Iron deficiency: the global perspective
Mike Collins
Iron deficiency: the global perspective.
Cook JD, Skikne BS, Baynes RD.
Department of Medicine University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas
City 66160-7402.
The prevelance of IDA in industrialized countries has declined in
recent decades, but there has been little change in the worldwide
prevalence. IDA is currently estimated to affect more than 500 million
people. Recent studies have indicated that anemia per se, the most
common manifestation of iron deficiency, is less important from a
public health standpoint than liabilities associated with tissue iron
deficiency. The most important of the latter are an impairment in
psychomotor development and cognitive function in infants and
preschoolers, a deficit in work performance in adults, and an increase
in the frequency of low birth weight, prematurity, and perinatal
mortality in pregnancy. There have been several recent advances in
combatting nutritional iron deficiency. One of the major problems has
been in distinguishing iron deficiency from other causes of anemia
seen epidemiologically such as malaria, HIV infection, chronic
inflammation, hemoglobinopathies, and protein energy malnutrition.
When combined with serum ferritin and hemoglobin determinations, the
serum transferrin receptor assay is a valuable addition in
epidemiologic surveys because it provides a quantitative measure of
functional iron deficiency and it distinguishes true IDA from the
anemia of chronic disease. The most difficult challenge is to develop
effective methods of supplying iron to large segments of a population.
Supplementation with iron tablets is suitable for only brief periods
of need such as during pregnancy. The poor compliance with existing
supplementation programs is believed to be due mainly to the
gastrointestinal side effects of oral iron which can be eliminated by
the use of a gastric delivery system. The most effective long-term
strategy is to increase the intake of bioavailable iron in the diet.
The customary approach has been to fortify a food staple such as
wheat, rice, sugar, or salt, and thereby increase the iron intake of
the entire population. However, because of concerns about the risk of
cancer and heart disease in individuals with high iron stores, there
is an increasing reluctance to supply iron to individuals who do not
require it. A more effective strategy is to fortify food vehicles that
are targeted to segments of the population at greatest risk of iron
deficiency such as infants and school children. Because of the strong
inhibitory properties of diets in regions of the world where iron
deficiency is most prevalent, the use of NaFeEDTA has important
advantages for food fortification.
ironjustice
wrote: iron deficiency <<
You should try to keep up ..
"Iron Commonest Worldwide Metal Toxicity"
TOXICITY .. not .. deficiency ..
You cannot diagnose iron deficiency ..
You are UNABLE to diagnose iron deficiency ..
You have NEVER been able to diagnose iron deficiency ..
The person who believes iron filings are to be fed and injected into
humans is an
idiot ..
Try to keep your idiocy out of the medical groups ..
The Design and Development of Deferiprone (L1) and Other Iron
Chelators for Clinical Use: Targeting Methods and Application
Prospects
Authors: G. J. Kontoghiorghes1; K. Pattichis1; K. Neocleous1; A.
Kolnagou1
Source: Current Medicinal Chemistry, Volume 11, Number 16, August
2004 , pp. 2161-2183(23)
Abstract:
Iron is essential for all human cells as well as neoplastic cells and
invading microbes.
Natural and synthetic iron chelators could affect biological
processes
involving iron and other metal ions in health anddisease states.
Iron overload is the most common metal toxicity condition worldwide.
There are currently two iron chelating drugs, which are mostly used
for the treatment of thalassaemia and other conditions of
transfusional iron overload.
Deferoxamine was until recently the only approved iron chelating
drug,
which is effective but very expensive and administered parenterally
resulting in low compliance.
Deferiprone (L1 or 1,2- dimethyl-3-hydroxypyrid-4-one) is the world's
first and only orally active iron chelating drug, which is effective
and inexpensive to synthesise thus increasing the prospects of making
it available to most thalassaemia patients in third world countries
who are not currently receiving any form of chelation therapy.
Deferiprone has equivalent iron removal efficacy and comparable
toxicity to deferoxamine.
