations were being
made were probably being altered by the phenomena being investigated. To
deal with this possibility and determine what was actually occurring (as
would be observed by "godlike" instruments which were unchanged), the author
elected to use the techniques of Dimensional Analysis.
Investigation of the treatment of gravitation provided by General
Relativity reveals several basic defects: -
1: - The time dilation expression it provides is not multiplicatively
commutative and therefore is in conflict with one of its basic postulates,
the Principle of Relativity. As a result, the predictions made by General
Relativity must be grossly in error in strong fields such as existing around
neutron stars. This error is undetectable within the extremely weak field of
the Solar System. As currently stated, the time dilation expression for the
gravitational field would cause the laws of physics to change as a function
of elevation.
2: - The curved space predicted by General Relativity would allow a
perpetual motion machine of the first kind to be constructed in principle.
3: - General Relativity leads to a singularity at its end limit.
4: - General Relativity fails to account for the energy of fall and
concludes that the gravitational field is able to 'create' energy.
5: - General Relativity leads to conclusions that are in conflict with
its other basic postulate, the Principle of Equivalence.
These deficiencies do not result from a failure of the Principles of
Relativity and of Equivalence in combination. They result from a
misapplication both of the Principle of Equivalence and of the Tensor
Calculus used in the derivation of General Relativity. When the
misapplication of the Principle of Equivalence is corrected and the use of
Tensor Calculus is avoided, the combination of the Principle of Equivalence
and the Principle of Relativity is found to yield the same results as
derived in the approach taken in this discussion.
By combining the Principle of Relativity with Dimensional Analysis, a
treatment of the gravitational field has been developed which is both
internally consistent and which is consistent with the results of all
observations and with all currently accepted 'physical laws'. Unlike General
Relativity, the concepts presented meet the following criteria:
1: - Consistent with all accepted physical laws.<BR>
2: - Consistent with all observations.<BR>
3: - All dilations are multiplicatively commutative in agreement with the
Principle of Relativity.<BR>
4: - Source of gravitational energy is revealed, an obvious failure of
General Relativity.<BR>
5: - Energy is conserved in the absolute sense, another obvious failure of
General Relativity.<BR>
6: - Gravitational collapse is self-limiting.<BR>
7: - Conclusions suggest observed cosmology.<BR>
8: - Conclusions are compatible with both the Principle of Relativity and
the Principle of Equivalence.
III- Summary of "Corrections to Special Relativity"
Section Titles
1: - Introduction.
2: - Groundwork of Discussion.
3: - A Comparison of the Velocity Difference Between Velocity Reference
Frames 'B' and 'C' as Observed in Reference Frame 'B' and as Observed in
Reference Frame 'A',
4: - Determination of the Lorentz Transformation for Incremental Mass
and for Force Between Reference Frames Having Relative Velocity.
5: - The Balance of Moments Applied to a Right Angle Lever in Velocity
Reference Frame 'B' Moving with Velocity, V, with Respect to Velocity
Reference Frame 'A' as Observed in Reverence Frames 'A' and 'B'.
6: - The Conventional and Revised Lorentz Transformations for
Transverse Force as Related to the Right Angle Lever Thought Experiment.
7: - The Lorentz Transformation for Parallel and Transverse Force as
Related to a Compressed Spring Thought Experiment.
This paper derives the Lorentz Transformations for force parallel to
and transverse to the relative velocity vector between velocity reference
frames. In the process it demonstrates that both the accepted Lorentz
Transformation for Force in the transverse direction and the current
interpretation of the Right Angle Lever Thought Experiment, as described in
many texts, are incorrect. A final result is the determination of the manner
in which the kinetic energy associated with a moving object (particle) is
stored. Finally, it is shown that the reason it is considered that Special
Relativity is not valid for accelerated reference frames is that it defines
mass in different terms than those commonly used in mechanics. The
difficulty with acceleration in Special Relativity vanishes when the
non-relativistic definition of mass is used, namely that inertial mass is
the incremental impulse required to produce an incremental change in
velocity.
The source material for this posting may be found in "Gravity" (1987),
"The Einstein Hoax" (1997), and "Corrections to Residual Errors in Special
Relativity (1999) located at
http://members.isp.com/einste...@isp.com/einsteinhoax/site.htm.
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