Kwasniewski’s main claim is that the human body works best when using
the most energy dense fuel which is the long chain saturated fatty
acids (LC-SFAs). Hydrogen is the best fuel and is most abundant in
those LC-SFAs. Unsaturated fatty acids contain less hydrogen and are
prone to non-enzymatic oxidation producing carcinogenic and toxic
molecules. Sugar is basically water bound to carbon and therefore has
no burnable hydrogen. Less oxygen is needed for burning hydrogen than
for burning carbon. Therefore organism running on sugar has higher
oxygen consumption and produces more CO2 which acidifies blood what is
not optimal.
Interesting is his theory on the origin of atherosclerosis. It
happens when fat is consumed together with sugar and the food contains
insufficient high quality protein resulting in decreased tissue
mechanical resistance. Under such conditions the endothelial arterial
cells (and mesothelial cells migrating to fix the frequent arterial
damage) are starving for energy and helping themselves by producing
its own oxygen and hydrogen from sugar. The oxygen is created by
converting sugar to fat. The hydrogen is then produced by
metabolizing sugar in the pentose cycle generating NADPH and
cholesterol as a waste product. On the other hand if the diet is low
in fat but high in carbohydrates AND protein + minerals such as the
Japanese diet, sugar is metabolized in the hexose cycle which is
harmless. Worst diet is combining 2 different fuels – the carbs and
the fats. Under such conditions the organism has enough high quality
fuel, i.e. LC-SFAs, so that it doesn’t need to burn completely all
glucose in the hexose cycle and can therefore afford converting it to
fatty acids and cholesterol to produce the purest fuel (H2+O2) while
leaving the resulting garbage in the arterial plaques.
The symphatetical autonomous nervous system stimulates the burning of
glucose in the hexose cycle and is protective against
atherosclerosis. Low dose smoking stimulates the symphateticus and is
therefore protective. The parasymphateticus on the other hand directs
glucose into the proatherogenic pentose cycle what also acidifies
blood due to higher CO2 production. Local dominance of these 2
nervous systems is responsible for different diseases and can be
corrected by the “selective currents” method Kwasniewski also uses as
a supportive therapy. E.g. the symphatetical dominance in CNS causes
neurasthenia.
Carbohydrates are only useful during pregnancy when 3-4 weeks before
birth pregnant woman increases their intake. This is used by the
fetus to manufacture extra glycogen. The glycogen is then used
throughout the birth to manufacture oxygen to avoid hypoxia (100g
glycogen provides 38l O2 by conversion to cholesterol which is
excreted through skin and GI tract after the birth). Mother’s milk
has naturally lower protein content to slow down the growth and thus
increases lifespan by 6-8 years. Cow milk is designed to speed up the
growth of the baby herbivore/calve but induces atherosclerosis in
humans. Late puberty equals longer life. He praises the researcher
named Sedlak who had been breastfed until the age of 5.
According to Kwasniewski one of the most damaging “natural” foods is
the apple (probably because of high fructose content). This is also
mentioned in the Bible as the Adam and Eve story. Soy is only good
for feeding the cattle, not people. Deep mineral waters are unfit for
human consumption, humans should be drinking surface water only.
You can get some more information about this “magical” doctor from
Poland here:
http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Optimal-diet
or in my previous threads entitled “Kwasniewski rising” and
“Kwasniewski - a kook or the next Nobel price winner?”. I remember
someone also posted a link translating his pages into English language
previously.
Taka
I also found this interesting link about the centerian Thomas Parr he
mentions in the book:
Thomas Parr, 152, died 1635, in England.
At the age of 130 was an active farmer, did not marry till 80, then
again at 120. Presented to King Charles I in 1635. The excitement of
the journey to London brought on his death-its immediate cause was
over- eating. He was autopsied by Harvey who found the "internal
organs in a perfect state; his cartilages were not even ossified".
SOURCE: http://howtoliveto150.blogspot.com/
Taka
Dr. Jan Kwasniewski's article on metabolism and arteriosclerosis,
Hexose and Pentose glucose cycles.
