Vitamin D Lowers Cancer Risk
Roman Bystrianyk
June 8, 2007,
Link: http://www.forbes.com/feeds/ap/2007/06/08/ap3802237.html
Building hope for one pill to prevent many cancers, vitamin D cut the
risk of several types of cancer by 60 percent overall for older women
in the most rigorous study yet.
The new research strengthens the case made by some specialists that
vitamin D may be a powerful cancer preventive and most people should
get more of it. Experts remain split, though, on how much to take.
"The findings ... are a breakthrough of great medical and public
health importance," declared Cedric Garland, a prominent vitamin D
researcher at the University of California-San Diego. "No other method
to prevent cancer has been identified that has such a powerful
impact."
While the most reliable yet, the study does have drawbacks. It was
designed mainly to monitor how calcium and vitamin D improve bone
health, and the number of cancer cases overall was small, showing up
in just 50 patients.
"It's a very small study," said Dr. Edward Giovannucci, who researches
nutrition and cancer at the Harvard School of Public Health. "I don't
think it's the last word."
In either case, the study takes an important step in extending several
decades of research that began with observations that cancer rates
among similar groups of people were lower in southern latitudes than
in northern ones. Scientists reasoned that had to do with more direct
sunlight in southern regions.
The skin makes vitamin D when exposed to sunlight's ultraviolet rays.
This study used that same form of the vitamin, known as D3 or
cholecalciferol. Multivitamins usually carry a much weaker variant
known as D2, but D3 is available in stand-alone dietary supplements.
Earlier research has shown that vitamin D helps regulate cell growth,
a fundamental biological process that goes haywire in cancer. Most
other supplements have tended to target specific types of disease in
early testing, like selenium or vitamin E for prostate cancer.
This study, published Friday in the American Journal of Clinical
Nutrition, is the first time that researchers significantly boosted -
and measured - blood levels of vitamin D and then followed identical
groups of patients from start to finish.
That's why, despite its modest size, the research was generating
excitement. Nearly all other work has compared disparate groups of
patients.
The researchers at Creighton University in Omaha focused on 1,179
seemingly healthy women with an average age of 67. The women were
divided into three groups: 446 got calcium and vitamin D3 supplements,
a similar number got calcium alone, and 288 took dummy pills.
The research team gave 1,000 daily international units of vitamin D,
more than current guidelines calling for 200 to 600 units depending on
a person's age.
The researchers intended to check mainly for the effects of calcium on
bone health. Their interest in cancer risk was secondary.
But the lower cancer risk stood out. Only 13 women, or 3 percent,
developed cancer over four years of calcium and vitamin D supplements.
With calcium alone, 17 women, or 4 percent, got cancer. With dummy
pills, cancer appeared in 20 women, or 7 percent.
That shows a 60 percent lower cancer risk over four years in the group
taking both supplements, compared to patients taking placebos. And
when the first-year cancers were excluded - the ones mostly likely
present before the study began - the findings were stronger still: a
77 percent lower risk for the combo group.
While the calcium-only group lowered its four-year cancer risk by 47
percent compared to the untreated group, it did no better when early
cancers were excluded. That suggests calcium alone may have done
little in this experiment, the researchers said.
Experts reviewing the study focused on vitamin D as the powerful agent
in the combo group, but it can't be ruled out that calcium might
somehow amplify the effect of vitamin D.
While numbers were limited, these women developed a broad range of
cancers, including disease of the breast, colon, lungs and blood. Dr.
Michael Holick, of Boston University Medical Center, who sat on the
professional panel that issued the 1997 guidelines for vitamin D, said
this study shows that enough vitamin D "markedly reduces the risk of
developing the most serious deadly cancers."
He supports raising the recommended amount of the vitamin and said
1,000 daily units of vitamin D3 would now be reasonable for most
people.
On the other hand, Dr. Michael Thun of the American Cancer Society
favors keeping the current recommendation of 200 to 600 IUs for now.
And he cautioned that more than 2,000 units is viewed in the
guidelines as potentially dangerous.
