Hi DumbStruck,
Subject: Correcting Mike Tyner's FALSE or Imagined information about
me.
1) I advocate true-prevention in the pseudo-myopia stage, defined as
visual acuity of from 20/30 to 20/60, and MEASURED refractive state of
-1/2 to -1.5 diopters. If you start wearing a strong minus lens, you
will CREATE "axial myopia".
2) Tyner OD insists I READ NO BOOKS. He does not know about my
engineering-scientific interests in fundamental scientific truth (not
"medical truth" - there is a deep difference).
3) Here are some references for your interest:
+++++
REFERENCES
Frances A.Young, "The Effect of Restricted Visual Space on the Primate
Eye", Am. J. Ophth., Vol. 52, No. 5, Part II, 799-806, 1961.
Kepler, J., (1571-1630) "Dioptice: Seu demonstration eorum quae visui
et visibilibus propter conspicilla non ita pridem inventa accidunt",
Augsburg, 1611
Helmholtz H., (1821-1894) "Physiological Optics", Translation by the
Optical Society of America, 1924 Note: Helmholz introduced word
hyperopia.
Donders, F. C., (1818-1889) "Accommodation and Refraction of the Eye",
London, The New Sydenham Society. 1864
Note: The words emmetropia and ametropia were introduced by
Donders. Donders took the focal states of the normal eye to be DEFECTS
of the eye. Any non-zero focal state of the eye was, by definition, a
defect (ametropia). A focal state of EXACTLY zero was defined as
"normal". Under this definition, very few, if any, animals or humans
have eyes that are normal!
Ware, J. "Observations relative to the near and distant sight of
different persons", Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc., Part 1:31-50, 1813
Young,F.A., Leary, G. A., Goo, F. J., Johanson, C., Baldwin, W. R.,
West, D.C., Box, R. A., and Harris, E., "Refractive Errors, Reading
Performance, and School Achievement Among Eskimo Children", Am. J.
Optom. & Arch. Am. Acad. Optom., 47 (5), 384-390, 1970.
(A review of this study is provided by Dr. Maurice Brummer, reference
15).
The cause of myopia is further clearly indicated in a study of
1,200 Eskimos in Barrow, Alaska, published in the American Journal of
Optometry in 1970, which showed that in one generation of the Eskimo
population had moved from no myopia to approximately 65% myopia among
the off-spring, and that neither the grandparents nor parents over 40
had any myopia. Thus the first generation between grandparents and
parents was similar in that myopia was nonexistent, but in the second
generation between the parents and their children, suddenly myopia
occurs in a surprisingly high number of children. As a matter of fact,
of 53 offspring who were in their early 20's, 88% had myopia. Such a
sudden and great degree of change cannot readily be accounted for on
the basis of heredity, especially when there has been no identifiable
force which could have brought about this obviously considerable
mutation in the genetic composition of the offspring. The obvious
difference between the parents and the children is the amount of near
work which is currently being done by the children. About the time of
the second World War, the white man intruded into their lives,
requiring the development of education among a population which was
uneducated and illiterate. The Eskimo has become an avid reader
because of his environment. While he spends a great deal of time out-
of-doors in the warmer, daylight summer months, he spends relatively
little time out-of-doors in the cold, dark winter months.".
Raphaelson J., "A Preventive and Remedy for School-Myopia", Book 3,
1958, 105 pages.
Gmelin, Maj. Robert T., MSC, USA, "Myopia at West Point: Past and
Present." Military Medicine, 141 (8) 542-3, August 1976.
Reynolds Hayden, M.D., "Development and Prevention of Myopia at the
United States Naval Academy", Volume 25, (old series Volume 82),
Number 4., Copyright, 1941, The American Medical Association.
Frank Schaeffel, Adrian Glasser and Howard C. Howland, "Accommodation,
Refractive Error and Eye Growth in Chickens", VISION RES., Vol 28, No.
5 pp 639-657, 1988. Pergamon Press.
RESULTS:
All eyes treated with positive lenses became consistently more
positive (hyperopic).
Negative lenses produced more negative (myopic) refractions (focal
states) in all eyes.
In a test of plus/minus lenses on left/right eyes, the eye with the
plus lens moved in a positive direction. The eye with a minus lens
moved in a minus direction.
The control group did not change significantly in any direction.
Brown,Otis S., "How to Avoid Nearsightedness", C & O Research, pp
53-56, 1989.
Southall, J. P. C., "Introduction to Physiological Optics", Dover
Publications, Inc. 1937. [Reference: page 141, "While there is still a
strong prejudice (judgment) in some quarters AGAINST the full
correction (of a minus lens)...".]
Rehm, Donald S., "The Myopia Myth -- The Truth about Nearsightedness
and How to Prevent it", pp 103-6, 1981
Betz, J. N., "Success with Bifocals for Children", Credit to O.E.P.,
Opt J Rev Optom 86: 42, 1949
Brumer, Maurice, "Eyestrain -- Its Causes, Consequences and
Treatment", Australian and New Zealand Association for the Advancement
of Science (ANZAAS), New Zealand 1/26/79
++++++
If you wish to read a fairly complete history - going back to Kepler -
I would recommend, "Introduction to Physiological Optics".
Some of the descriptive words Tyner uses are badly defined, and have
imbedded errors in concept. That is indeed a problem - for Tyner when
discussing the proven dynamic behavior of the natural, or fundamental
eye (as science, not medicine).
Enjoy,