(Review by Stan Bleszynski 28-April-2003)
This review is written especially for people who found that high fat
low carb diets work for them but are curious to know why. There was
a very interesting radio-internet transmission program on Saturday 26-
April-2003 with dr. Jan Kwasniewski, emitted by Wloclawek Radio.
Kwasniewski talked about possible explanations of arteriosclerosis in
the context of metabolic processes and nutrition. I have already
mentioned some of the issues in my past posts, however, I thought it
would be useful to recap it again for the sake of people who found
that high fat low carb works, but would like to know why. One should
keep in mind that it is not a complete study, just an article based
on medical practice of one doctor plus his literature research.
Two metabolic pathways of glucose:
1) Hexose cycle.
Glucose is OXIDIZED and about 4 Cal/g is extracted in the catabolic
(="burning") process, going through a very complex reaction chain
involving multiple stages where hormones like insulin and minerals
like Magnesium are necessary components. The problem with hexose
cycle is that some but not all body tissues can thrive or can utilize
glucose as fuel efficiently. One such tissue is the heart muscle which
has the highest volume of mitochondria of all, thus it means that it
is by its nature meant to process mostly fats not glucose
mitochondrias are organellas specializing in metabolizing lipids).
When heart muscle is forced to use glucose because of lack of lipids
or ketone bodies, it may grow abnormally large in size, become
inefficient and uses up too much oxygen. Such condition leads to
cardiomyopathy. Another such tissues is skin and arterial walls.
2) Pentose cycle (sometimes refered as "Pentose Shunt").
Glucose is REDUCED and about 0 kcal/g or less than 0 (endothermic) is
extracted in the metabolic (="transformation") process, going through
a very complex process involving multiple stages where hormones like
insulin and minerals like Magnesium are necessary components. This
oxygen is then utilized to burn fat releasing about 9kcal per 1g of
fat. One of the by-products of the pentose cycle is cholesterol
depositing in the tissue (but not in blood) and triglycerides
(produced in liver and release into bloodstream). Since pentose cycle
allows extraction of oxygen out of glucose, the overall oxygen intake
out of air is reduced thus such process may be advantageous for
survival in some temporary situations.
Now the key point of the article was Kwasniewski's own observation
that it is the Pentose, not Hexose glucose cycle that is associated
with arterial plaque formation, diabetes type 2, obesity and few other
characteristic symptoms. He was able to quantitatively correlate the
absolute intensity of the pentose cycle taking place with arterial
plaque formation, and also the ratio between the pentose-to-hexose
pathways to the same. The absolute intensity of the pentose cycle is
proportional to both the total amount of carbohydrates and fats
consumed! This, for the sake of illustration can be modeled
symbolically by the formula:
Pentose intensity = Carbs * Fats * k
The most interesting information is that the turning point where the
pentose cycle is at MAXIMUM is when the amount of dietary fat is
within this narrow range of 35-45% of calories, while carbohydrates
constitute also a similar fraction, by calories! Note that this is
not always as straightforward since there are situations when despite
the equal presence of fat and carbohydrates pentose cycle my be
artificially suppressed. Such situation takes place when there is
overabundant supply of oxygen, especially when the body is very
healthy, cardiovascular and pulmonary systems are efficient (=young
people) and/or when the sympathetic autonomous nervous system is
artificially over-activated, while the parasympathetic is suppressed
(parasympathetic promotes pentose cycle!), and when the total amount
of food calories is slightly below the normal amount or semi-starving
(when body cannot afford to under-utilize carbs calories through
pentose cycle).
For mathematically minded like me, one can say that the
proportionality factor k is a function of the above-listed conditions,
that is:
k=f(Para/Symp, total cal, total oxygenation) , etc.
How to minimize pentose cycle?