Joan Lappe, the study's lead researcher, said it "just adds to the
great bunch of evidence that we need to have better vitamin D
nutrition." Some foods carry the vitamin, like salmon, tuna and
fortified milk, but diet accounts for little of the vitamin
circulating in the body. Overexposure to the sun can cause skin
cancer.
Still, people should consult their doctors before boosting their
vitamin dosage, several experts also warned.
More study is needed to determine if the effects in this study hold
true for large groups of people and men as well as women.
EDITOR'S NOTE - Timberly Ross reported from Omaha. Jeff Donn reported
from Boston.
TC
Hmmm.... proper nutrition is actually healthy for you......
whodathunkit....
drce...@insightbb.com
> TIMBERLY ROSS and JEFF DONN, "Vitamin D Lowers Cancer Risk", Forbes,
> June 8, 2007,
> Link:http://www.forbes.com/feeds/ap/2007/06/08/ap3802237.html
>
> Building hope for one pill to prevent many cancers, vitamin D cut the
> risk of several types of cancer by 60 percent overall for older women
> in the most rigorous study yet.
>
What form of Ca was used? Did the participants chew on limestone
rocks? Was ground limestone, CaCO3 used? Was a chelated form of Ca
used? Was homogenized, pasteurized cow's milk used for Ca? Or did
the researchers wisely use Ca found in raw nuts, seeds, and veggies?
DrCee
David Wright
Contrary to not-a-DrC's implications, it doesn't really matter that
much. It does matter some, since bioavailability matters, but it's
easy enough to calculate if we did know the source (and it may well be
in the full paper).
-- David Wright :: alphabeta at prodigy.net
These are my opinions only, but they're almost always correct.
"Only George Bush could start a war for oil and not get any."
-- Bill Maher
MarilynMann
a randomized trial
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 85, No. 6, 1586-1591,
June 2007
Background: Numerous observational studies have found supplemental
calcium and vitamin D to be associated with reduced risk of common
cancers. However, interventional studies to test this effect are
lacking.
Objective: The purpose of this analysis was to determine the efficacy
of calcium alone and calcium plus vitamin D in reducing incident
cancer risk of all types.
Design: This was a 4-y, population-based, double-blind, randomized
placebo-controlled trial. The primary outcome was fracture incidence,
and the principal secondary outcome was cancer incidence. The subjects
were 1179 community-dwelling women randomly selected from the
population of healthy postmenopausal women aged >55 y in a 9-county
rural area of Nebraska centered at latitude 41.4°N. Subjects were
randomly assigned to receive 1400-1500 mg supplemental calcium/d alone
(Ca-only), supplemental calcium plus 1100 IU vitamin D3/d (Ca + D), or
placebo.
Results: When analyzed by intention to treat, cancer incidence was
lower in the Ca + D women than in the placebo control subjects (P <
0.03). With the use of logistic regression, the unadjusted relative
risks (RR) of incident cancer in the Ca + D and Ca-only groups were
0.402 (P = 0.01) and 0.532 (P = 0.06), respectively. When analysis was
confined to cancers diagnosed after the first 12 mo, RR for the Ca + D
group fell to 0.232 (CI: 0.09, 0.60; P < 0.005) but did not change
significantly for the Ca-only group. In multiple logistic regression
models, both treatment and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations
were significant, independent predictors of cancer risk.
Conclusions: Improving calcium and vitamin D nutritional status
substantially reduces all-cancer risk in postmenopausal women. This
trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00352170.
Marilyn
ironjustice
precisely
in those with iron overload .. vitamin D is decreased .. in those
with
supplemental iron induced iron overload .. vitamin D is decreased.
Would increased iron stores lead to decreased 25-OHD
concentration .. ?
Yep ..
Bleeding / venesection / bloodletting / phlebotomy .. RESTORES ..
vitamin D .
<<snip>>
The results reveal that the low serum 25-OHD concentration in
patients
with hemochromatosis is directly related to the extent of iron
loading
and it is improved by venesection therapy.
<<snip>>
Iron induced decreased vitamin D.
<<snip>>
when transferrin is saturated with iron, may impair bone formation
and
aggravate osteomalacia.