There are at least four other known iron chelators, which are
currently being developed.
Even if successful, these are not expected to become available for
clinical use in the next five years and to be as inexpensive as
deferiprone.
The variation in the chemical, biological, pharmacological,
toxicological and other properties of the chelating drugs and
experimental chelators provide evidence of the difference in the mode
of action of chelators and the need to identify and select molecular
structures and substituents based on structure / activity correlations
for specific pharmacological activity.
Such information may increase the prospects of designing new chelating
drugs, which could be targeted and act on different tissues, organs,
proteins and iron pools that play important role not only in the
treatment of iron overload but also in other diseases of iron and
other metal imbalace and toxicity including free radical damage.
Chelating drugs could also be designed, which could modify the
enzymatic activity of iron and other metal containing enzymes, some of
which play a key role in many diseases such as cancer, inflammation
and atherosclerosis.
Other applications of iron chelating drugs could involve the
detoxification of toxic metals with similar metabolic pathways to iron
such as Al, Cu, Ga, In, U and Pu.
Keywords: chelators; metal toxicity; deferiprone; deferoxamine; drug
design; iron; iron overload; iron proteins; free radicals;
thalassaemia
Document Type: Review article
DOI: 10.2174/0929867043364685
Affiliations: 1: Postgraduate Research Institute of Science,
Technology, Environment and Medicine, 3, Ammochostou Street, Limassol
3021, Cyprus
-------------------
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Tom
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Mike Collins
ironjustice
wrote:
targeted to segments of the population at greatest risk of iron
deficiency such as infants and school children.<<
We are after all on a sci based groups .. soooo I will expect you to
explain HOW can this be sooooo ..
HOW CAN infants and school children BE .. **prone** to iron
deficiency .. ?
"Oh .. they don't eat enough and they are GROWING .
Children are very prone to brain damage because they don't get iron
filings in their food .. !!!"
Yep ..
You and your .. ilk .. are very .. intelligent ..
I think I was just talking to one of you snoring testosterone depleted
fatboys
Manager of a lab ..
Doesn't know the difference between an antiseptic and an antibiotic ..
Don't post such old articles UNLESS to bolster some NEWER ONES ..
It is the sign of a pussy ..
Try to refrain from displaying your true .. nature ..
---
EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY UPDATE:
Arthritic kids' iron supplements may hasten joint deterioration
By Diana Swift
WWASHINGTON, D.C. -
The iron supplements that many arthritic children take to combat
concomitant anemia may be hastening the deterioration of their joints,
Houston researchers say.
Led by biologist Roman Shypailo of the Children's Nutrition Research
Centre at Baylor College of Medicine, a Texas team looked at eight
children being treated for juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.
The patients, aged five to 15 years, received an intravenous
radioactive tracer dose of iron (0.03 microsievert).
Iron activity in affected joints was monitored on a position/energy-
sensitive gamma counter, while a second machine monitored whole-body
iron retention.
Iron deposition was measured two hours post-infusion and again at days
seven, 14, 28 and 56.
Anemic
"We found that iron excessively accumulates in arthritic joints and
probably contributes to the chronic damage," said Shypailo.
"That puts you between a rock and a hard place because many of these
arthritic kids are anemic and need iron supplements, which may worsen
the disease."
The study found a high level of agreement between the joint data and
the whole-body data, with a greater than 90% retention rate of the
infused iron both in joints and systemically.
Furthermore, six of eight patients showed increased uptake at the
affected joints: 165% over the first 30 days compared with initial
uptake at two hours.
The next step, he says, is to see if there is excessive deposition of
dietary iron in arthritic joints.
--------------
Depressed Antioxidant Status in Pregnant Women on
Iron Supplements: Pathologic and Clinical Correlates.
Biol Trace Elem Res. 2009 Oct 8.
Anetor JI, Ajose OA, Adeleke FN, Olaniyan-Taylor GO, Fasola FA.