A) MINIMIZE FAT (the Japanese way of eating)
That is, when there is very little fat then the pentose cycle does not
take place and instead, most of the carbohydrates are metabolised
through the first process (hexose cycle). That is possibly the best
explanation behind the partial success of the Ornish's very low fat
diet! Since it has very little fat and low in total calories as well,
there is very little pentose cycle taking place, thus the plaque
formation is stopped. Since such diet, at the same time undernourishes
arteries (which require lipids) it also explains why the process is
only stopped but cannot fully reverse and heal the arteries. Although
overactive hexose with suppressed pentose cycle does stop the plaque
formation, it may also bring its own specific health risks among which
is hardening and weakening of the arteries (but without the plaque!),
hypertension, undernourishment of skin and certain other tissues (e.g.
eye cornea), weak immune resistance to infections and changing of the
body tissue protein signatures that may trigger auto-immune agression
reaction which may lead to auto-immune diseases such as asthma,
eczema, MS, diabetes t1, Crohn's etc.
B) MINIMIZE CARBOHYDRATES (the Optimal Diet)
Apart from reducing fat, pentose cycle can also be easily minimized by
increasing fat and simultaneously by reducing carbohydrate consumption
down to about 10% of calories or less! Note that once the pentose
cycle intensity goes below a certain threshold, its toxic long term
effects are no longer present while the beneficial temporary reduction
in oxygen requirement may be beneficial. This is the main metabolic
rationale behind the high fat low carb diets such as Kwasniewski's
"Optimal Diet", Atkins' or Lutz, and the reason for their therapeutic
successes.
----------------------------
To my current understanding the pentose cycle is this:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentose_phosphate_pathway
while the "hexose cycle" is apparently the glycolysis:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycolysis
There is one OD site which could shed more light on the molecular
mechanisms in English but it's too crowded/slow at the moment (too
many people want to eat like the rabbis now!):
http://homodiet.netfirms.com/index.html
Taka
I haven't yet found pubmed abstracts for above. Below article refers
to pentose pathway and says it is needed to maximum muscles.
http://www.dragondoor.com/articler/mode3/325/
by Ori Hofmekler author of The Warrior Diet
How to Shrivel Your Muscles, Stunt Your Growth, Get Sick Faster,
Accelerate Aging, Deplete Your Sex Drive and Sap Your Energy — By Not
Eating Enough Carbs
We are currently scapegoating Carbs as the culprit for the ongoing
obesity epidemic — and for the diseases we associate with obesity.
Fashionable diet gurus have us believing that carbs are not essential
nutrients and therefore should be severely restricted or even spared.
Low carb diet advocates argue that the hormone insulin promotes fat
gain and should therefore be tightly controlled by chronically
restricting carbs. Given the current popularity of low carb diets, it
seems as if carbs are indeed the enemy. But are they?
Nothing could be further from the truth…
Let’s examine the assumption that carbs are not essential nutrients.
This assumption literally fails to recognize the two most critical
biological functions of carbs (besides being a fuel):
1) The activation of the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP)
2) The finalization of growth hormone (GH) and insulin like growth
factor (IGF1) actions, as well as the enhancement of androgens
actions.
The pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) is a critical process that is
responsible for the synthesis of DNA, RNA and all energy molecules
including ATP and NADPH, needed for all metabolic functions in
particular, recuperation (healing of tissues) immunity and growth.
In addition, PPP is a precursor for another metabolic pathway — the
uronic acid pathway — responsible for steroid hormones transport,
production of proteoglycans (essential for connective tissue and
cellular signaling) synthesis of spingolipids (lipids that are
necessary for neural protection) and over all detoxification. The
pentose phosphate pathway, which occurs mostly in the liver, is
derived from glucose (i.e. carb metabolism).
Now, here is the problem...
In times of a desperate need for energy, such as during prolonged
starvation or due to chronic severe restriction of carbs, the PPP
would shut down its main function and instead switch into sheer energy
production. It is likely that energy demand is a top priority for the
body and therefore, in times of a desperate need for energy, the body
would suppress certain important metabolic function (such as the PPP)
to accelerate immediate energy production. Note that 30% of glucose
oxidation in the liver can occur via the PPP.
One may argue that glucose can be synthesized from fat or protein.
Yes, but not enough!
Since the synthesis of glucose from fat or protein (gluconeogensis) is
actually a very limited metabolic process that occurs mostly in the
liver, any severe restriction of carbs, in particular for active
individuals, may adversely suppress the PPP critical functions; due to
insufficient glucose supply during an increased energy demand.