<<snip>>
Saccharated ferric oxide (SFO)-induced osteomalacia: in vitro
inhibition by SFO of bone formation and 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D
production in renal tubules.
Sato K, Nohtomi K, Demura H, Takeuchi A, Kobayashi T, Kazama J, Ozawa
H
Bone. 1997 Jul ; 21(1): 57-64
A 60-year-old man with portal hypertensive gastropathy due to type C
liver cirrhosis developed severe bone pains, marked hypophosphatemia
with inappropriately increased urinary excretion of phosphate (%TRP;
9.6%), and hyperalkaline phosphatasia, after intravenous
administration
of saccharated ferric oxide (SFO) at a dose of 80-240 mg/week over a
period of more than 5 years. The total iron infused was estimated to
be
more than 25 g. On a diagnosis of SFO-induced osteomalacia, the
infusion of iron was immediately discontinued, and phosphate and
vitamin D2 (1000 IU/day) were administered. Serum levels of 25-OHD2
increased after 1 week, whereas levels of 1,25-(OH)2D2 did not
increase
until 3 months later, accompanied by improvement of renal tubular
reabsorption of phosphate and gradual improvement of the bone pains.
The patient has been doing well for the last 2 years, with normal
serum
levels of phosphate, calcium, and alkaline phosphatase, without any
supplementation of phosphate, vitamin D, or iron-containing agents.
In
primary culture of neonatal mouse renal tubules, in which 1,25-
(OH)2D3
was produced from 25-OHD3 in response to PTH, SFO significantly
inhibited PTH-induced production of 1,25-(OH)2D3 at 30 mumol/L, which
is attainable in the urine of patients receiving a therapeutic
intravenous dose of SFO. Furthermore, SFO decreased the calcium
content
and inhibited 45Ca incorporation in cultured fetal mouse parietal
bones
at 3 mumol/L. Such SFO concentration may be transiently observed in
the
plasma of patients receiving excessive intravenous doses of SFO for a
prolonged period. These in vitro findings together with the clinical
observations suggest that SFO, after filtration through the
glomerulus
and reabsorption in the proximal renal tubules, impaired proximal
renal
tubular function, such as tubular reabsorption of phosphate and 1
alpha-hydroxylase activity, leading to hypophosphatemic osteomalacia.
Furthermore, it is highly likely that SFO in the peripheral blood,
when
transferrin is saturated with iron, may impair bone formation and
aggravate osteomalacia. Although SFO-induced osteomalacia is
reversible
simply by discontinuation of the agent, excessive and prolonged
administration of SFO should be avoided.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1: Gastroenterology. 1985 Apr;88(4):865-9. Related Articles, Links
Low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D in hereditary hemochromatosis: relation
to iron status.
Chow LH, Frei JV, Hodsman AB, Valberg LS.
Under normal conditions, vitamin D absorbed from the diet or
synthesized in the skin is transported to the liver where it
undergoes
hydroxylation. The purpose of this study was to determine whether
excess hepatic iron affects this process and the subsequent
production
of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25-[OH]2D) in the kidney. Mean serum
25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD) concentrations in untreated hereditary
hemochromatosis were 13 +/- 6 (SD) in 9 patients with cirrhosis, 13
+/-
6 in 5 patients with hepatic fibrosis, and 22 +/- 6 in 10 patients
with
normal hepatic architecture aside from siderosis and were
significantly
lower than the levels found in 24 controls matched for age, sex, and
season, p less than 0.05. The mean serum 25-OHD levels in the two
groups with hemochromatosis and hepatic damage were significantly
lower
than the value in the group with normal hepatic architecture, p less
than 0.05. Serum 25-OHD levels in individual patients were inversely
related to the size of body iron stores as measured by exchangeable
body iron, r = -0.64, or serum ferritin, r = -0.47, p less than 0.05.