Department of Chemical Pathology, College of Medicine,
University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria, aneto...@yahoo.com.
Iron (Fe) remains a commonly prescribed supplement in pregnancy.
Its possible pathologic potential is either uncommonly considered or
ignored.
We determined the antioxidant status in pregnant women with and
without Fe supplements.
Fifty-eight apparently healthy pregnant women on Fe supplements
were selected for the study from the antenatal clinic of the
University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria.
Fifty-five aged matched pregnant women who were not on Fe from
various parishes of the Christ Apostolic Church, Ibadan (non-drug
using Christian sect) were randomly selected as controls.
Both groups were classified according to the trimesters of pregnancy.
The gestational age in both pregnant women on Fe supplements and
non-supplement pregnant women was similar.
Fruit and vegetables consumption was higher in the supplement than
in the non-supplement group (57.2% vs. 37.3%).
Anthropometric indices, weight, height, and BMI, were also similar.
But while the weight of the Fe supplement group decreased by nearly
3% in the third trimester, it increased by over 10% (p < 0.00) in the
non-supplement group in the same period.
Serum Fe level was significantly higher in the supplement than the
non-supplement group (p < 0.001). In contrast, the levels of the
antioxidants, ascorbic acid, copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and bilirubin
were all significantly decreased (p < 0.05, p < 0.001, p < 0.05,
and p < 0.05, respectively).
Uric acid level though also lower in the supplement group did not
reach statistical significance (p > 0.05), while vitamin E was
similar in both groups.
There was relative stability of all antioxidants except uric acid,
which declined from the first to the last trimester in the
non-supplement group.
The significantly higher Fe level in the second trimester was
sustained in the third trimester though to a lesser degree
(p < 0.05) and associated with significant decreases in the
following antioxidant levels in the supplement group, ascorbic
acid, bilirubin, Cu, and Zn (p < 0.02, p < 0.02, p < 0.02, and
p < 0.001, respectively).
Uric acid and vitamin E though lower in the supplement group were not
significantly different.
Remarkably, percentage changes between the first and third trimesters
revealed that serum Fe increased by over 116% in the Fe supplement
group, while it only increased by over 50% in the non-supplement
group.
This was associated with 23.50% decrease in ascorbate level (p <
0.003) in the supplement group, while it decreased by only 3.70%
in the non-supplement group (p > 0.05).
Again vitamin E decreased by 17.22% in the supplement group, while
it decreased by only 7.30% in the non-supplement group during the
period.
Uric acid and bilirubin levels decreased by similar proportions
during
the period, while Zn decreased by 18.55% in the supplement group and
by 14.86% in the non-supplement group.
In contrast Cu increased by 7.20% in the supplement group, while it
increased by only 2.96 in the non-supplement group.
Additionally, all the antioxidants in the supplement group except
vitamin E, viz, ascorbic acid, bilirubin, Cu, uric acid, and Zn, were
significantly inversely correlated with serum Fe level (r - 0.299,
p < 0.05, r - 0.278, p < 0.05, r - 0.383, p < 0.05, and r - 0.0369,
p < 0.05).
These data imply markedly depressed antioxidant status in the Fe
supplement pregnant group with attendant oxidative stress (most
probably pro- oxidant Fe-induced).
This is associated with molecular and cellular damage as well as a
number of pathologic and clinical correlates that underlie the
exacerbation of morbidity and mortality in maternal and child
populations, particularly in the developing countries.
This appears to call for serious caution and prior evaluation of
antioxidant and Fe status and during the use of Fe supplements
in pregnancy for monitoring and prognostic purposes and to
avert or ameliorate oxidative stress-induced pathologies in
maternal and fetal systems.
PMID: 19812902
Who loves ya.
Tom
Jesus Was A Vegetarian!
http://tinyurl.com/2r2nkh
Man Is A Herbivore!
http://tinyurl.com/4rq595
DEAD PEOPLE WALKING
http://tinyurl.com/zk9fk