The PPP actions also decrease with age, a fact that may contribute to
the decline in steroid hormone production and the typical muscle waste
associated with aging.
In other words, dietary carbs are essential for the full activation of
the PPP and its critical functions.
Severe chronic carb restriction (below 70g-100g for an active
individual) may lead to an adverse suppression of PPP, with an overall
decline in sex hormones, compromised immunity, impaired growth and
accelerated aging.
As noted, besides playing a vital role in the activation of the PPP
actions, dietary carbs also help finalize the actions of the most
anabolic agents including growth hormone, IGF1 and the sex steroid
hormones.
Studies at Stanford University in CA and Helsinki University in
Finland revealed that insulin is a potent promoter of IGF1 and the sex
hormones action. Researchers found that insulin helps finalize the
anabolic actions of GH, IGHF1 and androgens by down regulating certain
proteins that suppress both IGF1 and androgens action, in particular
in the muscle tissue, (i.e. IGHFBP-1 and SHBP, respectively).
A recent study at the University of Texas, indeed, proved that post
exercise carb supplementation together with essential amino acids
profoundly stimulates net muscle protein synthesis.
Interestingly, simple carbs had a more profound effect on enhancing
anabolic actions after exercise than complex carbs. Nonetheless, as a
general rule, our body is better adapted to utilize complex carbs than
simple carbs. Again, it is when you eat that makes what you eat
matter.
In conclusion:
Dietary carbs biological functions go far beyond just sheer energy
production. Chronic carb restrictions may lead in the long run to
total metabolic decline with severe consequences for survival (i.e.
capacity to regenerate tissues and procreate.)
Below are two related abstracts:
Metabolic reconfiguration is a regulated response to oxidative stress.
A new study reveals that, in response to oxidative stress, organisms
can redirect their metabolic flux from glycolysis to the pentose
phosphate pathway, the pathway that provides the reducing power for
the main cellular redox systems. This ability is conserved between
yeast and animals, showing its importance in the adaptation to
oxidative stress. PMID: 18226191
The biochemistry of sugars.
In animal cells the utilization of sugars involves one or more of the
three major pathways known to occur in these cells. The glycolytic
(Embden-Meyerhof) pathway is quantitatively the most important, and
this pathway, coupled to the citric acid cycle, serves as a major
source of energy. Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle also provide
most of the precursors for the synthesis of proteins, nucleic acids
and lipids. The pentose phosphate, or hexose monophosphate oxidation,
pathway is a major source of NADPH required for the conversion of
carbohydrate to the more reduced lipids and proteins, and also
furnishes the ribose and deoxyribose moieties of nucleotides and
nucleic acids. The functions of the third pathway, the uronic acid
pathway, are less well defined. It is the source of glucuronides for
mucopolysaccharides and for detoxification mechanisms, and also in
most animals, is the pathway for the synthesis of ascorbic acid. The
uronic acid pathway may also function as a point of entry for
glucuronides, pentoses, and pentitols.
PMID: 182650
Nice finds, thanks jay. It seems that the Kwasniewski's patients are
all under oxidative stress, sedentary people overloaded with
arachidonic acid or having aberrant mitochondria overproducing ROS.
Switching from sugar to fat as a main energy source would then help
them to lower their overactive immune/regenerative responses and
rejuvenate their mitochondria by autophagy. Another problem they may
have is not enough high quality protein in their diets what would be
also fixed by the meat+eggs-based regime.
I am still searching for the evidence about the pentose cycle as a
cholesterol and oxygen producing pathway ... Also I have believed so
far that glucose is the most optimal fuel for the heart muscle and
brain but Kwasniewski says that it's the saturated fat (LC-SFAs). If
one looks just at the energy density in the molecules this is true but
are the fatty acids as easily metabolized as the sugar? He also
argues that converting fat to energy requires less oxygen and
therefore this energy source is preferred in hypoxia and aged people
with poor oxygen supply to internal organs.
Taka
Taka