In 15 patients removal of excess body iron by venesection therapy
produced a significant increase in the mean serum 25-OHD from 20 ng/
ml
to 30 ng/ml, p less than 0.05. In contrast, mean serum 1,25-[OH]2D
levels were similar in iron-loaded and control subjects, indicating
that the regulation of this metabolite was intact in patients with
hemochromatosis. The results reveal that the low serum 25-OHD
concentration in patients with hemochromatosis is directly related to
the extent of iron loading and it is improved by venesection therapy.
PMID: 3838288 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
http://health.enotes.com/genetic-disorders-encyclopedia/major-histoco...
Major histocompatibility complex
HLA disease associations
Disease MHC allele Approximate relative risk
Ankylosing spondylitis B27 77?90
Patients with ankylosing spondylitis may have extremely low levels of
25(OH)D.
http://tinyurl.com/8tonv
Celiac disease DR3 + DR7 5?10
A low 25-(OH)D vitamin concentration was a typical biochemical
abnormality in our patients (64% of men and 71% of women).
http://tinyurl.com/b7b9d
Diabetes, Type 1 DR3 5
decreased zinc and 25OHD serum levels in poorly controlled
insulin-dependent (Type I) diabetic patients
http://tinyurl.com/73fsu
Diabetes, Type 1 DR4 5?7
Diabetes, Type 1 DR3 + DR4 20?40
Graves disease DR3 5
[High prevalence of secondary hyperparathyroidism due to vitamin D
insufficiency in Graves' disease]
http://www.hubmed.org/search.cgi?q=25-hydroxyvitamin+D+and+graves
Hemochromatosis A3 6?20
Lupus DR3 1?3
There was a high prevalence of hypovitaminosis D (65.2%),
http://tinyurl.com/8wfws
Multiple sclerosis DR2 2?4
Vitamin D Defends Against MS
http://www.hon.ch/News/HSN/516850.html
Myasthenia gravis B8 2.5?4
Psoriasis vulgaris Cw6 8
These data suggest that exogenous active forms of vitamin D3 are
effective for treatment of psoriasis and that the endogenous
1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D level also may be involved in the development
of this skin disease.
http://tinyurl.com/9c88e
Rheumatoid arthritis DR4 3?6
We suggest that there is a disturbance in vitamin D metabolism in RA.
http://tinyurl.com/df6zv
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Prabhala, A., R. Garg, and P. Dandona,
Severe myopathy associated with vitamin D deficiency in western New
York.
Arch Intern Med, 2000. 160(8): p. 1199-203.
Five cases of severe myopathy associated with vitamin D deficiency
are
described. Each patient was confined to a wheelchair because of
weakness and immobility. Two were elderly, 1 was a 37-year-old
African
American with type 1 diabetes mellitus, 1 was being treated for
carcinoid syndrome, and 1 was severely malnourished due to poor oral
intake. In each, weakness had previously been attributed to other
causes, including old age, concomitant diabetic neuropathy, or
general
debility. Correct diagnosis was made initially by a high index of
suspicion, following the demonstration of clinical proximal myopathy;
confirmation was made by the demonstration of low 25-hydroxyvitamin D
and elevated parathyroid hormone concentrations. Treatment with
vitamin
D caused a resolution of body aches and pains and a restoration of
normal muscle strength in 4 to 6 weeks. Four patients became fully
mobile and had normal 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations, and the
fifth
also became mobile. In the 4 fully recovered cases, parathyroid
hormone
levels on follow-up were lower but still elevated. This finding
suggests a degree of autonomy of parathyroid secretion known to occur
in cases of long-standing vitamin D deficiency. Myopathy, due to
chronic vitamin D deficiency, probably contributes to immobility and
ill health in a significant number of patients in the northern United
States. An awareness of this condition may significantly improve
mobility and quality of life in patient populations vulnerable to
vitamin D deficiency.
Who loves ya.
Tom
Jesus Was A Vegetarian!
http://jesuswasavegetarian.7h.com
Man Is A Herbivore!
http://tinyurl.com/a3cc3
DEAD PEOPLE WALKING
http://tinyurl.com/zk9fk
BlackHawk96
I would love to see the study that justifies the above position.
Or is it just speculation?!
