Lyme disease Transmitted by deer ticks, mosquitoes, and deer flies
JWissmille
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Title: Ocular lyme disease.
Authors: Hunt L
Source: Insight 1996 Jun;21(2):56-7
Organization:
Abstract:
Lyme disease is reported from all over the United States. Transmitted by deer
ticks, mosquitoes, and deer flies, it affects numerous organ systems. All age
groups are vulnerable to this disease and must be educated about early signs
and symptoms to speed diagnosis and appropriate treatment.
Language: Eng
Unique ID: 97112806
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title: Ticks and biting insects infected with the etiologic agent of Lyme
disease, Borrelia burgdorferi.
authors: Magnarelli LA, Anderson JF
J Clin Microbiol 1988 Aug; 26(8): 1482-6
Members of 18 species of ticks, mosquitoes, horse flies, and deer flies were
collected in southeastern Connecticut and tested by indirect
fluorescent-antibody staining methods for Borrelia burgdorferi, the etiologic
agent of Lyme disease. An infection rate of 36.2% (116 tested), recorded for
immature Ixodes dammini, exceeded positivity values for all other arthropod
species. Prevalence of infection for hematophagous insects ranged from 2.9% of
105 Hybomitra lasiophthalma to 14.3% of seven Hybomitra epistates. Infected I.
dammini larvae and nymphs coexisted with infected Dermacentor variabilis
(American dog tick) immatures on white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus), but
unlike I. dammini, none of the 55 adult American dog ticks collected from
vegetation harbored B. burgdorferi. Groups of 113 field-collected mosquitoes of
Aedes canadensis and 43 Aedes stimulans were placed in cages with uninfected
Syrian hamsters. Of these, 11 females of both species contained B. burgdorferi
and had fed fully or partially from the hamsters. No spirochetes were isolated
from the hamsters, but antibodies were produced in one test animal.
89008792
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Title: Investigation of haematophagous arthropods for borreliae--summarized
data, 1988-1996.
Authors: Hubalek Z, Halouzka J, Juricova Z
Source: Folia Parasitol (Praha) 1998;45(1):67-72
Organization: Institute of Landscape Ecology, Academy of Sciences of the
Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic. zhub...@brno.cas.cz
Abstract:
Blood-sucking arthropods, collected in South Moravia, Czech Republic, were
examined by darkfield microscopy for borreliae from 1988 to 1996. Among
host-seeking ixodid ticks (8481 Ixodes ricinus (L.), 372 Dermacentor
reticulatus (Fabr.), 167 Haemaphysalis concinna Koch), borreliae were only
observed in adult (23.2%), nymphal (17.2%) and larval (6.3%) I. ricinus. The
prevalence of borreliae in I. ricinus did not vary considerably among
habitats except for lower values in agroecosystems, xerothermic oak woods and
grasslands. The frequency of intensity of spirochaetal infection (log10
counts of borreliae per tick) in I. ricinus approximated the negative
binomial distribution. The proportions of host-seeking female and nymphal
ticks containing > 100 borreliae were 5.0% and 1.7%, respectively. Among
preimaginal ticks (749 I. ricinus, 222 D. reticulatus, 82 H. concinna)
parasitizing free-living forest birds and small mammals, borreliae were
detected in 6.1% of larval and 10.3% of nymphal I. ricinus, and in one larval
H. concinna; 3.2% of the birds and 19.4% of the mammals carried infected
ticks. Among 3464 female mosquitoes (Culicidae) of 6 species, 4.1% contained
spirochaetes: 1.4% of Aedes vexans Meig., 1.3% of A. cantans (Meig.), 2.2% of
A. sticticus (Meig.), 2.2% of Culex pipiens pipiens L. and 5.9% of C. p.
molestus Forskal. Borreliae were also detected in 8.4% of 142 fleas
(Siphonaptera, largely Ctenophthalmus agyrtes Heller and Hystrichopsylla
talpae Curtis) collected from small mammals. Twelve isolates of B.
burgdorferi sensu lato have been identified to genospecies: 6 strains from I.
ricinus (4 Borrelia garinii Baranton et al., 1 B. afzelii Canica et al. and 1
B. lusitaniae Le Fleche et al.), 1 strain from A. vexans (B. afzelii), 2
strains from C. agyrtes (B. afzelii), and 3 strains from host rodents (B.
afzelii).
Language: Eng
Unique ID: 98178065
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Title: Isolation of the spirochaete Borrelia afzelii from the mosquito Aedes
vexans in the Czech Republic.
Authors: Halouzka J, Postic D, Hubalek Z
Source: Med Vet Entomol 1998 Jan;12(1):103-5
Organization: Institute of Landscape Ecology, Academy of Sciences of the
Czech Republic.