>
>Joan Lappe, the study's lead researcher, said it "just adds to the
>great bunch of evidence that we need to have better vitamin D
>nutrition." Some foods carry the vitamin, like salmon, tuna and
>fortified milk, but diet accounts for little of the vitamin
>circulating in the body. Overexposure to the sun can cause skin
>cancer.
>
>Still, people should consult their doctors before boosting their
>vitamin dosage, several experts also warned.
>
>More study is needed to determine if the effects in this study hold
>true for large groups of people and men as well as women.
>
>EDITOR'S NOTE - Timberly Ross reported from Omaha. Jeff Donn reported
>from Boston.
Thank you for your very interesting post, Roman.
Sincerely, BlackHawk
BlackHawk96
<teamt...@hotmail.com> wrote:
>What significance is the fact iron destroys vitamin D or more
>precisely in those with iron overload .. vitamin D is decreased .. in those
>with supplemental iron induced iron overload .. vitamin D is decreased.
>
>Would increased iron stores lead to decreased 25-OHD
>concentration .. ?
>
>Yep ..
>
>Bleeding / venesection / bloodletting / phlebotomy .. RESTORES ..
>vitamin D .
><<snip>>
>The results reveal that the low serum 25-OHD concentration in
>patients with hemochromatosis is directly related to the extent of iron
>loading and it is improved by venesection therapy.
><<snip>>
>
>Iron induced decreased vitamin D.
>
><<snip>>
>when transferrin is saturated with iron, may impair bone formation
>and aggravate osteomalacia.
big snip
Thanks for your very informative post, Tom. It's nice to have some
more missing pieces of the puzzle.
Sincerely, BlackHawk
ironjustice
vitamin D.
Overweight people have been shown to have elevated iron.
Lack of Sun Does Not Explain Low Vitamin D in Elderly Who Are
Overweight
BOSTON, MA -- June 7, 2007 -- It's not yet clear why overweight
elderly adults have low levels of vitamin D in their blood. However,
researchers at the Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on
Aging at Tufts University (USDA HNRCA) have found that lack of sun
exposure may not account for low levels of vitamin D in elders who are
overweight.
"People aged 65 and over with high percent body fat have lower levels
of 25-hydroxyvitamin D, the storage form of vitamin D, compared to
those who have lower percent body fat," says corresponding author
Susan Harris, DSc, epidemiologist, Bone Metabolism Laboratory, USDA
HNRCA.
Harris and co-author Bess Dawson-Hughes, MD, director, Bone Metabolism
Laboratory, USDA HNRCA, interviewed 381 Caucasian men and women aged
65 and over about their sun exposure over a previous three-month
period. Individuals reported how much time they spent outdoors, how
much skin was exposed while outdoors, and whether or not they wore
sunscreen.
Seasonality, or when the individual entered the study, was also taken
into account, because in Boston, where the study was conducted, sun
rays are weak in winter compared with summer months. The researchers
measured participants' percent body fat using dual-energy x-ray
absorptiometry (DXA), a precise method for determining body
composition. Individuals were grouped into quartiles of percent body
fat: less than 28%, 28% to 33%, 34% to 40%, and greater than 40%.
Blood levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D were measured and participants
were asked to fill out a dietary questionnaire to measure the amount
of vitamin D they obtained from food.
Harris and Dawson-Hughes found that when adjusted for sex, age,
seasonality, and dietary vitamin D intake, 25-hydroxyvitamin D
significantly decreased as body fat increased, (P <.024). When the
researchers further adjusted for sunlight exposure variables, 25-
hydroxyvitamin D values still significantly decreased as body fat
increased. "Sunlight exposure could not account for low vitamin D
stores in older people with high percent body fat," explains Harris.
Vitamin D is called the "sunshine vitamin" because it is produced by
the body when the skin is exposed to ultraviolet (UV) rays from the
sun. Vitamin D can also be obtained from foods such as fish and
fortified milk and from supplements. When this fat-soluble vitamin
enters the body it is converted in the liver to 25-hydroxyvitamin D.
This is one of several important forms of vitamin D, and is the form
that researchers and clinicians use as an indicator of vitamin D
status in individuals.
"Vitamin D is especially critical in maintaining bone health, and
there is evidence that many older Americans have low blood levels of
vitamin D, which can put them at risk for bone fractures and
osteoporosis," says Dawson-Hughes, who is also a professor at Tufts
University School of Medicine. "These results cannot be carried over
to other populations, such as young people, or elderly living in
different climates. However, if low vitamin D stores are not
attributed to low sunlight exposure in this population, it suggests
that we should explore other possibilities," says Harris. "The most
likely explanation seems to be that vitamin D is sequestered in fat
tissue, reducing its entry into the blood."
This study was supported by the Agricultural Research Service of the
U.S. Department of Agriculture and by a grant from the National
Institutes of Health.
SOURCE: Tufts University, Health Sciences
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<<snip>>
This is the first report to directly demonstrate an association
between
serum ferritin and VFA and SFA. The results of this study suggest
that
the serum ferritin concentration may be a useful indicator of
systemic
fat content and degree of insulin resistance.
<<snip>>
© 2005 by the American Diabetes Association
Diabetes Care 28:2486-2491, 2005
© 2005 by the American Diabetes Association, Inc.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Metabolic Syndrome/Insulin Resistance Syndrome/Pre-Diabetes
Original Article
Serum Ferritin Is Associated With Visceral Fat Area and Subcutaneous
Fat Area
Tomoyuki Iwasaki, MD, PHD1, Atsushi Nakajima, MD, PHD2, Masato
Yoneda,
MD, PHD2, Yoshihiko Yamada, MD, PHD1, Koji Mukasa, MD, PHD1, Koji
Fujita, MD2, Nobutaka Fujisawa, MD, PHD2, Koichiro Wada, MD, PHD3 and
Yasuo Terauchi, MD, PHD1,4
1 Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Yokohama City
University
Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
2 Department of Gastroenterology, Yokohama City University Graduate
School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
3 Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka
University, Osaka, Japan
4 Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan
Science and Technology Corporation, Kawaguchi, Japan
Address correspondencereprint requests to Prof. Yasuo Terauchi,
Department of EndocrinologyMetabolism, Yokohama City University
Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama
236-0004, Japan. Email: terauchi-...@umin.ac.jp
OBJECTIVE-Until now, few clinical studies have reported on the
association between the indexes of body fat distribution and serum
ferritin, an indicator of body iron stores and a putative risk factor
for insulin resistance. We investigated the association between serum
ferritin concentrations and the indexes of distribution of adipose
tissues in the body, such as the visceral fat area (VFA), the
subcutaneous fat area (SFA), and the hepatic fat content in Japanese
subjects.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS-A total of 248 Japanese subjects (127 men
and 121 postmenopausal women aged 57.8 ± 13.9 years, BMI 25.7 ± 4.6
kg/m2; 140 subjects with type 2 diabetes and 108 nondiabetic
subjects)
were evaluated. Subjects with a history of alcohol intake were
excluded
from the study. We measured body height, body weight, and serum
ferritin, as well as fasting plasma glucose and plasma insulin
concentrations. We estimated insulin resistance by homeostasis model
assessment. The fat distribution was evaluated by measuring the VFA
and
SFA by abdominal computed tomography at the umbilical level. To
assess
the hepatic fat content, the ratio of the computed tomography
attenuation value of the liver to that of the spleen was calculated.
RESULTS-Serum ferritin was significantly correlated with the various
indexes of adiposity examined, such as the hepatic fat content (r =
-0.280, P < 0.0001), VFA (r = 0.254, P < 0.0001), SFA (r = 0.231, P =
0.0005), and homeostasis model assessment (r = 0.286, P = 0.0008).
CONCLUSIONS-This is the first report to directly demonstrate an
association between serum ferritin and VFA and SFA. The results of
this
study suggest that the serum ferritin concentration may be a useful
indicator of systemic fat content and degree of insulin resistance.
Abbreviations: CT, computed tomography · HOMA-IR, homeostasis model
assessment of insulin resistance · L/S ratio, ratio of the CT
attenuation value of the liver to that of the spleen · SFA,
subcutaneous fat area · VFA, visceral fat area
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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