Abstract:
During the years 1993-1995, a total of 3580 culicine mosquitoes of six
species were collected in South Moravia, Czech Republic, and examined by
dark-field microscopy for the presence of borreliae. Females of Aedes
cantans, Ae. sticticus, Ae. vexans, Culex pipiens and Cx pipiens biotype
molestus (but not Ae. geniculatus or Culiseta annulata) harboured
spirochaetes, the frequencies ranging from 0.7% to 7.8%. One isolate (BR-53)
from Ae. vexans was identified as Borrelia afzelii genospecies. The potential
role of mosquitoes in the epidemiology of Lyme borreliosis should be
investigated.
Unique ID: 98175133
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source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases . Vol.
154, No. 2 . August 1986.
title- "The Etiologic Agent
of Lyme Disease in Deer Flies, Horse flies, and Mosquitoes"
"...Discussion
This is the first report of B. burgdorferi in horse flies, deer flies and
mosquitoes. ....the number of infected deer flies and horse flies varied with
the species and sampling areas....Also, like mosquitoes and other biting
insects, the blood- feeding behavior of female tabanids differs within and
between species, and infection may be correlated , in part, with the quantities
of blood ingested....... ......Serological studies of mammals and
identification of B. burgdorferi have established that this agent is widely
distributed within given habitats in the United States and that closely related
strains exist in Europe. The presence of this bacterium in tabanids and
mosquitoes increases the risk of Lyme disease in tick infested areas. these
and other blood sucking arthropods should recieve further consideration in
ecological and epidemiological studies of this disease and of related
disorders. "
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authors: Doby, Anderson, Couatarmanach et al.
source: Zentrablbl Dakt Hyg A 1986;24:33-8
title: Lyme disease in Canada with possible transmission by an insect
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author: Guandolo VL
title: Atypical Lyme disease or forme fruste.
source: Maryland Medical Journal
1985;34:687-692.
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source: Lyme Disease and Its Neurological Complications
author Michael F. Finkle, MD
source: Archives of Neurol--Vol. 45, Jan 1986
"Many endemic locations have been identified.......It has been
found that the illness can be transmitted by multiple American
" hard tick" species ...........Amblyomma americanum, the lone
star tick has been found to transmit Lyme disease in New
Jersey. (15-22).......
"...Ticks species that are themselves infected to a higher
degree will increase the reservoir pool among the different
animal species and increase the likelihood that human
beings will become infected.(21,22,28-33) Studies
also indicate that birds can serve as hosts......
.and thus act as reservoirs for B. burgdorferi. The bird reservoir
allows for long distance dispersal of the spirochete within and between
continents.........Studies have demonstrated that deerflies,
horseflies, and mosquitos can carry the B. burgdorferi
spirochete....The percentage of infected flies increases in areas
where I. dammini (I. dammini was name the given to the
deer tick--I. scapularis)
is present. Therefore, these flies are probably serving
as secondary vectors....."
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How common is Culex pipiens?
" ' The mosquito that carries the virus - Culex pipiens - is 'the most
common species in urban areas,' Fish says. ' It is almost like a cockroach.'
"
An extra from Durland Fish:
Here are some quotes from USA Today about the West Nile virus -
Sept. 29 page 1
" ' It's a good possibility the virus has been carried south by migratory
birds, not only to the southern US but also to the Caribbean and South
America,' said Duane Gubler of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
in Atlanta. "
Sept. 29 page 4 D
" It is carried by birds and is transmitted to mosquitoes that feed on the
birds.
" ' This should be a lesson that mosquitoes, being bloodsucking insects,
have the capability of transmitting disease,' says Durland Fish of Yale
University.
" ' The mosquito that carries the virus - Culex pipiens - is 'the most
common species in urban areas,' Fish says. ' It is almost like a cockroach.'
"
--
Infection 1999;27(4-5):275-7 Related Articles, Books
Isolation of Borrelia afzelii from overwintering Culex pipiens biotype
molestus mosquitos.
Halouzka J, Wilske B, Stunzner D, Sanogo YO, Hubalek Z
Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic,
Brno.
[Medline record in process]
During the years 1995-1996, a total of 1,743 overwintering Culex pipiens
biotype molestus female mosquitoes were tested for the presence of spirochetes
in several localities in South Moravia, Czech Republic.The spirochetes were
observed in 5% of the mosquitoes investigated. One of the five isolated
strains
of spirochetes (BR-84) was identified as Borrelia afzelii. The potential role
of mosquitoes in the ecology and epidemiology of Lyme disease (LD) borreliae
should be further investigated.
PMID: 10885843, UI: 20340391